Li He devoted his life to poetry. Guo praised Han Yu's prose "pen makes nature useless", which can also be used as his self-praise. His poems include four aspects:
(1) satirizes dark politics and bad social phenomena. His writing of this kind of works has a certain realistic foundation. In his early years, he lived in Changgu, which was close to the road from Luoyang to Chang 'an, and he had to go through transportation, and dignitaries came and went, which made him understand the heavy exploitation of the people and the lewdness and evil deeds of the ruling class, and provided creative materials for precocious poets. Later, during the southern tour, the official dynasty, the corruption and incompetence of the upper ruling group, the disaster caused by the separatist regime in the buffer region, the rampant lawlessness of corrupt officials and the suffering of the lower people further aroused the poet's indignation. Li He wrote this kind of poems, some expressed current affairs directly, and some borrowed ancient times to stab the present. Among them, it satirizes the court of the Tang Dynasty, which is full of singing and dancing, feasting and feasting, and enjoying itself day and night, such as drinking by the king of Qin; Vaguely reflect the court events, such as "Han drinking songs"; Criticize Xian Zong's pursuit of immortals, such as Immortal and Messenger of Kunlun; Those who oppose the disaster caused by the separatist regime in the buffer region and praise the rebellion in the buffer region, such as A Trip to the Tiger, A Trip to the Wild Gate, The Old Yecheng Boys' Ballad that the King Stabbed Cao Cao, and Guiding, etc. Reflect the arrogance and extravagance of the aristocrats in Youmen, such as Ronghua Le, Qin Gong Shi, Peony Divine Comedy, Sleeping at Night, Nocturnal Songs of the Noble Son, Ridiculous Boys and Ancient Meanings of the Balcony; Satire those eunuchs who lost their talents in power, such as General Lu Song, Liu Satire, San Si and Qing Yin; Reflect the harassment of border enemies and the hard life of anti-enemy fighters such as Moduolouzi; Expose the exploitation and persecution of the people by the feudal ruling class, such as "The Old Lady Picks Jade Songs" and "Five Musts"; Sympathize with the miserable life of imperial concubines, such as "Song of the Palace Baby" and "Opening a House"; Reflect the military resistance activities of ethnic minorities, such as Huangjiadong; Reflect the sinister cannibalism society, and upright people suffer, such as "not going out on business" and "Ai Zhangru"; Criticism of the imperial examination system failed to select real talents, such as Song of Sending Shen Ya, Miscellanies of Renhe Huangfu and so on. Reflects a wide range of social life. A few of these poems use ancient poems with five or seven words, but a large number of them use Yuefu style, or borrow old topics to create new ones or create their own, and most of them are concise and beautiful. Some meanings are obscure, such as the golden boy Ren Xian's ci-poetry and Huan Zi's gigging. Du Mu thought that "if you seek its territory, you don't know its territory, but you don't know its territory" (Preface to Li Changji's Song Poetry). In addition to the contemporary Yuefu schools of "Yuan, Bai" and "Zhang and Wang", Li He's poems are unique. Wang Fuzhi's Selected Poems of the Tang Dynasty said: "Chang Ji's satire moves people today, and emotions move people today." Mao's "Poetry Discrimination" said: "After the Dali period, Li He was the only one who solved the legacy of Yuefu. The color is wonderful, but the text is mostly outside the article. Carved on the text, it is awkward. " This is the most important part of Li Heshi.
Two people are angry and lyrical. Li He has a positive political embrace of using the world. Although suffering from illness due to career difficulties, there are "I am not satisfied with my twenties, and I am worried about repaying my gratitude like a withered orchid" (Song of Febrile Diseases), but such as Chongyi Staying in the Rain, Gift, Haug, To Drink, Spring Back to the Long Valley, South Garden and so on. However, unwilling to sink, he issued the grandiose words of "there is no hero in the world", "the cock crows all over the world, and the young people's hearts are floating clouds", full of the ambition of "closing the mountain and gathering fifty States" This is another basic aspect of Li Heshi's thoughts and feelings. However, in articles such as A Day Trip, A Bitter Day is Short, Ballad in the Sky, Dream of Heaven, Xiangquan Wine, Guan Jie Drum, etc., it shows the sorrow of time and the short-lived negative of life.
(3) writing fairy and ghost themes. Li He is a young poet, but there are more than 20 words "death" and more than 50 words "old" in his works, which reflects his sentimental feelings about the fleeting good times. "The fragrance of Qushui is gone forever, and the pear blossoms fall into an autumn garden" ("Henan government tries music in December and March") and "Love is a peach blossom falling in red rain when youth is dying" ("Entering wine"), which expresses his helplessness in real life; "Vaguely harmonious winter, the days are long and the nights are long" ("Henan government tries December music"), which expresses his vision for a better future. In the contradiction between the two, he explored a way to get rid of death, so he had a wonderful fantasy about the realm of immortals. Mythical figures such as the Queen Mother and Chang 'e, paradise scenery such as Pu Yin and the Moon Palace. It appears in masterpieces such as Songs in the Sky and Dreaming of Heaven, which is extremely fantastic. However, in such works as Ancient Tour Parade, Geci, Guan Jie Drum, Shen□, etc. , fictional birth and vicissitudes of the gods. Since you can't escape from death, the description of the ghost world has another kind of horror: "Ghost lights are like lacquer pine flowers" ("Walking in Nanshanchang"), "Ghost rain scatters grass" (Part III of Five Satiries), "Autumn grave ghosts sing precious poems and hate blood for thousands of years" ("Qiu Lai"), and "centenarians are charming. Ghosts haunt me. It's weird. Therefore, Qian Yi and Song Qi in Song Dynasty called Li He a genius. Du Mu said: "It's not surprising to complain about others for stubbornness and arrogance, and pity for others", and "It's not surprising to be vain and absurd" (Preface to Li Changji's Songs and Poems), which is a general comment on this kind of poems.
(4) other themes such as chanting things. Among them, such as Li Ping's quotations, Zi□ songs and listening to Ying Shi's piano music. Through the strange imagination and metaphor of "rock-breaking", this paper describes the superb skills and touching musical beauty of musicians, expresses the author's embrace and gives people a deep feeling. Yang Sheng's Song of Blue and White Purple Stone Inks praised the ingenious workmanship of the working people. The Man in Luofushan and Gepian describes the stunt of the old weaver girl weaving rain to cut Hunan. There are also "four new bamboo shoots in Changgu North Garden" to praise youthful vitality with bamboo shoots; Twenty-three horse poems, by chanting horses, reflect real politics and express the author's anger. The last two groups of poems also use quatrains that Li He usually doesn't use. This kind of poems generally shows the breadth of Li He's poems and the depth of his thoughts. The works such as Beauty Combs Her Hair reveal the author's appreciation attitude towards the life of aristocratic women.
The artistic features of Li He's poems are rich and peculiar imagination, desolate management, refined sentences and magnificent colors. Strange words such as "Why knock on the sun glass", "Drunk and drink the bright moon" ("Drinking by the King of Qin") and "Floating clouds learn the sound of water" ("Songs in the sky") abound. He is especially good at short stories, such as Ballad in the Sky, Dream of Heaven, Song of Di Zi, ChristianRandPhillips and so on. , is a masterpiece called "long body" by later generations. He also has several works that are easy to understand, such as Love Walks, Five Satiries, Beijing and Mocking Teenagers. He wrote many ancient poems and Yuefu, rarely wrote modern poems that were popular at that time, and never wrote any seven-character poems, which shows his dissatisfaction with the poetic style at that time. On the other hand, he was influenced by the poems of Qi Liang Palace, borrowed their words, and was contaminated with some unhealthy things. Because of too much emphasis on carving, some works also have the defects of obscure meaning and piled up words. But as far as the basic achievement is concerned, just as he praised Han Yu's works, it is "28 nights in my heart, and the essence of Yuan is still there" (Guo). In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin and Wen's ancient poems followed the path initiated by Li He. Liu Kezhuang and Xie Ao in Song Dynasty, Sadu and Yang Weizhen in Yuan Dynasty, Li Jian and Yao Xie in Qing Dynasty were all influenced by Li Heshi. Li Changji's Collection of Song Dynasty Prints
Poets have different opinions on Li He's poems. Du Mu praised him as a "descendant of Sao Miao" (Li Changji's Preface to Songs and Poems), Gao□ called him a "genius of heaven" (poetry anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties), Wang Fuzhi called him an "enemy of truth and worship" (poetry anthology of Tang and Song Dynasties), and Yao thought he was a "ghost" who belittled Li (poetry anthology of Long Valley).
Li He's Poems, edited into four editions, was awarded to Shen, including 223 poems. The four volumes of Li Heji circulated since the Northern Song Dynasty are all 2 19. The number of volumes is the same as that of self-compiled, but the number of articles is different, and the number is also chaotic and inaccurate. There are also five volumes in the anthology, including four volumes plus Waiji 1 volume, and 23 poems, totaling ***242. The number of articles is also different from that compiled by Li He. There are five volumes in Xuancheng edition of the Northern Song Dynasty, which were compiled by Zaijiguge, Dong Shi Zen Powder Room and Jiang Miyun Lou, collectively called Li Poetry. There is also a Southern Song edition of "A Series of Continuation of the Ancient Times" called "Li Changji's Collected Works", which has no external collection. There are also four copies of Tongjianlou in Mongolian, which are called Poems of Li. The last two original works are now in Beijing Library.
The earliest annotation was Wu Zhengzi's annotation in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was circulated in Japanese printed and popular editions. Later, there was Wang Qi's Selected Poems of Li Changji, which recorded comments or notes of Wu Zhengzi, Xu Wei, Dong Maoce, Zeng Yi, Yu Guang, Yao□ and Yao et al. There are also Chen's "Xie Lu Gou Xuan", new comments and new comments. The Biography of Li He's Poems, published by 1977, is a compilation of Memories, Notes by Yao and Notes by Fang Shiju. In addition, Qian Zhonglian has Notes on Reading Changgu Poems, A Brief Comment on Li Changji's History of Poetry, and A History of Yongzhen's Poetry, which has new insights on the ability of poetry textual research. Qian Zhongshu Li He Chronicle Annotation, published in 1984, is a new book with the characteristics of chronology and poetry annotation, and its interpretation of poetry is different from the old annotation.
First, the author's life
Li He (790~8 16), a native of Changgu, is ambitious and thinks highly of himself. Because Jin, whose father's name is Jin Su, is homophonic with Jin, and Su is close to history, Li He was criticized for taboo of his father's name and was not allowed to take the Jinshi exam. His ideals and ambitions were shattered by the ruthless reality and died in his hometown at the age of 27. There are more than 250 poems by Li Changji. Among them, Li Ping's quotations, Jiang's and Yanmen's Taishouxing, 23 horse poems, and four new bamboo shoots in Changgu Beiyuan are all famous in the college entrance examination, especially in the Han Dynasty.
Second, artistic style.
Li He was deeply influenced by Qu Yuan, Li Bai and Yuefu folk songs in Han Dynasty, and his imagination was full of Yuefu poems, which was extremely romantic. His poetic language is peculiar, his imagination is rich, his images are illusory and ingenious, and his artistic conception is Leng Yan. The bleak management of diction and rhetoric has a strong artistic appeal and creates artistic effects of visual, auditory and taste communication.
Third, the appreciation of works
Wild goose gate satrap (1)
Li he
Enemy soldiers rolled in like dark clouds in an attempt to tear down the city wall; Our army was ready, and the sun shone on the armor, glittering with gold.
The role is full of autumn colors, stuffed with rouge and purple at night.
Half a roll of red flag is near Xiao (2), and the frost is heavy and cold.
I want to report to you that Yulong (3) is your death.
To annotate ...
① Marshal Yanmen: the old topic of Yuefu's "harmony song, tonal song". Guyanmen County, in the northwest of Shanxi today.
② Yishui: In Yixian County, Hebei Province today.
Yulong: refers to the sword.
Comment and analysis
The first sentence is marked "black" on the "cloud", and the atmosphere is already very heavy. And this "dark cloud" flooded the city and even crushed it, rendering the tense atmosphere and critical situation in Enemy at the Gates. The word "dark clouds crush the city to destroy" vividly reveals the number and fierceness of the enemy, the disparity in strength between the warring parties and the difficult situation of the defenders. The second sentence is about the defenders in the city, "golden armor is overwhelming", and the soldiers' golden armor shines like patches of gold scales in the sun. At the moment, they are preparing to fight. Here, daylight is used to show the camp and morale of the defenders, and the scene is very wonderful.
Three or four sentences describe the gloomy and miserable battlefield atmosphere from two aspects: hearing and vision. It's already late autumn, and all the trees are crumbling. In the dead silence, the horn sounded. Obviously, a thrilling battle is going on. "Rouge" is closely related to "The Sound of the Horn" and "Autumn Color", which describes the red and purple embedded in the soil, making people want to see the blood of war; Adding a word "coagulation" before "purple" further strengthens this association.
The last four sentences are about the activities of the rescue forces. "Half-rolled red flag near Yishui" implies that there was a marching process before "near Yishui". "Half-rolled red flag" is a feature of marching in order to reduce resistance, such as "half-rolled red flag going out of Yuanmen". The word "pro" also shows the momentum of marching. So, did you meet the enemy after Lin Yishui? If so, what is the strength comparison? Who is the situation in favor of? All this is not described positively in the last three sentences, but the implication is clear: First, "facing yi river" means that progress is blocked, which reminds people of "Song of yi river": "The wind blows and the water cools, and the strong man is gone forever." Second, drumming is marching, but "heavy frost and cold drums" imply the seriousness of the war situation through unfavorable natural conditions. Third, at the end of the two sentences, write that the Lord will go into battle with his sword and swear to fight to the death to repay your kindness.
The outstanding features of Li He's poems are novel images, bright colors, fantastic artistic conception and rich and strange imagination. In Yanmen, these characteristics have been fully and fully reflected. Take the last two sentences as an example to see how he pays attention to color setting and modeling. These two sentences say that the monarch will repay his kindness and he will fight to the death, but there is no conceptual language. The external image and internal activities of the monarch are highlighted through modeling and coloring. During the Warring States Period, Yan Zhaowang once built a platform to attract talents, because it was called "Huang Jintai". Jade Dragon was used as a sword in the Tang Dynasty. Gold and white jade are cherished by the world because of their texture and color. "Dragon" is a noble animal in ancient legends, and "Huang Jintai" is a symbol of longing for talents. The poet chose the shapes of "Jade Dragon" and "Huang Jintai", and wrote the poem "The Golden Platform repays the emperor's wishes and asks Jade Dragon to die for him", and the image of an energetic Lord came into view. His lofty spirit of not dying for his country and the virtue of the monarch attaching great importance to talents give readers a strong and beautiful feeling.