Good at painting plums, taking rouge as a "boneless body", especially ink plums. Painting Plum inherits the tradition of worshipping benevolence and innocence in Song Dynasty, and has new creation, which has great influence on later generations. Plum blossoms are sparse, dense, or moderately dense, especially dense. Branches are staggered, calyx is distributed, primary and secondary are distinct, hierarchical, dense and well-organized, and there are many but not numerous. He painted prunes with a pen, which was appropriate and rich in texture. Painting petals, or spotting with ink, or drawing circles with double lines, or both, can vividly express the unique form of plum blossom, and express one's feelings and ambitions by depicting the charm of plum blossom. Mei Pu has been handed down from generation to generation, and it is an early theoretical work of painting plum. He is also good at writing bamboo stone and seal cutting, and using flower-milk stone as printing material, which is said to be his creation. Later, because a poem wrote, "Plum blossoms are all covered with ice and snow, and the Qiang flute can't be blown down", he was framed by officials, thinking that he was mocking the current politics and wanted to arrest him, so he fled to Jiuli Mountain in Huiji, cooked himself as a farmer in Shishan and lived in seclusion. Farming during the day, reading and painting at night, living a poor life. Wang Mian's life experience had a great influence on his poems and paintings, and the poor and simple mountain village life gave his poems and paintings a strong flavor of life. Make his poems and paintings different from ordinary people.
Wang Mian: The Mystery Map (collected by Beijing Palace Museum)
Wang Mian's poems were among the best in the Yuan Dynasty. Most of his poems are included in Zhu Zhai's Poems. Liu Ji once had a correct evaluation of Wang Mian's poems. He said: "When I was in Hangzhou, I heard that Wang Yuanzhang was good at poetry, and all the literati praised him, but I hate not knowing." Only on the first day of Wu Jia (1354) did the poems written by Bird be fully watched. Cover straight without twisting, good quality, luxury without longevity, strangeness without strangeness, knowledge without exaggeration, loyalty to the monarch and love for the people, and the ambition to do everything except evil, are truly seen in the meaning of the word, not in acts, because of great respect. "(Preface to Zhu Zhai's Poems)"
Judging from his Send Swallows, Golden Water and Spring River, and Lonely Tan Song, he had no special antipathy to the Yuan Dynasty in his early years. His poems mainly show sympathy for the hardships of people's lives, condemnation of corruption and arrogance of powerful people, and contempt for fame and fortune. Such as sorrow, hurting pavilion households, Jiangnan women, etc. Wang Mian exposed the decadent and shameless features of bureaucratic landlords such as Duijing and the Reform Movement of 1898.
Many of Wang Mian's poems express the idea of being unwilling to follow the fashion and pursuing lofty ideals. He often compares himself to a plum blossom. In his early years, he refused to accept office by plum blossom metaphor. In his later years, he showed his innocence with plum blossoms, saying, "Wild plum blossoms are still ancient." His poems are simple and natural.
Zhu Yuanzhang attacked Shaoxing, stationed troops in Jiulishan, found him and asked him to join the army. He died suddenly.
Wang Mian's poems:
grief
She was a big girl the year before last and sold children last year.
They are all forced by official taxes, not by hunger.
Cloth wears out grass and clothes, and there is no frost and snow in a winter.
These days, young and old are not in groups, and taxes are unknown.
Mo mei
My Xiyan Lake Head Tree,
Flowers bloom and fade with ink marks.
Don't boast that the color is beautiful,
Just keep it fresh and full of Kun.
Lonely sigh
Last night, there was frost in the South China Sea.
The vegetation in the mountains is disgraceful.
Get up and knead the house loosely,
The color is the same as usual.
You were generous when you stayed,
This thing is the real pillar.
Alas,
Because it is the real pillar,
Why doesn't the son of heaven use Fu?
References:
/ja/ Yu Wen /yw02/2367.asp
Respondent: UBee- probation level 111-117: 58.
Wang Mian (1310-1359), Yu Yuanzhang, from Zhuji, Zhejiang. He was an influential poet in the literary world at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and also a flower-and-bird painter who created a new style of freehand brushwork by painting Mo Mei. His poems often show resentment against the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, and his Mo Mei is also lyrical by borrowing things, thinking that he prefers to write "wild plum" rather than "official plum" to despise those "pedantic and corrupt scholars" at that time. In his later years, he avoided living in Jiuli Mountain in Huiji, taught himself plum blossom houses, planted millet and raised fish, and lived in poverty for the rest of his life.
The Beauty of Ink in Wang Mian
Mo mei
(1) MoMei school and its style.
The creation of Mo Mei is closely related to literature, including the poems of Lin Hejing and Su Dongpo in the Northern Song Dynasty.
People enthusiastically praise the richness and character of plum blossoms, and the people in the land cherish them infinitely.
Emotion, followed by "wordless poetry" painting, insulting flowers has become the most popular in painting.
Theme. At that time, the most creative and contribution to painting plum should be Zhong Ren's explanation and Yang's supplement. Zhongji
One day, a famous Huaguang monk got inspiration from the moonlight reflected on enough paper and created a useful work.
The so-called ink plum, is the thick and thin ink smudge. Huang Tingjian, a great poet, saw it and praised it: "If it is tender, cold and clear, you can walk the solitary fence, but there is no fragrant ear." At that time, Huaguang's ink plum became a new variety in painting. Zhao Mengfu's inscription on Mo Regret once said: "Huaguang is the first one who talks about Mo Mei in the world." Yang Bu accepted the mantle of Huaguang, developed it on this basis, and dedicated his ink plum to Evonne, Song Huizong. Evonne said that he wrote "Village Plum", so he called himself "Village Plum in Fengchi". He created two ways to draw plums: one is to paint the silk with ink to set off the small white flowers of plums, and the other is to circle the white and fragrant characteristics of plums with ink pens. Jin Dongxin (a farmer) said, "Yang Bu is the son of Huaguang monk's room. He is as thin as a heron and doesn't want to be a close friend." (Inscription of plum blossom in winter heart) Later, Yang's two nephews, Tang and Tang Shuyong, were also good at this. "Inscription on Painting Plums in Winter Heart": "Yang's nephews Tang and Song, their brothers and uncles all use ink plum, each with its own new ideas, and it is called Dizzy Flower. At times, Mao Jinshi and Confucian Academy were also good at fame. The painted plum that I once saw in the Lins' home of Liang in my hometown is worth escaping from Zen. And uncle's use and your twigs and calyx have never been seen. "
According to legend, Zhenwu and Wang Mian in Yuan Dynasty were both experts in painting plum blossoms. Fan Chengda said: "Recently, Mo Mei painted, especially in Jiangxi, and there are many imitators. Both Gai Gui Zhong and Wang Yuanzhang have used their methods. " (Fancun Meijupu) From this perspective, Wang Mian is the clique of this school.
Wang Mian inherited the traditions of Yang and Tang, and worked tirelessly to study Plum Blossoms and Plum Blossoms. On this basis, he developed his artistic talent. Wang Mian's Mo Mei is inseparable from his thoughts and feelings. As Zhu said in Qing Dynasty: "Plum painting needs to be superior, while non-human plum painting is vulgar. They can learn how to cook stone farmers and paint cold jade with wonderful pen. " (Inscription of Painting Plum) This kind of consciousness is very prominent in Wang Mian's paintings. Some of them reflect the sufferings of the people, some show the aloof and upright character, some show the spirit of not cooperating with the ruling class, some show patriotic enthusiasm, and some show their extraordinary ambitions and optimistic feelings. He wants to pour his feelings into the garden of painting creation. Wang Mian likes painting plum blossoms. According to Wu in Yixing, Qing Dynasty, in his book Plum Blossoms in Zheng Xiaoying, "Wang Yuanzhang likes to write wild plums instead of official ones." (Zhu Boxuan Mei Shu) He Mei? Plums growing in Shan Ye are called wild plums, sometimes called village plums. What is Guan Mei? Anyone who is artificially created, loses innocence, and makes many songs is called Guan Mei, also called Gong Mei. Some people often compare wild plums to "spacious and profound" and official plums to "resplendent and magnificent", which means different personalities in different environments. Sun Changzhen of the Ming Dynasty often imitated Wang Mian's painting, so he wrote a poem saying: "Plum blossoms are straight and not bent, which is a truth that many people in the world have never pushed. Poets are unique in Mei Qing. They don't draw official plum blossoms or wild plum blossoms. " ("Drawing Plums to Distinguish Difficulties")
His "Mo Mei" style can be summed up in four words: "Charm and elegance". Try to analyze from the aspects of composition, branches and flowers. The composition of painted plum is mainly branches. Wang Mian's success in painting plum blossoms is inseparable from his composition. Composition can be divided into three types: sparse, dense and neither sparse nor dense. Sparse as a thin shadow, sparse and elegant is better. If it is not dense, it is appropriate to pitch properly, take care of family ties, see it in the dense, and there is still gathering and dispersing in the sparse. As dense as flowers. The third method was initiated by Wang Mian. Zhu said: "Song people painted plums, which were mostly superficial. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the peasants cooked rocky mountains, and the flowers were like brocade, which made people feel elegant and elegant, and the pearls were looming. Because of this, the Ming Dynasty often learned from them, and my friends and Jin followed suit. " (Inscription of Plum Painting) Wang Mian's composition is based on density, and at the same time, it should be dense but not chaotic, complex and rhythmic. In the composition of branches, it can be sparse and dense, so that the strengths are sparse, the weaknesses are dense, the evacuation is sparse, and the staggered places are dense. Sparse can be a horse. He can grasp the virtual and the real, with distinct levels and everything. On the basis of Huaguang, Shangbai's theory of "more but not more, less without loss" and Yang Bu's theory of "crossing branches and multiplying flowers, branches and sparse calyx", it has played a more important role. On the texture of the branches of the book, Tang applied and put into practice the theory of "sharp, like bucket handle, like iron whip, like a crane knee, like a dragon horn, like antlers, like a bow tip, like a fishing rod", so he worked like a dragon and was as strong as iron; Hair tip is like an arrow, short as a halberd. Plums are not easy to dry like dragons. When you draw, you must bend strongly and twist more with your pen, otherwise you will draw in vain. It's hard to do, but it's hard to draw.
Appropriate setbacks will bring about good changes. Plum painting is expensive and straight, and there is still charm in the straight, which is by no means like a ruler. The tip of his branch reaches several feet long, and the tip of the branch shows the pen tip, which highlights Mei's lofty and refined style. Therefore, people feel elegant. When he painted flowers, he didn't just draw the shape of flowers, but he could look beyond the shape and present a delicate, elegant, brilliant or sparse posture. In the flowering form, Tang's theory of "flowers, pepper seeds, crab eyes, smiles, blooming thanks and falling English" is also applied. The old branches are painted with exotic flowers and grasses, and the young branches are densely covered with flowers. In a word, on the basis of careful observation, he mastered the skills of washing and practicing pen and ink and devoted himself to his new style. Ming Lu Zongxian said: "Who painted plums tall in ancient and modern times, Wang Lao came first." ("Snow Lake Plum Spectrum") In the Qing Dynasty, Zhao Lanzhou said: "Yang Bu, Wang Yuanzhang is a fairy, washing lead to create a new face. Huaguang' s old man' s paintings are vivid, and his ability to draw plums is over. " (Zhu Boxuan Mei Album) His predecessors spoke highly of him.
(2) The ice flowers are as round as jade, and the Qiang flute cannot be blown down.
Through the efforts of Yang, Tang and others, Mo Mei has made remarkable achievements since she created a monk. But we can inherit it, but we can't do without Wang Mian's efforts. He made various attempts in ink painting. The practice of pen and ink has made Mo Mei take a big step forward on the original basis. Wang Mian's pen and ink skill is also worth noting. His writing style is vigorous, with both form and spirit, which he got from hard work and hard training. Only when you are straight can you write firmly, and there is no problem of anticlimactic. The center and wing are well used, and the branches are connected. Only when the strength is frustrated can they break and reconnect, and the joint is stopped in time. His hands are so light that he can do it at one go. This is his way of refining qi to the bone.
He also played a role in the circle flower method. Yang made up for it with "the pen is divided into three parts, and the more you save, the more you save". That is, flowers should be made like iron coils, one stroke at a time. Wang Mian changed this painting slightly and changed it into two strokes of frustration, which is what Qianlong said: "Hook and loop is slightly different from family style". This is also created by him from practice, and some people call it "bald painting". This creation has a great influence on later generations, such as the Ming Dynasty's popularity, the Qing Dynasty's Liu, Luo Liangfeng and so on. Later, Jin Dongxin, Tong Ershu and others came out, and they simply changed to circle flowers. Although Yuan and Ming succeeded in three strokes and two strokes, their side work and Xiaolei were still one stroke. Wang Mian's circle-flower paintings are rigorous and realistic.
In addition, Wang Mian played "the method of breaking the nuclear". What is the way to break the nucleus? Plum blossoms used to have flower whiskers and dots on them. The flowers he painted don't have English. They look messy, unlike whiskers and English. This is called "breaking the nuclear law". Yang Bu also has this painting method, which is the painting method of wild plum, which is different from that of official plum. Some people say that "flowers are in disorder, wild plum blossoms and official Shu Mei" means this.
In a word, the difficulty of painting plum lies not in the branches, but in the flowers. The most successful place in Wang Mian is flowers. His "panorama" is full of flowers, smiles and the fragrance of Feng Ling, showing optimism. Even later Luo Liangfeng and Tong Ershu were out of reach.
Mei Mei diagram
(3) The influence of Wang Mian's Mo Mei.
Wang Mian's Mo Mei had a profound influence on the Ming Dynasty. Especially after the development and enrichment of Xu Wei, Chen Chun and others, the situation of freehand brushwork and boneless flowers has gradually emerged.
Xu Wei appreciates Bird's paintings and tries to learn from Mo Mei in Bird. He thought it was the most difficult to circle flowers, and said, "I circle flowers less, so let Bird write, and Bird is not like me." Genius Xu Wenchang is always above me. He thinks that Bird, whose hair is dry, is inferior to him, and Bird, whose flowers are circled, is inferior to him. From this sentence, we can know his admiration for Bird. Anyone who has painted plum blossoms knows that the difficulty of painting plum blossoms lies not in doing it, but in flowers; It is difficult to draw flowers with whiskers and pedicels. In Qing Dynasty, Lazy Gardener said: "The green vine (that is, Xu Wei) painted plum, and the circle was not round, and the branches were not branches. It is a magical line, its pen is vivid and unpredictable, and it is like a cloud, and it is natural. " This shows that Xu's painting style is freehand brushwork. Xu and Wang have different styles. In terms of kung fu, the natural Yuan Zhang is much deeper than the green vine.
Xu Wei not only learns from Wang Mian to draw plum blossoms, but also learns from him to be a man and learn from him to draw plum blossoms for food. Xu Wei once visited Wang Mian's tomb and laughed at some rich and powerful families at that time. In his poem, he said, "You painted plum blossoms for rice, and now you can exchange rice for plum blossoms. An Neng awakens Wang Jushi and smiles at Hua Jia and Mi Jia. " (Xu Wenchang Collection) Xu also sympathized with Wang Mian's hard life. Guess how many buckets of rice he had and change a plum flower: "I don't know how many buckets of ice to change if I want to see the rice-worrying day." After reading Wang Mian's Plum Blossom, Xu wanted to copy it, but he felt at a loss. He wrote in the painting entitled "Wang Yuanzhang hangs the plum blossom upside down": "I am too lonely to copy the clouds." Everything is always too high, don't blame the plum blossom for landing. "
Several masters of plum painting in Ming Dynasty, such as Liu, Liu, Liu, Liu and Liu, were all descendants of Wang Mian. When Liu was young, he was greatly encouraged to see Yuan Zhang's plum blossom on the stone wall in his hometown. Since then, he has been particularly fond of mechanics and painting plum blossoms. It is said that he loved Wang Yuanzhang's notice very much, and he tried his best to do experiments: one way of painting was to cut off the pieces of oil paper when he was alum silk, and the painting was completed. It looks like Xue Huadian's point fell, competing with flowers, and the effect is very good. At that time, the painter Xie praised it as a "masterpiece". The branches painted by Wang Mian are very beautiful. It is said that he first painted bamboo hands, so Liu Xuehu painted plums on bamboo. When Xu Wenchang wrote his poems about Mo Mei, he said, "Liu Zi in a snowy lake is not vulgar, so he wrote bamboo first, and then painted plum blossoms. Flowers, plums, bamboo and bamboo are two phases, and iron is not as good as iron. " In Zhu Duo's poems, there is a sentence that "Chen Chun is dead, Shen Shi is old, and Liu Cong is late". Wen Zhiming also praised: "Snow Lake is dry and vigorous, with natural features and flowers; Ya said that the future should be the first cloud. " In fact, Liu's achievements are not as good as those of Wang Mian and Xu Wei. Xu Wenchang wrote a poem about Mo Mei in Snow Lake: "I visited Jinling to paint Mei, which was painted by Mo Miao. Liu Jun can't escape, and a Liu Yisheng has no father or mother. " (The Difficulty of Painting Plums) Wang Mian was still studied by Sun Congji, Wang Renzuo, Yuan and Lin Hongxian in the Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that imitating Wang Mian's brushwork is all the rage. In the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics, Jin Nong, Li and Wang were all deeply influenced by him. If you learn from his flowers, you learn from Jin Nong, and Julian Waghann learns from his flowers and flowers and his ink paintings. Although each family has different styles, it still degenerates from him. Another uncle Tong, who is famous for painting plum blossoms, also learned Bird's painting method. Jiang said that the plum blossoms painted by Uncle Tong Er in Luoyang can attract bees and butterflies. "Bixi Poetry" records: "When my second uncle was born, his mother, Li Taihou, dreamed of driving cattle and came to plum blossom, and the more she was born. His beard is Wang Mian, a farmer who cooks stone mountains, and the cover is also given. " Of course it's nonsense, but it can be seen that Wang Mian's paintings are also very influential among the people.
Regarding the characteristics of plum painting by painters in Ming and Qing Dynasties, The Lazy Gardener in Qing Dynasty said: "We should learn from Wang Yuanzhang's elegance, Liu Xuehu's old age, Xu Qingteng's deification, and Uncle Tong's grandeur without deification, but Jin Dongxin's tender branches are firm and deep-rooted." This statement does make sense.
Wang Mian's paintings had a far-reaching influence on the painting circles in Ming and Qing Dynasties. He laid a solid foundation for ink painting, led Xu Wen's elders to jump out of a set of archaized rules and create a new life. He used poems and paintings to resist the rule of the nobles of Yuan and Mongolia, sympathized with the sufferings of the people, and profoundly exposed the dark side of society at that time, which had positive significance. Because of this, he has been loved and respected by the broad masses of the people and is known as "an immortal flower with a strange mind."
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