The Han Dynasty is mainly divided into the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. Han tombs refer to the imperial tombs in the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. They are distributed near Xi, Shaanxi Province and Luoyang, Henan Province. It can be traced back to the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD.
1970, the orientation and cemetery shape of the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum were investigated and verified, and the buried tombs near the Western Han Dynasty Mausoleum were also excavated. The shape of the tombs in Han Dynasty laid the foundation for the mausoleum system of ancient emperors in China, and had a great influence on the mausoleum system of later generations.
The Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty is a national key cultural relic protection unit, located in Xianyang City and Xi City, Shaanxi Province. The tombs of emperors in the Western Han Dynasty 1 1 are located in the south of Weihe River at the northern end of Bailuyuan in the eastern suburb of Xi and Shaoling Garden in the southern suburb, except Baling and Han. The other nine tombs were buried in Xianyang Garden on the north bank of Weihe River, starting from Douma Village in Xingping County in the west and reaching Zhangjiawan in Zhengyang Township in Xianyang City in the east, followed by Liu Che Mausoleum of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Ping Ling of Liu Fuling in Zhao Di of Han Dynasty and Yan Yan of Liu Ao, Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty.
Why didn't China Emperor Baling and Han Dynasty Xuandi Lingdu build in Xianyang Garden? On the one hand, there is a strict Zhao Mu system for the burial of Han tombs; On the one hand, Wendi tried to be frugal, so he chose this mountain as his mausoleum. Xuan Di lived in Xiadu before he proclaimed himself emperor, and his parents were buried in the southeast of Chang 'an, so Xuan Di built a mausoleum in Yuanshang, Du Dong.
There are two forms of the Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty: one is that Baling is a mausoleum because of mountains, and the mausoleum is dug in a cliff without another mound. Other 10 tombs belong to another category, and they are all built with high rammed earth mounds. Generally, the bottom is about150 ~170m square and the height is about 20 ~ 30m. The mausoleum of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is the largest.
The emperors of Han Dynasty were buried in the same tomb, but they were different from each other. Most emperors are in the east of the mausoleum, and the tomb is smaller than the mausoleum, but the size of Lv Hou's tomb is almost the same as that of Gaozu Changling. Starting from Yangling, a flat square rammed earth wall was built around Hou Di's tomb, and a door was built in the center of each wall, with double gaps outside the door. This kind of square cemetery surrounded by graves is the general system of cemeteries after the Western Han Emperor. Bedrooms and temples are built next to the cemetery.
The burial tombs in the Western Han Dynasty are all in the east of the mausoleum, and the burial tomb in Changling is the largest. Among the buried tombs are the famous tombs of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing. These tombs, together with the tombs of royalty and princes, stretch for hundreds of miles from east to west, as the ancient poem says: "Changling is high and quiet here, and there are many funerals attached." Changling began to set up Lingyi. After the Han Dynasty made Chang 'an its capital, it moved the most popular and outstanding officials of Qi and Chu to Changling City.
Since then, the residences of high-ranking officials and rich people have often been moved to various cities, and powerful rich people have been controlled in Chang 'an to consolidate the rule of the Han Dynasty. In the 4th year of Emperor Yong Guang of the Han and Yuan Dynasties (40 BC), he bought the supernatural. Because of forced migration, people went bankrupt, causing social unrest. Setting up paranormal has no effect on consolidating political power, so it was abandoned in Ling Wei.
In AD 25, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han regime, implemented the patriarchal clan system based on consanguinity, and paid special attention to funeral etiquette and offered sacrifices to ancestors.
In order to meet the needs of politics, Liu Xiu extended and applied the method of paying attention to the ancestral temple to the mausoleum system.
During the Western Han Dynasty, sleeping halls were generally built in cemeteries, temples were built outside cemeteries, and large-scale sacrificial ceremonies were mostly held in temples. The Eastern Han Dynasty moved this etiquette to the cemetery. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Hanming moved the etiquette of gathering ministers to congratulate the emperor on New Year's Day and the "sacrificial ceremony" held in August to the cemetery.
In this way, the status of the ancestral temple began to decline. In order to meet the needs of holding sacrifices in the cemetery, the cemetery building has also added new contents, and a memorial hall has been built in front of the mausoleum, and a big clock has been hung next to the mausoleum to ring the bell during the sacrifice. This change in the tombs of the Eastern Han Dynasty is precisely to consolidate the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty and unite officials and local officials around the emperor.
The buildings around the Eastern Han cemetery are also different from those in the Western Han Dynasty. They don't have to build walls, but use "walking horses". There are also pairs of stone carvings on both sides of the Shinto leading to the mausoleum. The Eastern Han Dynasty initiated the creation of stone sculptures on both sides of Shinto, further demonstrating the emperor's supreme authority. This system was adopted and developed by later dynasties.
The underground construction of tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty changed the system of taking cypress and yellow heart as coffins in the Western Han Dynasty, and more coffins were built with stones, which were called "yellow intestine stones". Of the 12 mausoleums in the Eastern Han Dynasty, except the Xian Di Zen Mausoleum, which is far away in Yang Shan, Hanoi County, the rest 1 1 are all near the old city of Luoyang.
Guangwudi's original mausoleum
The original mausoleum is the mausoleum of Liu Xiu, the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, located near Baihe Township, Mengjin County, Henan Province. Mangshan Mountain is in the south, and the rolling Taihang Mountain is in the north. The rolling Yellow River roars eastward along the north side of the mausoleum. The scenery here is beautiful, and it is an eye-catching place.
Emperor Guangwu's mausoleum is located in the north of the cemetery, facing south, and the land is sealed as the mausoleum. Locals call it "Liu Xiufen". The mausoleum is covered with pine and cypress. There is a dome in front of the tomb, and the monument is engraved with the tomb of Emperor Guangwu, the ancestor of Zhongxing in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Among them, the word "Zhongxing Shizu" is particularly eye-catching.
Legend has it that in the past, ordinary people came here to touch the monument and pray for good luck: people walked ten steps away from the monument with their hands stretched out horizontally and their eyes closed. Touching these four words is a good sign. From the mausoleum to the gate, there is a shinto. There are stone statues, horses and other stone carvings and neat and lush cypresses on both sides of Shinto. There are still cypress trees, including 28 towering cypress trees, which are called "Twenty-eight Hostels" by local people. Legend has it that "Twenty-eight Generals of Yuntai" followed Liu Xiunan's Northern Expedition and made great achievements.