In the history of Chinese literature, there are many poets and lyricists. They may be classified into different schools because of similar styles, the same era, friends from the same hometown, or father, son, teachers and students. These schools have predecessors and successors, big and small, and their statuses are high and low. Understanding and being familiar with them is of great benefit to poetry appreciation.
Although there are many poets and lyricists, if they are divided in terms of creative methods, there are several schools such as realism and anti-realism, romanticism and negative romanticism, and formalism. Among them, the two dominant schools are realism and romanticism.
(1) Realism school. Members of the realist school can be traced back to the unknown authors of the realistic poems in the Book of Songs. After that, there are the unknown authors who created realistic works in Han and Wei Yuefu. Tao Yuanming in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Du Fu and Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty, and Lu You in the Song Dynasty can be regarded as leaders in different historical periods. In addition, such as Cai Tan, Wang Su and Chen Lin in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Jie, Liu Zongyuan, Yuan Mo, Zhang Ji, Wang Jian and Li Shen in the Middle Tang Dynasty, Pi Rixiu and Nie Yizhong in the Late Tang Dynasty, Mei Yaochen, Wang Anshi, Fan Chengda and Yang Wanli in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan Haowen in the Jin Dynasty, Wang Mian in the Yuan Dynasty, and Gao Qi in the Ming Dynasty. Yu Qian, Gu Yanwu, Wu Weiye, etc. in the Qing Dynasty are all representative realist poets.
The unique characteristics of this genre are: it can reflect social life truly and vividly, extensively and profoundly; it has shaped typical characters in typical environments; it has specific and vivid descriptions; High-level summary based on profound understanding; more use of simple language and line drawing techniques.
(2) Romanticism school. Members of the Romantic school can also be traced back to the unknown authors of the romantic poems in the Book of Songs. After that, there was Qu Yuan, my country's first great poet. He pushed the creation of romantic poetry to a peak as early as the Warring States Period. In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, romantic poets such as Cao Zhi, Zuo Si, Guo Zhen, and Bao Zhao appeared successively. Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty can be called a master of romanticism. After Qu Yuan, he set off another peak of romantic poetry creation. In addition to him, there were other outstanding romantic poets in the Tang Dynasty such as Wang Zhihuan, Wang Changling, Cen Shen, and Li He. Su Shi and Xin Qiji in the Song Dynasty were outstanding representatives of romantic poets. Gong Zizhen of the Qing Dynasty was the last romantic poet with certain influence in ancient times.
The unique characteristics of this genre are: permeated with the enterprising spirit of pursuing ideals; having an optimistic and heroic spirit; being able to construct a wonderful illusory realm with rich imagination; often using bold exaggeration and Strange comparisons; full of brilliant and wonderful language.
Poetic schools with certain influence:
(1) Qu Song. Refers to the Chu poets Qu Yuan and Song Yu during the Warring States Period. They are all the founders and representative writers of "Sao Style". Qu Yuan was the first great poet in the history of Chinese literature. His works have been introduced previously and will not be repeated here. Song Yu wrote "Nine Bian", "Feng Fu" and so on. Their poems have many similarities in artistic form. For example, they mostly use the Chu dialect and often follow the Chu rhythm. Most of them have a bold and gorgeous style. Liu Zha spoke highly of it in "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons": "No one can catch up with Qu Song's leisurely steps." However, although Qu and Song are both called together, they have many similarities, but their achievements cannot be compared.
(2) Three Cao. Refers to Cao Cao and his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi during the Han and Wei Dynasties. Most of Cao Cao's poems are based on the turbulent reality. His famous poems include "A Walk in the Dew", "A Walk in the Artemisia", "A Walk in the Bitter Cold", "A Man's Short Song", "A Man's Turtle Lives Long", "A Man's View of the Sea", etc. The most common feature of them is that they reveal the author's mind in a simple form, "like a veteran Youyan, with a majestic charm", forming a unique style. Cao Pi's poems mostly describe the love between men and women and the wanderer's longing for home. The style is delicate and euphemistic, and the language is simple and clear. Among them, the seven-character poem "Yan Ge Xing" is the most outstanding. Cao Zhi's poems are full of pursuit and resistance, full of momentum and power, forming the artistic characteristics of "extraordinarily high character" and "magnificent poetry". The three Caos, because of their political status and literary achievements, became leaders in the literary world at that time. However, Cao Cao and Cao Zhi had more achievements among them. The so-called "Jian'an style" is mainly reflected in their poems.
(3) The Seven Sons of Jian’an. The name "Seven Sons" comes from Cao Pi's "Dianlun Wen", which refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Pian, Xu Ao, Ruan Li, Ying Ki and Liu Zhen. Among them, except Kong Rong, who was Cao Cao's political enemy and was later killed by Cao Cao, the other six people were closely related to Sancao. Their works reflect social turmoil and embody an enterprising spirit. Wang Ji is the "Crown of the Seven Sons" and is relatively mature in art. His famous works include "Poems of Seven Sorrows" and "Ren Climbing the Tower".
(4) The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. It refers to Jikang during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Ruan Xian, Wang Rong, Liu Ling. "Wei's Spring and Autumn Annals" records: These seven people "were friendly to each other and wandered in the bamboo forest, and they were named the Seven Sages." Their poems are more famous such as Ruan Ji's "Yong Huai" and Jikang's "Poetry of Indignation", which reflected their dissatisfaction with the dark reality of the time.
(5) Three cards, two land, two pan, and one left. Three Zhangs refer to the Western Jin Dynasty poet Zhang Zai and his brothers Zhang Xie and Zhang Kang; Erlu refers to the Western Jin Dynasty writer Lu Ji and his brother Lu Yun; two Pan refers to the Western Jin Dynasty writers Pan Yue and Pan Ni; one left refers to the Western Jin Dynasty poets Zuo Si. Their poetry emphasizes technique and diction, and is called "Taikang style".
In Zhong Die's "Shi Pin", there is a saying that "Taikang Zhong, three Zhangs, two Lus, two Pans, one Zuo, Boer is revived", which shows their influence at that time. Among them, Zuo Si's achievements are higher, and his famous poems are eight poems in "Ode to History".
(6) Yan Xie. They are Yan Yanzhi and Xie Lingyun, poets from the Song, Yuan and Jia dynasties of the Southern Dynasty. Their poems mostly describe natural scenery and pay attention to wording and decoration, and are called "Yuanjia style". Among them, Xie Lingyun achieved higher achievements and founded the "Landscape Poetry School". His chapters such as "Climbing the Pond and Going Up the Stairs", "At the End of the Year", "People Pengsi Lake Day", etc., all have good verses that have been passed down through the ages.
(7) Jingling Eight Friends. They are eight writers under Xiao Ziliang, King Jingling of the Qi Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty: Xiao Yan, Shen Yue, Xie Huan, and Wang Rong. Xiao Ke, Fan Yun, Ren Shi, Lu Chui. They paid attention to rhythm when writing poems and formed the "Yongming style". Among them, Shen Yue and Xie Huang achieved higher achievements. He is a representative writer of "New Style Poetry".
(8) Palace poetry school. It is a poetry school headed by Xiao Gang, Emperor Liang Jianwen of the Southern Dynasty. "Book of Liang: The Chronicles of Emperor Jian Wen" records: Xiao Gang was "elegant and good at composing poems. ... However, he was hurt by Qing Yan, who was called Sun Palace Style at that time." The poems of the Gong Style School mostly express boudoir feelings, with obscene content and gaudy form.
(9) The Four Heroes of the Early Tang Dynasty. It refers to Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin and King Luo Bin in the early Tang Dynasty. Their poems began to change the popular style of Qi and Liang, with a wider range of themes and began to take on a majestic momentum. Du Fu wrote in the second poem of "Six Quatrains for a Play": "Wang Yang, Lu Luo, and his frivolity were still in the spotlight. Your body and name will be destroyed, and the rivers will not waste forever." He reprimanded those who were "frivolous and frivolous". "Wei Wen" but ridiculed "four outstanding people", affirming the achievements of the "four outstanding people" in poetry.
(10) Wang Meng refers to Wang Wei and Yu Haoran, the poets of the Tang Dynasty. They all use five-character poems to describe natural scenery, and they all have the characteristics of novelty, tranquility and vivid imagery. People call Wang, Meng, Chu Guangxian, Pei Di and others the "Pastoral Poetry School"
(11). Gao Cen refers to the poets Gao Shi and Cen Shen of the Tang Dynasty. They are both good at writing frontier poems and have similar artistic styles. Their famous works include Gao Shi's "Song of the Songs", Cen Shen's "Song of Snow" and "Zoomachuan". "Xing", etc. People call Gao Cen, Wang Changling, Li Qi and others the "Frontier Poetry School" (12) Li Du refers to the poets Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty. Not because of the same style, but because their respective achievements are comparable.
(13) Wei Liu refers to the poets Wei Yingwu and Liu Changqing in the mid-Tang Dynasty. Their poems mostly describe landscapes and pastoral areas, and are regarded as the "Landscape Poetry School".
(14) The Ten Talents of Dali refer to the top ten poets in the Dali Period of the Tang Dynasty. "Literature and Art, Biography of Lulun" records: "Lun, Ji Zhongfu, Han Peng, Qian Qi, Sikong Shu, Miao Fa, Cui Dong, Geng Jin, Xia Houshen and Li Duan are all capable of poetry and are equally famous, and they are called the Ten Talents of Dali. . "The names of the ten people recorded in his book are slightly different. They are all attached to powerful people, and their poems are mostly for banquet decorations and farewell entertainment. But there are also some better poems, such as Lu Lun's "Song under the Sai" and so on.