2. Several methods to infer the meaning of function words in classical Chinese. At least 0.27 yuan to open a library member to view the full content > Original Publisher: Excellent Primary and Secondary School Textbooks II. Grammatical analysis is based on the formation of words in sentences.
For example, the 20 10 college entrance examination Tianjin volume "I don't care if I see a woman sleeping in a tree." From the analysis of grammatical structure, "worry" is a predicate, but its object is not behind it, so it can only be "zhi" before the word "worry", so it can be judged that "zhi" is a pronoun and an object, combined with the negative word "no" in front. People who can't do my best can have no regrets, and who can ridicule them? Now "who" is the subject of ridicule, and "Qi" can only be placed at the beginning of a sentence to express a certain mood with "Hu", so "Qi" should be an adverb to express rhetorical mood.
The same function word has different parts of speech because of its different functions in different sentences. For example, the word "Yi" in the 2006 college entrance examination Anhui volume "Shennong is thunder, benefiting the world" is used before the verb "Li", which is generally used as a conjunction and can be translated as "Yong"; However, the word "one" in the college entrance examination of Jiangsu Province in 2006 "Students are facing each other in the dark" was used before the noun "night" to form an object-object phrase and used as an adverbial in the sentence. The word "one" here is a preposition, which can be translated as "Yong, Na".
Look at the following examples: ① He became Lang and two men robbed him. (Zhao Guanghan Handling a Case) His mother is with him.
(Fan Pang Biemu) Only adults can give up that unbearable favor. (Fan Pang Biemu) (4) It is not as good as Lian Po and Li.
("On Feng Tang") (5) With the grandeur of Chu, why not? ("Dream of Guan Yi") ⑥ Qing, go to Zhongwei Bridge.
(Law Enforcement in Zhang Shizhi) Conversation consisting of words with the same or similar language structure i. Context inference.
3. To deal with classical Chinese easily, we only need to master these simple methods and skills: font inference.
Chinese characters belong to ideographic characters, and more than 80% of them are pictophonetic characters. Pictophonetic characters are composed of ideographic radicals and phonological radicals. Understand the ideographic function of ideographic radicals, and master the meaning of words through the analysis of glyphs. For example, from silk to knife, it means to cut silk with a knife. Extended to "cut off, cut off, disappear" and so on. , such as "breaking the customs" in "Feng Chan Yan Bei" (Three Gorges); The word "don't" in Song of Eternal Sorrow (Three Gorges) means "disappear". "Jue" also means "extreme" or "extreme", because the demarcation point is the end point, for example, "Jue" in "Three Gorges" means "extreme" or "extreme".
Tip 2: Context Inference Method
Most notional words are ambiguous, so when explaining the meaning of words, we should grasp the context and understand it in combination with the specific context. For example, the word "wrong" in "staggered" means "crossed and mixed".
Tip 3: Prove idioms.
Idioms retain a lot of meanings in classical Chinese. We can use well-known idioms to infer the meaning of substantive words in classical Chinese, such as "Go" in "I want to go first", and we can understand it in conjunction with the idioms "Run to tell each other" and "Tour the flowers", all of which mean "Run".
Tip 4: Text transmission method
Also known as "associative inference", that is, the meaning of the word is inferred according to the usage of the word in the relevant sentences learned in the text. This method is suitable for reading classical Chinese after class. For example, if you think of the word "Guo" in this sentence, you can understand that the word "Guo" in this sentence also means "there is fault (or mistake)", if you think of the word "Guo" in "People can change after they have passed" (born in sorrow and died in happiness).
Tip 5: ancient and modern comparison method
That is, by comparing the characteristics of ancient and modern word formation to infer the meaning of words. Some words in Chinese vocabulary are used for the present, but their meanings are often different from ancient times to modern times, so we need to pay special attention to their differences. One word in modern Chinese may be two words in ancient Chinese. For example, in ancient times, "local" was two words, meaning "land" and "square" meant "Fiona Fang". In modern Chinese, "local" is a word which means "local" and so on. Another example is "gratitude", which means "moving hard" in ancient times, but it is a word in modern Chinese, which means "having a good impression on each other because of their kindness or help"
Tip 6: Sentence-to-sentence judgment
Also known as "language structure inference method", that is, infer the meaning of words according to the meaning of corresponding words in the whole sentence. Ancient people often paid attention to symmetry in their writing. There are many antithetical sentences, antithetical sentences and complex sentences in the text. Words in corresponding positions often have the same, similar or opposite and relative characteristics in meaning, and we can judge them according to them. For example, in "Wearing a hat decorated with jewels from Zhu Ying with a circle of white jade around the waist" (Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang), because "waist" corresponds to "wearing", it can be judged that "waist" should be a verb here and interpreted as "waist wearing".
4. How to infer the meaning of notional words in classical Chinese, improve the reading level of classical Chinese, and master some methods to infer the meaning of notional words in classical Chinese are of great benefit to learning classical Chinese and exams. 1. According to the word-formation characteristics of Chinese characters, we can infer the meaning of the content words in classical Chinese from the form of Chinese characters and contact the context. For example, the writer said in the preface to "Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang": "The weather is cold, the inkstone is hard, and the fingers can't bend and stretch, and they are lazy." The key to understanding this sentence is to master the word "lazy". According to word formation, we can know that "lazy" is a pictophonetic word, from the heart. Its shape is beside the "heart" and its original meaning is the heart. The meaning of the word "heart" is mostly related to people's psychological activities such as thinking and emotion and people's moral quality. Know this. Combining the words "fingers can't bend and stretch" and "crouch", it can be inferred that the meaning of "lazy" here is the meaning of "slack" extended from the original meaning of "slightness and thinness". Second, make a grammatical analysis in connection with the context, that is, investigate what the notional word plays in the sentence, determine its part of speech and infer its meaning. The sentence structure is fixed and the combination is regular. The grammatical position of this word in the sentence provides a basis for us to infer the meaning. For example, subjects and objects are often served by nouns and pronouns, predicates are mostly served by verbs and adjectives, and adverbials are mostly served by adverbs. Third, connect the upper and lower sentences and infer the structure (infer the meaning according to the meaning of the corresponding word in the whole sentence). There are many linguistic phenomena in classical Chinese, such as parallelism, duality and juxtaposition. In two or three antitheses, symmetrical words generally have the same part of speech and similar or opposite meanings. By analyzing the meaning and part of speech of known words, we can infer the part of speech and meaning of unknown words. Fourth, the content words examined in the reading of classical Chinese in Lenovo textbooks can generally find a foothold in the textbooks for their meaning and usage. If you are familiar with the text and can remember a large number of examples containing "common real words", you will have a great chance to find the correct answer according to similar examples in the text when reading and taking exams.
Therefore, we should be good at drawing inferences from what we have learned in class, comparing with each other and distinguishing similarities and differences, so as to solve the problem of the meaning of the content words in the test questions.
5. Methods and skills of appreciating classical Chinese and ancient poems. First, to judge whether the added words are correct or not, which words should I focus on and how to train myself to answer this question in the complicated translation of content words in ancient Chinese.
Several methods are used: exclusion and substitution (substituting the explanation given after it into the original text to see if the sentence is correct, and if it is incorrect, it is wrong) and reasoning (pushing with glyphs-that is, looking at the meaning revealed by the writing structure of the word, pushing with grammar-that is, analyzing the sentence components that the word acts as to get its part of speech, and pushing with context-that is, understanding the meaning of the word in combination with the contextual meaning of the text).
Second: add some words with the same meaning and usage. In this question, I should focus on which words to compare and analyze.
You have to master the meaning and usage of 120 notional words 18 function words that are often tested in the college entrance examination, and use the method I mentioned above.
Third: classical Chinese, reading comprehension is the key. How can we improve the level of classical Chinese in just 8 months and only practice questions every day? I tried, but unlike junior high school, I have too many things to recite. What should I do?
Memory 120 function words 18 function words. Of course, memory is secondary to understanding.
As long as you are willing to work hard, classical Chinese can be improved quickly. You still have eight months to have confidence in yourself.
6. Ways to solve words in classical Chinese (for example, do you remember how to solve words?
Rote memorization is the basis of understanding, and the basic meanings of classical Chinese content words commonly used in textbooks must be kept in mind, so as to transfer knowledge into ability in the exam. This kind of examination questions often appear in the college entrance examination. For example, three of the four words (meanings) in this year's exam appear in the textbook: "Gu" as a verb is embodied in the sentence "An elder who wants wood must be rooted" in Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong, while "Ji" as "success" is embodied in "being laughed at for not doing enough" (Jiang Gan, Hero Club). Other sentences, such as "genus", "one" and "rice" in the spring exam in 2008, can be found in the textbook. Although the sentences are different, the meaning is the same.
Word formation and lexical interpretation
Ancient Chinese was mostly monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese basically evolved into disyllabic words. Some words in modern Chinese are disyllabic words, but a word is added before or after classical Chinese words. Mastering this relationship between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese and synthesizing monosyllabic phrases in classical Chinese into disyllabic words or compound words in modern Chinese can also help us to better interpret words. For example, the "subordination" of the spring exam in 2008 and the "exclusion" of the autumn exam in 2006 can be answered in this way. In addition, some words are composed of two monosyllabic words, which should be interpreted separately. For example, the word "ke" in item d of question 18 in the autumn exam in 2007 is composed of two independent words "ke" and "one", which means "can be used".
Idiom decoding
Many idioms in modern Chinese are directly inherited from words in ancient Chinese, or summarized from a story. The solution of individual words in idioms is the solution of ancient Chinese. Therefore, when you encounter a word you don't understand in your explanation, you may wish to associate some idioms containing this word, and sometimes the problem can be solved. For example, the "rice" in the spring exam in 2008 can be understood by association with the "rice" in the idiom "big lie", and the "Ji" in the autumn exam in 2006 can be understood by the idiom "Ji" in the peak. Another example is a sentence in classical Chinese, which says, "From beginning to end, the year is not over, thieves are all over the world, and prison lawsuits are full." The meaning of "Deng" here may be difficult to understand. If we can link the idiom "five crops are abundant", then the meaning of "Deng" in this sentence can be determined, that is, "the crops are ripe"
Lexical interpretation of text
Also known as intertextuality. The ancients often used sentences with the same or similar structure, and used synonyms, antonyms or related words in corresponding positions. Accordingly, some words can be judged according to the context. For example, in the autumn exam of 200 1, the word "zai" has two basic meanings: "the second time" and "twice". According to the above sentence "an arrow fell", "Yi" and "zai" should be opposite, and "Yi" means "the first time", so "zai" can also be understood in this way. There are countless antithesis phenomena in textbooks. Here are two examples: (1) "There is no end to cicadas and no end to apes." ("A Letter with Zhu"); 2 "So the people of the six countries have ... belonging to it; ..... the act of understanding its meaning; ...... Lun made his soldiers. " (on the Qin dynasty).
Flexible use of vocabulary solutions
In ancient Chinese, some words can be used flexibly in a specific language environment, temporarily changing their basic functions and acting as other words in sentences. This kind of temporary flexible words is called flexible parts of speech. According to the special usage of flexible use of parts of speech, we must explain the meaning of flexible use of words. For example, the word "Bao" in the spring exam in 2007 followed by the pronoun "Zhi" in "Bao Jin" is a conative usage and should be interpreted as "treating" ... such as treasures (treasured as treasures) "; The word "Guan" in the autumn exam in 2006 is obviously used as a verb in the sentence "The article is the best in the world", which means "in the first place". Similar situations, such as "A" ("The most beautiful Alingyin"), are interpreted as "being the first" and "being the most" (spring exam in 2005).
Lexicalization of context
Words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from articles. Multiple meanings of a word can only be filtered in context. Without context, sometimes it is impossible to analyze the meaning of a word. Inferring the meaning of words should be combined with the language environment of the sentence itself, and sometimes even observe the language environment of the whole paragraph. For example, the word "use" in this year's college entrance examination questions means "use" and "seize the opportunity" in textbooks and peacetime training, but it is not applicable here. According to the description, Xiangcheng was besieged by rebels, and Yang, the wife of the county magistrate, encouraged everyone to "keep its city harmonious and dead" and the following article "Xiangcheng, a small city, has no halberd crossbows and deep ditches in the high city, and thieves will swallow it and will surpass the city. Others, such as "pride" (emphasis) in the autumn exam in 2007 and "arrogance" (arrogance) in the autumn exam in 2005, must be analyzed in context in order to be accurately understood and translated.