Teaching Plan for "Teacher's Theory"
1. Teaching purposes
1. Learn how to write this article by combining "breaking" and "establishing" and contrasting positive and negative.
2. Understand the central argument of this article and express it in your own words.
3. Understand the profound connotation of respecting teachers and moral principles in the text, and appreciate the author’s spirit of criticizing current abuses and adhering to the truth.
2. Teaching focus: the combination of "breaking" and "establishing", and the writing method of contrasting positive and negative.
3. Teaching Difficulties: Outline the central argument of this article.
4. Teaching methods: reading method, discussion method, and guidance method.
5. Class schedule: 3 classes.
6. Teaching process:
First lesson
1. Introduction of new lessons.
Teachers are engineers of the human soul. The growth of each of us is inseparable from the hard cultivation of teachers. Our country has a fine tradition of respecting teachers and teaching since ancient times. However, in the historical Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the rise of metaphysics and Buddhism, Confucianism declined for a time, and the way of teaching was increasingly ignored. This trend continued until the Tang Dynasty. At that time, a feudal clan system was still followed, and children of nobles could enter Hongwen Hall, Chongwen Hall and Guozixue. No matter how well they studied, they all had official positions. Therefore, a bad culture of "shame on learning from a teacher" has arisen in society. Seeking a teacher to learn Taoism often leads to ridicule from passers-by. But there happened to be a man who, regardless of popular customs, bravely served as a teacher, recruited students from all walks of life, and cultivated literati. With fearless courage, he criticized current ills, advocated teachers' ethics, and wrote the first immortal work in the history of Chinese culture that focused on teachers' issues - "The Theory of Teachers". At that time, he was regarded as a "madman". Who is this person?
2. Introduction to the author.
Han Yu (768-824), whose courtesy name was Tuizhi, was from Heyang (now Meng County, Henan). His ancestral home is Changli County, Hebei Province, so later generations call him "Han Changli". He was a Jinshi at the age of twenty-five, and did not enter the official career until he was twenty-nine, reaching the rank of minister of the Ministry of Personnel. He has successively served as a doctor of four disciplines, a doctor of Guozi, and a doctor of Guozi, and was directly engaged in education and teaching. All the students who were taught and mentored by him called themselves Han disciples, which shows that Han Yu was a very influential educator in the Tang Dynasty. He was also an advocate of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. He opposed the flashy and showy writing style since the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, and strongly advocated that "writing should convey the truth", and put forward the slogans of "Only stating the duties of the state" and "The words must be spoken by oneself", which had a profound impact on that time and later generations. Han Yu was not only the leader of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty, but also an outstanding prose writer. He is the author of forty volumes of "Collected Works of Mr. Chang Li", including many excellent prose that are widely read by people. His prose has a wide range of themes, profound content, diverse forms, simple language, vigorous style, and majestic momentum. Later generations honored him as one of the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties" (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Zeng Gong, and Wang Anshi). )".
3. Solve the problem.
"Shi Shuo" is one of Han Yu's masterpieces. It was written when he was a doctor of Guozi in Chang'an when he was thirty-five years old. "Shuo" is an ancient style of writing that falls within the scope of argumentative essays, generally stating one's opinions on something. For example, "Snake Catcher's Story" and "Horse Story" all belong to this type of writing. The ancient meaning of "Shuo" is to state and explain, so this kind of literary style can be understood as "explaining the principles of...". "Teacher said" means to explain the principle of "following the teacher".
4. Teacher’s model reading text.
5. Students’ first reading of the text:
1. Preliminarily understand the basic content of each paragraph;
2. Underline the sentences in the text that can express the central argument.
6. Students read out the sentences in the article that can express the central argument, and try to summarize the central argument in their own words.
1. Ancient scholars must have teachers. A teacher is the one who preaches the truth, receives karma and resolves doubts.
People who studied in ancient times must have teachers. Teachers rely on him to impart principles, teach studies, and answer difficult questions.
These two sentences discuss the role of teachers and the necessity of learning from teachers, which is an important part of the central argument.
2. Neither noble nor humble, neither long nor young. Where the Tao exists, the teacher exists.
No matter the status, no matter the age, wherever the truth exists, there is the teacher.
This sentence discusses the attitude and standards for choosing a teacher, which means that one should become a teacher for the purpose of learning Taoism, regardless of their status and age. This is another important element that forms the central argument.
The central argument of this article is: People should learn from teachers. The purpose of following teachers is to learn the Tao, regardless of their status and age.
7. Find sentences that are closely related to the central argument of the text and explain them.
1. It has been a long time since the teacher’s teachings have been passed on, and it is difficult for others to be clear of confusion.
It has been a long time since the custom of studying as a teacher has been spread. It is difficult for people to have no problems!
This sentence proves the central argument from the opposite side: people should learn from teachers.
2. The sage is the teacher of impermanence.
A saint has no fixed teacher.
This sentence contains the meaning of extensive learning.
There are many types of knowledge in the world, and people always have their own strengths and weaknesses. If you want to obtain a wide range of knowledge, you must learn from many experts. It embodies the view that the wise are teachers and proves the central argument from the front.
3. The disciple does not have to be inferior to the teacher, and the teacher does not have to be better than the disciple. There is a priority in learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in the art, that's all.
Students are not necessarily inferior to their teachers, and teachers are not necessarily more talented than their students. They understand the principles first and then later, and each has its own specialized study of knowledge and skills, that's all.
This sentence further clarifies the purpose of learning from a teacher, clarifies a new type of teacher-student relationship, and eliminates the ideological obstacles to learning from a teacher. This is an in-depth exposition of the central argument.
8. Study paragraph 1.
1. Students read and then comment.
The author uses parallelism and rhetorical questions in this paragraph, and uses eight "I" characters in one breath, making the language smooth and powerful. When reading aloud, strive to read out the tone of the article.
2. Guide students to clear up the text.
Key points to understand:
(1) The synonyms of ancient and modern words in this paragraph:
Ancient: people who study
Scholar< /p>
Today: A person with certain academic attainments
Ancient: A basis for...
So
Today: Cause and effect Conjunction
Ancient: follow...and
Thus
Today: Conjunction, expressing result or purpose. That is, therefore, just
(2) The phenomenon of word conjugation in this paragraph:
My teacher is also a teacher, and the noun used as a verb is "learning"
I am a teacher, and the noun is used as a verb, that is, "take... as a teacher"
3. Guide students to analyze the meaning:
The role and task of teachers - preaching, Receive karma, resolve doubts (first two sentences)
The necessity of learning from a teacher - resolve doubts, and teach the way (the middle three sentences)
The criteria for choosing a teacher - "the way" is around the corner The teacher is here (last sentence).
This paragraph explains the way of being a teacher from the front and guides the whole article. (The "Tao" in the sentence includes the Confucian Tao with specific contents such as "benevolence" and "righteousness", that is, Confucian political, philosophical, ethical, cultural, educational and other ideological views; "Ye" refers to the classic works of Confucianism, that is, The "Six Arts Classics" mentioned below; "confusion" refers to the difficult issues in the above-mentioned "Tao" and "karma")
4. Discussion: Teachers' "preaching", "accepting karma", and "explanation". Which of these three tasks is the most important? This paragraph does not elaborate on the item "receiving karma". Why is this?
In Han Yu's view, the most important task of a teacher is to "preach the truth". His main purpose is to "recruit young people to learn" and "become a teacher despite his appearance", and to restore the Confucian " Taoism", thus putting forward the slogan of "teaching Taoism". This intention is present throughout the text. "Receiving a job" is the minimum job of a teacher, that is, "teaching a book and learning to read its sentences" as mentioned below, as everyone knows. It is necessary to give a comprehensive summary of the teacher's tasks at the beginning, but it is not the object of discussion.
Lesson 2
1. Students read paragraph 2 and think about the following questions:
1. What is the central sentence of this paragraph?
2. From what angle is this paragraph mainly discussed? What argument method was used?
2. Study paragraph 2.
1. What is the central sentence of this paragraph? Tell me how this paragraph is related to the first paragraph?
Central sentence: It’s been a long time since teachers’ teachings were passed on! It’s hard to be clear of confusion! (Sub-argument)
This paragraph uses the first paragraph as the basis for the argument, criticizing the unhealthy trend of local officials at that time being ashamed of being a disciple; by pointing out the current shortcomings, it demonstrates the point of view put forward in the first paragraph from the negative side, and explains the importance of being a disciple. necessary.
2. What argument method is used in this passage? How is the argument developed?
This passage demonstrates the importance of learning from teachers through positive and negative comparisons.
Today's people, the ancient saints, the saints benefit the saints, and the fools benefit the fools. Questioning tone
When choosing a teacher for your son, you are ashamed of being a primary school teacher and leave a positive tone
Witch A doctor who is a master of medicine, music, and craftsmanship, but his wisdom cannot match the sarcastic tone
3. Han Yu's criticism of the culture of "shame on learning from teachers" seems to cover a wide range of areas - the beginning is "all people today" , then fathers, and finally the "family of scholar-bureaucrats." Who is his main target of criticism? Please explain why.
The main targets of criticism are the scholar-bureaucrats. There are two reasons: First, judging from the tone of the writing, the end of this paragraph not only reveals the author's dissatisfaction with the scholar-bureaucrats, but also shows an attitude of contempt and contempt. It is said that they look down on the working people, but they are not as smart as the working people and do not understand the principle of following teachers. Secondly, "Being humble brings shame, and high officialdom brings flattery" is exactly the special mentality of this kind of people, and it is also a deep reflection of the concept of family status, and the concept of family status and the correct idea of ??taking "Tao" as one's teacher are exactly the same. Out of place.
4. Word and sentence analysis.
It’s been a long time since the teacher taught the way (Fashion)
My teacher’s way is also (principle)
The way of the teacher will no longer be restored (Fashion)
Confused and not follow the teacher (teacher)
My teacher’s way is also (learning)
The teacher’s way will no longer be lost (teacher)
No shame Teacher (study)
5. Analysis of ancient and modern synonyms.
Ancient: Ordinary people
Everyone
Today: Many people
Ancient: Small aspects need to be learned
< p> Primary schoolToday: Primary education school
6. Explanation of key sentences.
I don’t know how to read the sentence, and I don’t understand it. Maybe it’s a teacher, or maybe it’s not. I haven’t seen the clarity since I was in elementary school. p>
3. When students read this paragraph, they should pay attention to several different tones.
Lesson 3
1. Students read paragraph 3 to themselves and think: What is the central sentence of this paragraph? From what perspective does the author discuss? What argument method was used?
2. Study paragraph 3.
1. The prompts are as follows:
Central sentence: The sage is the teacher of impermanence. (Sub-argument)
This paragraph is a positive argument. The author cites the examples of Confucius consulting officials with Tanzi, visiting the music Chang Hong, learning piano from Shi Xiang, and asking rites from Lao Dan, and quotes Confucius's The famous saying then leads to the conclusion that "a disciple does not have to be inferior to a teacher, and a teacher does not have to be better than a disciple. There is a priority in learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in the art." This conclusion is a deepening of the point of view put forward in the first paragraph that "the existence of the Tao is the existence of the teacher", and is also a further criticism of the scholar-bureaucrats' disdain for learning from their teachers.
2. Discussion: Some people say that the conclusion of this paragraph illustrates a new type of teacher-student relationship. How do you understand this?
Based on Confucius’s words and deeds as a teacher, this paragraph infers the brand-new point of view that "disciples do not have to be inferior to their teachers, and teachers do not have to be better than their disciples. There is a priority in learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in skills." From a relative and developmental perspective, Looking at the teacher-student relationship shows that the teacher-student relationship is not static, but can transform into each other, and teaching and learning can complement each other. This cancels the artificial fixed boundary between teachers and students, challenges the ancient tradition of "teacher's dignity", and shines with the brilliance of simple dialectical materialism. This shining thought was extended and developed by many educators in later generations and made great contributions to educational theory.
3. Study paragraph 4:
1. Why does the author praise Li Pan?
The author praises Li Pan, which is not only an affirmation of his not following the popular customs, but also a powerful criticism of the scholar-bureaucrats' "not following teachers"; it not only points out the shortcomings of the current situation, but also further advocates the attitude of learning from teachers.
2. What is the relationship between this paragraph and the previous two paragraphs?
This paragraph points out the reason why the author wrote "Shi Shuo" and summarizes the full text. The two words "not bound by the times" and "able to practice the ancient way" are the finishing touches in this passage, indicating that the author opposes the bad trend of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" and favors the good trend of taking Tao as the teacher. They respectively correspond to the previous paragraphs. Two or three paragraphs.
("Ancient prose" refers to pre-Qin prose. "Yu" in "Not bound to the time" is equivalent to "Be". "Writing "Shi Shuo" to explain it", the "Yi" in the sentence is now called " "Gift", "Yi" is used as a conjunction between the two verbs, equivalent to "come".)
4. Students read paragraphs 3 and 4.
5. Discussion: The text title points out that Han Yu is the "advocate of the classical prose movement." Does Han Yu's writing of "Shi Shuo" have anything to do with the classical prose movement? Is there any indication of this in the article?
Since the Six Dynasties, parallel prose (parallel prose (with four or six characters as a sentence, with the upper and lower sentences facing each other, also called "parallel four and six") has been popular in the literary world. This style of writing does not emphasize ideological content, but emphasizes antithesis, rhyme and harmony. Gorgeous words and sentences lead to the proliferation of gorgeous and flashy styles in literary creation. This custom remained popular until the mid-Tang Dynasty. For this reason, Han Yu advocated the restoration of the tradition of ancient prose and practiced it, cultivating a large number of young people who were interested in creating ancient prose, and gradually formed a trend. Therefore, the name “Ancient Prose Movement” came into being later.
The praise of Li Pan for his "good ancient prose" in the article is a clear expression of his admiration for ancient prose. It shows that Han Yu "resisted his appearance and became a teacher" and regarded himself as restoring the fine tradition of ancient prose. By cultivating "postgraduates", Expand the influence of ancient texts.
6. Based on the above questions, further summarize the purpose of writing this article.
The author clearly points out that the teacher's duty is to "preach the truth, impart knowledge and resolve doubts", and the first priority is "preaching", so he puts forward the slogan of "teaching the way" to restore the "tradition" of Confucianism. To restore Confucian orthodoxy, we need to emancipate the style of writing, advocate classical prose, and oppose parallel prose.
Promote respect for teachers and ethics
Purpose of writing
Promote the classical Chinese movement
7. Summarize the structure and writing method of the full text.
Blackboard writing design
Those who want to destroy the righteousness must follow their teachers and take "Tao" as their teacher (theoretical argument) (Li) Phenomenon) (broken)
Pairing (three levels of comparison)
Compare the words and deeds of Confucius’s disciples (positive examples) (established)
Li Pan followed his disciples and followed the ancient path (living examples around you) (standing)