(A) creative feelings
Literature is a mirror of society, which is always associated with a specific social background. Farewell poems in Tang Dynasty are so prosperous that they must have their specific creative feelings. The Tang Dynasty is another heyday of China's unification of multi-ethnic groups after the Han Dynasty, with developed economy, political stability, cultural prosperity and great ethnic integration. In this era, there must be a large number of literati who hope to embark on their careers through reading. This is in line with the general environment of "learning to be excellent and being an official". In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination was on the right track. A large number of scholars must take the imperial examination if they want to enter the official career. Imperial examination is a highly competitive examination. You have to go through five customs and cut six generals before you can enter the palace for the exam. Gong Kao is the emperor's personal examiner, and the location is in the palace. The capital of the Tang Dynasty was Chang 'an, which is Xi 'an today. You can imagine how difficult it was to get to Xi 'an from south to north under the traffic conditions at that time. Taking my son to Beijing for an exam is full of difficulties and obstacles. After parting, life and death are uncertain, and the future is unpredictable. Therefore, the Tang people paid special attention to farewell and paid more attention to farewell poems. Writing became a trend at that time. For example, in Zhang Ji's "Seeing Pei Xianggong off to Taiyuan Town", there is a saying that "the emperor personally sent him upstairs and the official made a farewell speech", which is the farewell scene attended by the emperor. From the participation of emperors, it is not difficult to see that the poor know how to participate and pay attention to farewell.
Tang people attached importance to farewell poems and had a unique cultural psychology. The love of poetry in the Tang Dynasty became a trend. At that time, most of the documents were written in poems. At that time, everything could be incorporated into poetry. (1) In the era when the imperial examination flourished, the method of circulating examination in the warm examination was also popularized in the Tang Dynasty, which was regarded as a stepping stone to official career. At the same time, writing farewell poems also has practical value. The relationship between sending and being sent is often close friends or relatives, and one of the two sides is often a noble person. The poem sent is a customs clearance card for arriving in a different place. In this way, when you go to a different place and present the poems you sent, you will often get some attention. It is this practical value that accelerated the climax of writing farewell poems in Tang Dynasty.
Judging from the culture of the Tang Dynasty, the culture of the Tang Dynasty is colorful. Music and dance are characterized by magnificent, diverse styles, beautiful and harmonious, sonorous and warm prosperity. Famous songs and dances include Song of the King of Qin, which praised Tang Taizong's martial arts, and Colorful Feathers, which was compiled by Tang Xuanzong. At this time, poetry and music also combine and promote each other. Wang Wei's "Sending Two Ambassadors to Anxi" was originally an ordinary farewell poem, and later it was written as "Three Stories of Yangguan", so the poem was recited by the Song Dynasty, and the song was sung by the poem, and it has been sung ever since. Later, this poem became a farewell song. This poem describes the most common parting. It has no special background, but its free and deep feeling of farewell makes it suitable for most farewell parties to sing, and then it was incorporated into Yuefu, becoming the most widely circulated and the longest sung song.
Of course, the feelings of Tang people in creating poems are diverse, and the above points are enough to illustrate the prosperity of farewell poems. However, the creation of farewell poems is bound to be promoted by internal and external factors such as society and individuals, which is what we need to further explore in studying the emotion of farewell poems.
(B) lyric art
It is not difficult to find the lyrical techniques in the farewell poems of Tang people by reading them carefully. It can be said that farewell poems are lyric poems. Lyric, direct lyricism, lyricism by scenery, affection in scenery, blending of scenery and so on. So, what are the lyric arts of farewell poems in Tang Dynasty? Farewell poems use a lot of techniques of expressing one's mind directly, which often makes farewell poems easy to understand and spread. Such as Gao Shi's "Don't Move Big"
A thousand miles away in Huang Yun,
The north wind blows goose feathers and heavy snow one after another.
Mochow has no bosom friend in the future,
Is there anyone in this land who doesn't know you?
The first two sentences of this poem directly write about the sunset, and the last two sentences directly write about sincere friendship, all from the heart. The last two sentences, "Mochow has a vast road ahead, and everyone in the world doesn't know you", are comforting friends: you won't worry about meeting your bosom friends when you visit here. Everyone in the world doesn't know you, Dong! How loud and powerful the words are, full of confidence and strength in comfort. Encourage friends to struggle, to struggle. Poetry without reservation, generous elegy, get it off your chest. Another example is Li Bai's To Wang Lun.
Li Bai was just about to leave when he heard a farewell song from the shore.
Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love. The first two sentences of this poem are narrative, while the last two sentences are lyrical, and the friendship is as deep as thousands of feet's. Express your feelings with the help of the pool. Of course, expressing your mind directly is a kind of frankness and the most direct expression of affection. However, deep feelings are often inexhaustible. Therefore, many poets express their feelings in other ways, so they find a magic weapon to express their feelings by borrowing scenery. Wang Guowei said in "Words on Earth" that "all scenery words are sentimental words". Touching and melting the scenery are the basic characteristics of lyricism in China's classical poems. Indeed, in people's eyes, the scenery will change with people's feelings, which can be divided into the realm with me and the realm without me. Therefore, in farewell poems, poets often attach strong emotional color to the scene before them when they bid farewell. In the Tang Dynasty, people wrote farewell poems on the basis of summing up their predecessors and constantly explored and innovated. The blending of scene and scene became the basic lyric feature of farewell poems in Tang Dynasty. Xue Tao's "Farewell to Friends" has always been valued by people, and it is a model work of blending scenes. The water town is frosty at night, the moonlight is cold and the mountains are gray.
Who says a thousand miles from today, just one dream? The first two sentences directly wrote the night scene of Biepu, which was particularly embarrassing in autumn. The scenery in front of us is chilling, but the scenery here is endless, and poetry is secretly used to express the feeling that friends are far away from you, thinking but not seeing, which makes the connotation of poetry greatly profound. The seemingly relieved tone of the third sentence is a turning point with the injury implied by the previous sentence, showing the persistence of acacia family. The dream of the last sentence is rare, and the twists and turns of the first sentence push the sense of embarrassment to a climax. The artistic technique of borrowing scenery to express feelings has been one of the most commonly used lyric techniques since it came into being, especially in poetry, because it is purely to talk about feelings after leaving the scenery, as if this situation has not been settled. Therefore, in the farewell poems of the Tang people, almost every poem has an example of lyricism by borrowing scenery. But I think the highest level of lyricism is: melting feelings into the scene, hiding a deep feeling in a simple and subtle scene, which seems to be inadvertently obtained, leaving only a looming silk thread for readers to discover and refine. The more you draw, the more you bring out a cavity of worry, ups and downs, and profound implications, just like mellow wine, although clear and heavy. Among the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty, there are many poems expressing feelings through scenery. For example, Li Bai's Send a Friend to Shu and Wang Changling's Send My Fifteenth Uncle are all works of this kind. The typical poem of this kind is A Farewell to Liu Liang in Dongting Mountain. Looking at the Dongting in autumn in Baling, it is more and more obvious that the lonely peak floats.
I heard that immortals can't meet, and their hearts are lingering with the lake. In this poem, the poet hides his soul deeply, and knowledge reveals some information to us with the help of scenery. Seeing his friend leave, the sailboat drifted away and headed for the imperial court, while he was still in exile and did not return. The word "loneliness" in the poem is a pun, a sense of loss and loneliness. But the word "gone with the wind" evoked sadness in my heart. A floating word makes people feel floating in the world, and the sense of wandering is stronger. The third sentence says that the legendary immortals "can't meet each other", but really friends "can't meet each other", and the court, where friends are far away, can't meet each other. Therefore, the poet's sad thoughts emerge in this autumn scenery. With the ups and downs of the lake, it is really endless.
Wang Fuzhi specifically discussed the relationship between emotion and scenery in Jiang Zhai Shi Hua. "This scene is called two, but it is inseparable. God and poet are wonderful. If you are skilled, there is a feeling in the middle of the scene and a feeling in the scene. In farewell poems, scenery is the medium that triggers feelings, and feelings are the ultimate sustenance of scenery.