-An example of the interpretation of China's ancient poems.
Fang Rui
Needless to say, as a teacher, I prefer the teaching of ancient poetry. Not only because of my own concise poetic language, implicit emotional expression and intriguing artistic charm, but also because of the spirit and culture infiltrated in poetry. Reading ancient poems is like wandering in a rich world, feeling beauty, truth and strength: Tao Yuanming's serenity of "picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan", Hua Mulan's innocence of "willing to travel thousands of miles to send children home", and Li Qingzhao's heroism of "living as a hero and dying as a ghost". Wang Anshi's boldness of vision is not afraid of clouds, Su Shi's open-mindedness is "I hope people will live for a long time", and Wen Tianxiang's integrity is "Who has never died in life since ancient times, leaving a heart to shine on history". ...
Mother tongue education is human education, and Chinese literacy is human literacy. The process of reading poetry is an aesthetic process, which can improve people's aesthetic thinking and ability, and then improve people's aesthetic taste. Therefore, although the proportion of poetry in junior high school textbooks is not very large, and the proportion in exams is not very heavy, I teach it seriously and always hope that students can be intoxicated with it.
Interpretation and dialogue text of ancient poetry are the starting points of ancient poetry teaching.
Different from prose, ancient poetry has its unique stipulation. Dialogue text and interpretation of ancient poetry should start with the characteristics of poetry. The essential feature of poetry is the combination of internal lyricism and external rhythm. Poet's creation is a spiritual activity between subject and object. Emotion and scenery, heart and things constitute the relationship between subject and object in the poet's creative activities. Therefore, understanding things and scenery, heart and emotion is the key to understanding poetry. Only in this way can we enter the realm of poetry and gain the meaning of poetry.
Image is an objective object used to entrust subjective feelings and an "image" with "meaning". In Wen Xin Diao Long, it is said that "a craftsman can get a glimpse of the image and gain luck", which shows that the creative subject must process the aesthetic image combining interest, emotion and external image in aesthetic photos when conceiving. Therefore, image is the first step and the key to interpret poetry.
The image of 1, * * *
Qian Linsen, director of the Institute of Comparative Literature and Comparative Culture of Nanjing University, said in the book "China Literature in France": "The language of China's ancient poems is a metaphorical language composed of the whole symbolic image, which was formed in the long history and condensed the imagination and hope of a nation." That is to say, most of the images in China's ancient poems are popular images, which are the products of historical and cultural precipitation, and are regulated and restricted by national culture and national psychology, and have certain conventions. It is very important to understand the symbolic meaning of some common images in ancient poetry.
For example, Li Yu's "Welcome to Huan" (the first volume of the ninth grade of Su Jiao Edition):
Alone in the west wing, the moon is like a hook. Lonely phoenix tree deep courtyard locks clear autumn.
Cutting is still messy, which is parting from sorrow. It's not just the general taste.
Many images are used to describe the scenery at the top of the word-the west building, the moon, the phoenix tree and the deep courtyard. "West Building" is often associated with homesickness. In many ancient poems, "moon" is synonymous with homesickness, "phoenix tree" is a symbol of desolation and sadness, and "deep courtyard" is a portrayal of the life of poets who have lost their freedom. Such as the broken moon, the lonely West Building, the lonely figure of the poet, revealing the infinite yearning for hometown and homeland; Lonely phoenix trees and locked deep courtyards make this autumn night even colder and more desolate. Since ancient times, ancestors have been sad about autumn, but in Li Yu's works, autumn sadness is more specific and artistic. The waning moon reflects his loneliness. No matter how high the West Building is, it is difficult for him to see the lingering "Jade Carving Bar". Here, it is impossible and unnecessary to tell whether the "lonely" person is a phoenix tree or an author, because the situation and scene have been perfectly matched. The core image "silk" implied in Xiaque is the homonym of leisurely "thinking", which makes the poet's grief of "cutting constantly and returning to chaos" even more sad and moving.
It can be seen that it is very important to understand and appreciate the public significance of these common images in ancient poetry. In addition to the above images, there are many conventional images in ancient poetry, such as: "Liu" is a symbol of parting, because it is not only homophonic with "staying", but also because the ancients have the custom of breaking the willow to bid farewell, and the poems such as "A guest's green willow has a new look" and "The breeze is fading" are full of sadness and lingering when leaving; "Wild geese" often make wanderers feel homesick and sad when traveling, which can be realized in poems such as "The scenery in Qiu Lai is different, and the geese in Hengyang go without paying attention" and "The geese leave Sai Han and return to the lake field". "Chrysanthemum" is a portrayal of noble personality. Qu Yuan's "Drinking Mulan in the morning and enjoying autumn chrysanthemum in the evening" and Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" all use this thing to express their feelings; "Sunset" and "sunset glow" have the meaning of parting and missing, and are full of sad colors of life. "When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world" and "I look at my hometown, and the twilight is boundless, and the river waves are gloomy and foggy" make people feel melancholy. ...
2. Personal image (private image)
Personal image is an artistic image with distinct personality created temporarily by the poet by touching things. There are also such images in ancient poems. In this kind of image, its symbolic meaning lacks convention, or is different from the general convention. Understanding this image is more important for reading poetry.
For example, Wang Anshi's "Deng Fei Laifeng" (the first volume of the eighth grade of the Soviet Education Edition):
There is a towering tower at the top of Feilai Peak. It is said that crows come and the morning sun rises.
As written in a China poem, we are not afraid of dark clouds covering our sight, because we are already on the top of the mountain.
There is an important image "floating clouds" in the poem, which is the key to understand the poet's feelings. As a public image, "floating clouds" is more like a wandering wanderer, but it is obviously not in this poem. When a poet climbs a mountain, he doesn't write about it or the scenery in it. At first, he said that the mountain was high and the tower was high. The word "Chihiro" is extremely exaggerated. Because of the word "listen", it can be seen that "cock crows to see the rising sun" is a false writing, and its purpose is also to highlight the height of mountains and towers. Feilaifeng, that is, Lin Baoshan outside Shaoxing, Zhejiang, we all know that there are few high mountains in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the author admires it, hoping to draw out the feeling behind it-"I am not afraid of clouds and fog, I am at the highest place." "Floating clouds" are obviously not wandering wanderers, nor are they "Ceng Yun" that intoxicated and cleansed Du Fu's mind when he stared at Mount Tai, but things that block the poet's sight and may hinder him from enjoying the beauty of life. A "fear" highlights the poet's feelings. What does the "floating clouds" in this poem symbolize? Connecting with Wang Anshi's special position in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty, it is not difficult to understand that the "floating clouds" described by politician and thinker Wang Anshi are conservative forces that hinder his political reform. Climbing high and overlooking, you can see everything in the world, and the drifting clouds can no longer stop your sight! In the poet's view, this is ambitious self-encouragement; For readers, it is an inspiring revelation: in social life and ideological cultivation, don't you have to stand tall to see far?
Although the personal image lacks convention, it must conform to the poet's mood and better express his unique emotional state. As long as we know people and explore the world, it is not difficult to understand the symbolic significance of these images in the poem, and we can also unlock the "door" of the poet's emotion.
When reading poetry, you should "enter" and "exit"; Teaching ancient poetry should be "internal" and "external". An excellent ancient poem often focuses on expressing some beautiful feelings of human beings and expressing some opinions. These feelings and thoughts can not only become an indispensable nutritional element for a person's spiritual growth and development, but also become the fulcrum of his future life. However, I have just started to study the teaching methods and strategies of ancient poetry. ...