The artistic techniques of ancient poetry mainly include lyricism, expression and rhetoric. Lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism (expressing one's feelings directly) and indirect lyricism, and indirect lyricism can be divided into lyricism by borrowing scenes (blending scenes, blending feelings with scenes), lyricism by holding things, lyricism by remembering the past and hurting the present, and instant lyricism. Description methods include frontal description and profile description, as well as line drawing, contrast and rendering. The common expression techniques of landscape poetry are the combination of reality and reality, the combination of movement and static, the combination of song and sadness, and the combination of up and down (or distance, intonation, time and space, melody, audio-visual). Other expressive skills include intonation, antithesis and so on.
Artistic skills of poetry
1. Expression: Four expressions are mainly used in poetry: narration, description, discussion and lyricism, among which description and lyricism are the focus of examination. Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; Yes (lyrical way? There are two main ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric. ) Express your feelings directly, express your feelings through the scenery, cherish your feelings in the scenery, and blend the scenes. Because scenery is full of feelings, all scenery words are emotional words.
2, structural form:
The structural form of poetry, the common concern from beginning to end, comes straight to the point, goes deep at different levels, generalizes first and then divides, scenery first and then feelings, and then shows one's ambition, transition, bedding and foreshadowing.
3. Rhetoric:
The main rhetorical devices are duality, metaphor, personification, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, repetition and symbol.
4. Writing skills:
Writing skills include: Fu Bi's arousing, setting off, comparing, rendering, expressing ambition, making the finishing point, seeing the big picture from the small, trying to promote before suppressing, associating imagination and reversing word order.
Appreciating expression means identifying the rhetorical devices, expression methods, expression methods or artistic ideas used in poetry, analyzing its own artistic effects and evaluating its role in expressing the poet's thoughts and feelings.
means of expression
The common expressions in classical poetry are narrative, discussion, lyricism and description. The focus of the examination is lyricism and descriptive. Among them, lyricism can be divided into direct lyricism (direct lyricism) and indirect lyricism (techniques are often lyrical by borrowing scenes, lyrical by blending scenes, lyrical by excuses, etc.). ).
1, direct lyric: that is, the author directly describes his strong inner feelings in the article, so that the strong emotional torrent can be poured out directly.
Why aren't you ecstatic? New tears overwhelm old ones, and heartbroken people remember heartbroken people. (Wang Shifu "Yao folk songs in December? The poem expresses the sadness of young women's lovesickness after leaving from four angles: fear of dusk, not forgetting me, new tears and heartbroken people. )
2. Lyric by borrowing scenery: an indirect lyric, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of the real scene.
Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. The businesswoman doesn't know how to die, but she still sings "back garden flowers" across the river. (Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai) (The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scenery is not a clear moonlit night in Wan Li and a cloudless blue sky in Wan Li, but a foggy moon shrouded in cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's anxiety in the last two sentences. The two scenes blend into one, seamless. )
3. Entrusting things to express one's will: it is an indirect lyric. Entrusting things to express one's will is to express one's wishes and wishes through the description and narration of things.
Drop a wisp of water to clear the dew, and let out the sparse tung. Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Chanting Zen")
What the author really wants to express in his poems is his feelings about life: all people with high moral character are always strict with themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation, so their good reputation can spread far and far, and no one needs to brag about it. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the foundation, and expressing your feelings and ambitions is the real purpose.
4. Scenery blending: the author's subjective feelings are integrated into the description of scenery, so that poetry can achieve "the unity of things and me", and it is impossible to tell which is "scenery" and which is "emotion".
Building a house is under the condition of people, and there are no horses and chariots. When he asks you what you can do, his heart is far from biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence: leisurely seeing Nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say. (Tao Yuanming's drinking) (The underlined four sentences describe the scenery on the surface, but actually imply the poet's emotional realm of transcending the world, loving nature and staying away from officialdom. Here, both "scenery" and "emotion" are written, and the two are inseparable, that is "emotion". )
5. Write sadness in a happy scene: it is a contrast technique. On the surface, it is a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad mood. The article Peacock Flying Southeast is about marrying Liu Lanzhi. "The speed of communication is like a cloud ... four or five hundred people, and Yu Yu is at the county gate." The more lively the scene, the stronger its sadness.
6, knot feelings with scenery: in the process of discussion or lyricism, poetry suddenly stopped and turned to writing scenery, ending with scenery instead of emotion, making poetry "ruthless at this time is better than emotion", which seems to be unfinished. The new sound of pipa dance is always the old love. I can't hear the dazzling edge, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. (Wang Changling's Seven Armies)
Expression technique
The common expressive techniques in poetry are: contrast, contrast, rendering, contrast, allusions, bedding, symbolism, combination of static and dynamic, combination of reality and fiction, lyricism by borrowing scenes, blending scenes, lyricism by borrowing ancient times, satirizing the present by borrowing things, expressing grief by borrowing music, and mourning by borrowing Syaraku.
1. The poet uses the characteristics of something in nature to express some ambition or emotion, and the things in the poem are personalized. For example, Mo Mei in Wang Mian said, "I am the first tree in Xiyan Lake, and the flowers are pale with ink marks. Don't praise the good color, just leave the air full of dried Kun. " This poem is a metaphor of plum blossom, which uses ideographic means to show the author's loyalty and purity as noble as plum blossom, and does not flatter the secular.
2. Rendering: This is a traditional painting technique in China, and it is usually emphasized where it needs to be emphasized to make a certain aspect of the image more prominent. Used in artistic creation, it is deliberately described from the front. For example, in Zhao Shixiu's Guests, "It's raining at home" and "Frogs are everywhere" render an atmosphere, which sets off the depth and silence of the night.
3. Contrast: This is a technique of Chinese painting, which uses ink or color rendering outside the outline of the object to make the object stand out obviously. Used in artistic creation, it refers to deliberately describing from the side as a foil. For example, Wang Wei's "Bird Singing Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " The poem describes the moving scenery of flowers falling on the moon and birds singing, which not only makes the picture look vibrant, but also highlights the silence of the spring stream through sports.
4. Motion and stillness: In artistic creation, dynamic description and static description are inseparable, or they are opposite, or they complement each other.
5. Combination of reality and fiction: The writing method of combination of reality and fiction can make the structure of the work more compact and the image more vivid. For example, Yang Wanli's "Seeing Lin Zifang at Dawn in Jingci Temple": "After all, in mid-June, the scenery of the West Lake is different from that at four o'clock. The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus color is different. " The first two sentences in the poem generally say that the scenery of the West Lake in June has its own characteristics and is imaginary; The last two sentences describe the lotus leaves all over the lake in the early morning sun, and the endless green and brilliant red are in harmony, which is a real writing style. The whole poem is true and false, which complement each other.
6. Lyric by scenery: that is, the poet expresses his feelings and thoughts in the scenery and expresses them by describing the scenery. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "The birds in the river are too white, and the blue and white mountains burn. I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? " The whole poem expresses the feeling of being stranded in a foreign land. The poet reveals the sadness of homesickness through the fresh and beautiful description of spring scenery, and expresses the sadness with music scenes, which has a unique charm.
7. Contrast: Also known as contrast, it is a way to express opposing things (or scenery, or environment, or people, or feelings) in order to enhance artistic effects. For example, Zhang Ji's night parking near Fengqiao. In the first and second sentences of the poem, frosty days and waning moon are cool colors, while Jiang Feng and Yu Huo are warm colors, which is the contrast of colors. This contrast creates a lonely artistic conception. So as to achieve the lyrical effect of scene blending.
8. Beginning: It is the traditional expression of China's poetry, that is, say something else first, and then lead to what is sung. For example, The Book of Songs and Guan Guan pheasant dove are in Hezhou. The beautiful and virtuous woman is a good spouse of a gentleman. The pheasant dove is a common bird in Hezhou, which can remind people of the daughter who often comes to the river to collect pheasants. The purpose of writing "dove" is to draw out the "lady" in the hero's eyes.
9. Line drawing: the name of Chinese painting technique. A method of drawing objects with colorless ink lines. There is also a slight light ink rendering. Mostly figures and flower paintings. It also refers to a method of expression in literary creation, that is, to portray a vivid and vivid image with concise pen and ink without comparison. For example, in the northern dynasty folk song Chilechuan, "the sky is grey, the fields are boundless, the wind blows low and the cattle and sheep are low" is a simple description of the grassland scene, which appears concise and has the strength of character, writes the grandeur of the grassland and highlights the life of herders. Another example is Liu Changqing's "Master Furong Mountain in the Snow" and "Send the Spirit to the Master", which are two famous works.