Chen Duxiu (1879— 1942), one of the advocates of the new culture movement, the founder of the China * * * production party and one of the early major leaders. Formerly known as Qingtong, the word Zhongfu. Anhui Huaining (now Anqing City) people. Studying in Japan at an early age. 1903 participated in the anti-Russian movement and the anti-Qing and anti-Yuan Shikai struggles. 19 15 founded new youth magazine and raised the banner of democracy and science. 19 16 professor Peking University. 19 18 and Li Dazhao founded Weekly Review, advocating new culture and propagating Marxism, which was one of the main leaders of the May 4th New Culture Movement. 1920, with the help of * * * Production International, China * * * Production Party was first established in Shanghai to carry out party building activities. 1921On March 24th, Chen Duxiu was invited by Chen Jiongming to found the party in Guangdong. In July, he was elected as the secretary of the C.O. at the first national congress of the * * * Production Party in China. Later, he was elected as the chairman of the second and third Central Executive Committees and the general secretary of the fourth and fifth Central Committees.
During the China Revolution of 1925- 1927, there were many objections to the instructions of * * * cooperation between countries producing international products (in order to ensure cooperation, party member was required to stay in the Kuomintang internationally). However, due to the lack of systematic and independent class program guidance, Chen Duxiu and others were repeatedly wrongly administered by leaders who produced international products. The most intense one was 1926, after the Zhongshan Ship incident, Chen Duxiu published an open letter in the party newspaper, unilaterally announcing his withdrawal from the Kuomintang, which caused a sensation inside and outside the party, because * * * produced party member to stay in the Kuomintang and obey the latter's discipline, which was the central policy of * * * to ensure the established strategic line of cooperation between countries. (For some reasons why * * International implements this policy, see Baidu Encyclopedia "On Building Socialism in One Country". But not long after, the instructions from the * * * international leadership made most of China * * party member stick to the old policy. The dissidents, including Chen Duxiu, never expected that a proletarian party would completely break away from this line and set up an independent line, because they did not form another international and domestic revolutionary program completely different from the * * * international, and they did not understand that Trotsky and Stalin were discussing the same China revolution fiercely within the international leadership at that time. It is worth mentioning that, except for a few * * * producers such as Chen Duxiu who raised objections, other * * * party member (including Mao Zedong, who was regarded as prescient by later generations and was unknown in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at that time) did not raise even the slightest objection and openly questioned the International * * * Directive. This led to the political situation that China * * * produced party member. Although he was the actual leader of the China Revolution, he worked as a coolie for the Kuomintang (for example, 1927 The actual leader of the third general strike in Shanghai was Zhong * * party member, but their public identity was the Kuomintang party member, and what the whole world saw was that the Kuomintang gained political power, not the * * * production party).
1927 The failure of the Great Revolution had a strong impact on China's * * * production party, and a large number of outstanding cadres were lost in the counter-revolutionary massacre. The wave of failure from 27 years to the early 1930s severely weakened China's influence among urban workers until the end of the 20th century. The leadership of the * * * production international (headed by Stalin and Bukharin), which bears the first responsibility for the failure of this revolution, shifted all the responsibilities to Zhong * *, its China branch, and Zhong * * shifted the main responsibilities to General Secretary Chen Duxiu, accusing Chen Duxiu of making a mistake of "right capitulationism" and dismissing Chen Duxiu as General Secretary at the August 7th meeting of 1927. And for this kind of framing (this is also the biggest injustice in the history of the Communist Party of China).
Later, Chen Duxiu reflected in his anguish and began to accept the international Trotskyism viewpoint, demanding the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to accept the Trotskyism line, that is, to oppose Stalinism's absurd left-leaning uprising line, and at the same time to oppose the blind development of forces in rural areas, and even exalted the guerrillas as the Red Army (admittedly, it was not only Chen Duxiu at that time, but also a considerable number of * * producers at home and abroad underestimated the peasant movement), and advocated regrouping forces from the civil rights and democratic struggles with the National Assembly as the center. 1929165438+10, Chen Duxiu was expelled from China * * * production party. In February 65438, Peng Shuzhi and other 8 1 people published Our Political Opinions, attacking the opportunistic leadership of the China * * * production party. At the same time, the Trotskyite organization "Proletarian Society" was established in Shanghai, and the publication "Proletariat" was published to publicize Trotskyite's views. 1932 supported the anti-Japanese war and condemned Chiang Kai-shek's traitorous dictatorship in the Shanghai campaign, and was arrested by the Kuomintang government. 1After he was released from prison in August, 937, he supported the anti-Japanese cooperation led by the state and the Kuomintang, contacted Democrats and anti-Japanese troops in Wuhan, and tried to organize a third force that did not support the country and Afghanistan. At this time, Chen Duxiu had deviated from the Trotskyite program and tended to the vulgar position of petty-bourgeois democracy, which was opposed by most Chinese Trotskyites. However, until his death, he still maintained a relationship with Trotskyite organizations and never broke away from this kind of organization and ideological and political relationship. 1938, Wang Ming and Kang Sheng framed him as a Japanese spy, and he broke with China completely. Chen Duxiu's final position in his later years was to advocate the dictatorship of the proletariat and return to the classical principles of Marxism. 1942 in may, Chen Duxiu died in Jiangjin, Sichuan province as a revolutionary soldier who struggled for proletarian liberation for more than 20 years. His main works are Duxiu Wencun and Selected Works of Chen Duxiu.
Chronology of activities
1879 was born in Anqing, Anhui. Grandpa, who lost his father at an early age and was called "White Tiger Dad", studied the Four Books and Five Classics and got the evaluation: "This child will become a snake when he grows up."
1896 won the senior high school entrance examination.
From 65438 to 0897, he entered Hangzhou Chinese and Western Qiushi Academy and began to accept modern western ideology and culture.
1899 was expelled from the academy for anti-Qing remarks.
190 1 was wanted by the Qing government for carrying out anti-Qing propaganda activities, and fled from Anqing to Japan to study at Tokyo Normal University.
In July, 1903, assisted Zhang in editing the National Daily.
At the beginning of 1904, Anhui Daily was founded in Wuhu to publicize revolutionary ideas. 1905 organized Yue, the secret revolutionary organization against Qing Dynasty, as the general chairman.
1907 entered Tokyo Normal English School and then transferred to Waseda University. /kloc-in the winter of 0/909, I went to teach in Zhejiang Army School.
Shortly after the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), he served as secretary-general of the Anhui Provincial Governor's Office.
19 13 participated in the crusade against Yuan Shikai's "second revolution". After his failure, he was arrested and imprisoned. After he was released from prison, he went to Japan on 19 14 to help Zhang establish Jiayin magazine. He wrote articles under the pseudonym Duxiu, which originated from Duxiu Mountain in his hometown.
1965438+In September 2005, he founded and edited Youth magazine in Shanghai (it was renamed New Youth one year later).
19 17 was hired as a senior liberal arts student of Peking University at the beginning of this year.
19 18 12 and Li Dazhao founded Weekly Review. During this period, he took New Youth, Weekly Review and Peking University as the main positions, actively advocated democracy and science, advocated the literary revolution, and opposed the old feudal ideas, culture and ethics, and became one of the advocates and main leaders of the New Culture Movement.
19 19 In the late May 4th movement, Marxism was accepted and publicized.
1920, sneak into Shanghai. With the help of * * * Production International, he first established the early organization of * * * Production Party in Shanghai, and at the same time contacted advanced elements from other places to initiate the establishment of * * * Production Party in China, and became one of the main founders.
192 1 7 was elected as the secretary of the central Committee at the first national congress of communist party, China held in Shanghai. From the first session to the fifth session, he was elected as a member of the central Committee, and served as secretary of the central Committee, chairman of the executive Committee and general secretary of the central Committee. He was the main leader of the early China * * * production party. During the Great Revolution, he repeatedly opposed some obvious surrender policies issued by the * * * international leadership alone or jointly with a few comrades, but they were all under political pressure from the Soviet Union and the * * * international establishment.
1927 China revolution failed, and Chen Duxiu became the scapegoat of international Stalinism. 1in mid-July, 927, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee was reorganized and he left the central leadership post. Since then, he accepted Trotskyite's viewpoint and carried out activities in the form of setting up small organizations within the party.
1929165438+10, was expelled from the party for publishing an open letter to the Central Committee on the issue of Zhongdong Road. In June+February, 5438, our political opinions signed by 8 1 person was published as the platform of the left-wing opposition in China. At the same time, a small trotskyite organization, the Proletarian Association, was established in Shanghai and published Proletarians.
1931May, attended the "Unity Party Meeting" organized by Trotskyites in China, and was elected as the Central Secretary of Trotskyites in China.
1932 10, arrested by the Kuomintang government in Shanghai, sentenced and imprisoned in Nanjing.
1937 After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, he was released from prison in August, lived in Wuhan and Chongqing successively, and finally lived in Jiangjin, Sichuan for a long time.
1942 died of poverty due to illness on May 27th.
Biography.
When I was a child, Chen Duxiu was a strange child. No matter how beaten, he never cried, which made his severe and terrible grandfather almost mad. Grandpa scolded angrily and sadly more than once: "this little thing will grow up in the future, and it must be a murderous and vicious robber." What a family misfortune! " Grandpa has a good eye for people. The child really became Prometheus, a fire thief in China in the 20th century when he grew up.
1903, 25-year-old Chen Duxiu studied in Japan. At that time, Yuyao, the academic supervisor of Hubei students studying in Japan in the Qing Dynasty, was corrupt and stubborn, trying to suppress progressive students. In a rage, three hot-blooded youths broke into Yao's room and pushed him to the ground. Zhang Ji held his waist, Zou Rong held his head, and Chen Duxiu waved and cut Yao's braid with a click. For Chen Duxiu, this moment is very symbolic-he chose this pair of scissors for his life. His lifelong struggle is to cut off the "braid" in soul of china.
The braid on the head is easy to cut, but the braid in the soul is not easy to cut. Therefore, this road is a tragic one. For more than ten years before and after the Xinhai, Chen Duxiu traveled all over the Jianghuai area with a backpack and an umbrella, looking for revolutionary comrades everywhere. In many activities, he takes running newspapers and periodicals as the core. /kloc-founded Anhui daily in 0/904, editing, typesetting, proofreading, distribution and mailing were all done by him. Eat porridge for three meals, bedbugs are full and not bitter. He runs dozens of newspapers and periodicals. "I have been running a magazine for ten years, and my national thoughts have changed." There is nothing to boast about. On the eve of the New Culture Movement, Chen Duxiu was a unique ideological leader of the new school. At that time, the influence of Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi and Lu Xun was far behind him. In the article "Eliminating Three Harms", Chen pointed out that China's three evils are "officials, soldiers and politics", which really hit the nail on the head and was more pertinent than Han Fei's "five mistakes". The so-called "three evils" in the 1950s can only be regarded as a laughing stock. Chen also said, "the backbone of society should stand up, organize political parties with political opinions and conscience and rely on the people as the backing, and eliminate political parties without political opinions and conscience and relying on special forces as the backing." He began to realize the importance of political parties. However, he is essentially a man of temperament, which cannot be tolerated by political parties, even those he created himself.
Chen Duxiu's two years as a senior in liberal arts at Peking University was the most glorious period of his life. The most thrilling scene during this period took place in the New World Roof Garden on 19 19 June 1 1 day. That night, the 4 1 year-old independent high-rise building in Chen Duxiu was full of sleeves and handed out leaflets to people watching movies on the lower terrace. This is an unprecedented move, and professors who cherish feathers dare not follow suit in the future. Imagine that a liberal arts senior in the highest institution of higher learning should be well-dressed, gentle, dignified and virtuous, preferably like Jia Zheng. What Chen did was out of line. But Chen said: "If my husband is learned and can't apply it, he is an old-fashioned scholar in China, not a new youth in the twentieth century." He has been calling himself a "new youth" all his life.
After his imprisonment, Chen Duxiu's pain quickly touched the hearts of Chinese people. For the first time, China put all the literary inquisitions, persecutions and killings in the past dynasties on intellectuals alone, and had nothing to do with the public. This time, the public is closely related to intellectuals. Li Xinbai published a short poem "Chen Huai Duxiu" in Weekly Review: "According to them, we ordinary people are suffering. /In your opinion, they are suffering. /They don't want to suffer, so you suffer. /You are suffering for us. " This little poem, which has not been paid attention to, contains quite rich information: How do modern China intellectuals position themselves? The person transformation in the poem skillfully explains the position of intellectuals: you-them-us, pain is what "you" must bear.
192 1 On July 23rd, 2008, Chen Duxiu was defaulted as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee in China University. How should Chen, who is far away in Guangzhou, feel after hearing this news? Excitement, surprise, calmness, doubt, fear? Eight years later, on 1929 1 1 month 15, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee passed a resolution on expelling Chen Duxiu from the Party. How did Chen feel when he heard the news? This rule of political game is beyond the understanding and operation of a madman like Chen, who is "chivalrous and strong, full of lofty sentiments and frequent storms". Chen Duxiu can only be Chen Duxiu, and it is impossible to form "Chen Duxiu Party" or "Chen Duxiu Party". Later, his Trotsky students expelled him from the Trotsky party, which is also reasonable.
19321October15th night, Chen Duxiu was arrested for the last time. After his arrest, Jin, chairman of Xinjiang Province, He Jian, county magistrate of Hunan Province, and many "party departments" of Kuomintang provinces, cities, counties and townships called the Central Committee to demand "severe punishment", "capital punishment" and "speedy handling". At the same time, Jiangxi Ruijin published the organ of the Chinese Soviet Union and the Provisional Central Government of the Republic of China and Red China with the title of "Chen Duxiu was arrested in Shanghai even if the leader was cancelled". This may be the only knowledge possessed by the two parties in the early 1930s. It is really intriguing that both self-proclaimed revolutionary political parties want to get rid of this "great comet in the history of China's revolution" (in Fu Sinian). The Red China published several editorials, saying that "after Chen Duxiu broke away from the Party, the capitulating bourgeoisie became a lackey and acted as the pioneer of' anti-* * *'". The Central Daily also published an editorial, declaring that "anyone who opposes the attempt to subvert the Kuomintang is treason". Set each other off and become interesting.
"It's a long way, white hair and dirty world of mortals. How big is the sea? How can dragons be tamed? " Chen Duxiu is a revolutionary, not a politician. Politicians are impersonal, inhuman and heartless, while revolutionaries are the crystallization of simple, naive, stubborn and tenacious chivalrous scholars, that is, Gramsci called "practitioners of philosophy." Chen declaimed in court: "Since his weak crown, he has been resisting the Qing emperor, northern warlords, feudalism and imperialism, and clamoring to transform China and realize a free society." His enthusiasm has never cooled down. No wonder Hu Shi, who is much younger than him, envied his "youth". Student Fu Sinian talked about the general trend of the world and said pessimistically: "The October Revolution was originally a great turning point in human destiny, but now the dark forces of fascism will spread all over the world, and the so-called red will become darker than the black forces, spreading rumors, slandering and killing ... I am afraid that we humans will come to the final end!" Chen said firmly: "Even if the whole world is hidden in the dark, as long as a few of us don't give in to the darkness, we can believe that we have the ability to clear the sky."
Duxiu Wencun is one of the most attractive collections in China in this century. 1939, and others advised Chen to go to Yan 'an. At that time, the central government wanted to get Chen to Yan' an and not let him fool around outside. But Chen refused. He said that Dazhao was dead. He had been dead for a long time. There is no reliable person in the Party Central Committee. "What should I do if they have a meeting?" Break up in discord. China leaders have never read Du Cun, nor have they seen through Chen Duxiu: no one can "support" him. By the same token, what kind of words can we expect Qian Qian's ten million "raised" literati to write today?
Life in Jiangjin in his later years was miserable but free. Chiang Kai-shek's funding was rejected by him, and Hu Shi's suggestion that he go to the United States to write an autobiography was also rejected. He only accepted the help of his colleagues and Peking University students. In his later years, Chen did two things: First, reassess all values and "completely overthrow my previous views". Old people usually know their mistakes and don't change, but in Chen Duxiu, the opposite is true. He thoroughly reflected and cleared up the "ism" he believed in in his early years. This kind of courage to deny yourself is the most precious.
Another job is the study of linguistics. Chen's last book is Ancient Reciprocal Table of Yin and Yang. In the second half of the twentieth century, linguistics became a prominent school in humanities, and the breakthrough of ideas was first realized in linguistics. Some great thinkers are linguists, such as Wigenstein, Heidegger, Foucault, roland barthes and Habermas ... Chen Duxiu chose linguistics, not in Tao Yuanming's way, looking for a suitable road and a warm peach blossom garden, but just like his behavior of climbing the roof of the New World and distributing leaflets. The atmosphere of heaven and earth is turbulent, and only the real dragon can understand it. Throughout the 20th century, China people lived a humble life. How many people can be called "dragons"?