[1] Maxim Gorky, a famous writer, poet, critic, political commentator and scholar, became a monk at the age of1/kloc-0. He is a Russian from Nizhny Novgorod in the former Soviet Union. 1868 March 16 was born in a carpenter's family in Nizhny Novgorod. He is the founder of socialist realistic literature, the greatest representative of proletarian art, the mentor of proletarian revolutionary literature and one of the founders of Soviet literature. 1892, he published his first short story "Macard Cudla" under the pseudonym of "Maxim Gorky" and devoted himself to writing. 1936 June 18 died in Moscow. The world is sorry and sad.
Character story: On one occasion, Gorky concentrated on reading while boiling water. He didn't realize that the water had been boiled long ago, and as a result, the teapot burned out. This is a disaster. The fierce woman grabbed a pine branch and called Gorky. She scolded Gorky and beat him black and blue, so she had to call a doctor. Gorky's body was black and blue, with blood oozing from some places and wooden thorns in his meat. The doctor pulled out twelve wooden thorns from his back and encouraged Gorky to report with indignation.
The hostess was afraid at this time. She was afraid that Gorky would sue her for abuse. Immediately, he changed his poor face and said, "Son! As long as you don't report me, I will agree to whatever conditions you ask. "
"Do you keep your word?"
"yes." The hostess said helplessly.
"As long as you allow me to study after work, I won't tell on you."
The hostess reluctantly agreed. In this way, Gorky has a glimmer of hope in every cloud, and at the expense of suffering, he has got the right to study in his spare time.
Ernest Miller Hemingway
Ernest ernest miller hemingway, an American writer and journalist, is regarded as one of the most famous novelists in the 20th century. Oak Parker was born in Chicago, Illinois, USA, and committed suicide at his home in ketchum, Idaho in his later years. Hemingway had a complicated life and was married four times. [1] is a representative figure of the "lost generation" writers in the United States. His works show confusion and hesitation about life, the world and society. [2]
Hemingway won many awards in his life. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Courage during World War I; [3] 1953, won the Pulitzer Prize for the book The Old Man and the Sea [4]; 1954 the old man and the sea won the Nobel Prize in Literature for Hemingway. [5] In 2001year, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms were listed as "the best English novels in the 20th century 100" by American modern libraries. [6]
Hemingway has always been known as a tough guy in the literary world, and he is a spiritual monument of the American nation. Hemingway's works mark the formation of his unique creative style and occupy an important position in the history of American literature and even the history of world literature. [4]
Character story:
19 18, after the outbreak of World War I, Hemingway resigned as a journalist despite his father's opposition and tried to join the US military to observe the fighting situation in World War I. Hemingway was only transferred to the Red Cross Rescue Team as an ambulance driver because of his vision defect. On his way to the Italian front, he stopped in Paris under the bombardment of German artillery. Instead of staying in a safe hotel, he tried to get close to the battlefield. Hemingway witnessed the cruelty of war on the Italian front: an ammunition depot exploded near Milan, and there were more female bodies than male bodies in a temporary morgue, which shocked Hemingway extremely. 1965438+On July 8, 2008, Hemingway was injured while transporting materials, and dragged the injured Italian soldiers to safety. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Courage by the Italian government. Later, Hemingway worked in an American Red Cross hospital in Milan. His early novel A Farewell to Arms was inspired by this. Hemingway regarded himself as the protagonist in the novel and shaped his true colors. [8]
1920, Hemingway moved to Toronto, Ontario and lived in an apartment. During his residence, Hemingway found a job in the Toronto Star. He became a freelance writer, journalist and foreign correspondent, and made friends with star journalist morley callaghan. [9]
From 1920 to 192 1, Hemingway lived near the north of Chicago and worked for a small newspaper. 192 1 year, Hemingway married his first wife, Hadley Richardson, and moved into a three-story apartment in the north of Chicago in September. By 65438+February, Hemingway's family had moved out of the country and never returned to live there. Hemingway, who lived in Paris, was interviewed by the Star and told about the Greek-Turkish War (19 19- 1922). After returning to Paris, Anderson led Hemingway to participate in the "Paris Modernism Movement". [ 10]
1923, Hemingway's first novel Three Stories and Ten Poems was published in Paris. After the birth of Hemingway's first son, Hemingway resigned from the Toronto Star to support the family's expenses. 1925 "Our Times" series of short stories was published, presenting a concise writing style. 1926, Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises was published. 1927 Hemingway divorced Hadley Richardson and married his second wife Pauline Pfeiffer. And published "Men Without Women". [ 1 1]
From 65438 to 0928, Hemingway left Paris and lived in Florida and Cuba in the United States, leading a quiet pastoral life. He often goes hunting, fishing and watching bullfights. After several years, Hemingway's second son and third son were born. [ 12]
Hemingway (Spain) (5 photos)
193 1 year, Hemingway moved to key west (the house where he lived is now a museum) and accumulated materials for his death in the afternoon. Winner got nothing. 1932, published in the afternoon. Respect for American architect Rodwig's famous saying "the less the better" makes the works tend to be exquisite, shortens the distance between the works and readers, and puts forward the "iceberg principle", which only represents one-eighth of things and makes the works full, implicit and intriguing. [ 13]
1In the autumn of 933, Hemingway went to Africa with a hunting party. [13] Based on his experiences and impressions in Africa, he published the Green Hills of Africa, the Snow on Mount Kilimanjaro and The Short Happy Life of Francis marcom in 1935. [ 14]
From 1937 to 1938, he went to the front of the Spanish civil war as a war correspondent. During World War II, he joined the army as a reporter and took part in the battle to liberate Paris. [15] During this period, Hemingway's prose Report was published in 1969 with The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War. 1940, Hemingway and Fu Fei ended their marriage. During this period, health problems came one after another, which brought great trouble to Hemingway. [17] In the same year, Hemingway published an anti-fascist novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls" with the background of the Spanish Civil War. [18] 1950, with Venice after World War II as the background, "Crossing the River into the Forest" was published. Marquez once said, "If you don't cross the river into the forest, you won't have it." [ 19]
194 1 After the Pacific War broke out at the end of the year, Hemingway immediately converted his yacht into a patrol boat to spy on the actions of German submarines and provide information for destroying the enemy. [20] In the mid-1990s, Alexander Vasiliev, a former KGB official, was allowed to enter the archives of Soviet intelligence agencies. As a result, he was surprised to find that Hemingway was recruited as a KGB spy in 194 1, code-named Argo. It's a pity that I have no talent and I haven't got any valuable information. [2 1] 1944, Hemingway accompanied the US military to Europe for an interview. He was seriously injured in a plane crash, but after he recovered, he went deep into the enemy lines to interview. After World War II, he won a bronze medal. 1948, Hemingway divorced Martha, married wartime correspondent Mary Welsh Hemingway, and soon returned to Cuba. [22]1961On July 2nd, Hemingway ended his life with a shotgun at the age of 62. [23]
Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo, a French writer, is a representative writer of the positive romantic literary movement in the early19th century, a representative figure of humanitarianism, and an outstanding bourgeois-democratic writer in the history of French literature. He is called "Shakespeare of France". He wrote many poems, novels, plays, various essays, literary comments and political articles in his life, which have a wide influence in France and even the world.
Hugo's creative history is more than 60 years, and his works include 26 volumes of poems, 20 volumes of novels, 2 volumes of scripts and 2 volumes of philosophical works, totaling 79 volumes. His masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
Character story: Hugo 1802 was born in Shaoshangsong City in the south of France. My grandfather is a carpenter, and my father is an officer in the China army. He was awarded the rank of general by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of King Napoleon of Spain, and was a close friend of the king.
Hugo was brilliant and began to write poems at the age of 9. /kloc-Reading Music written at the age of 0/5 won the French Academy Award; At the age of 20, the King of Louis Stanislas Xavier gave him an annuity to publish a collection of poems, Odes and Miscellaneous Poems.
1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the script failed to perform, the preface is
It is regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.
From 65438 to 0830, Hugo's play Onani was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature.
Onani tells the story of a robber from Spain, Onani, who rebelled against the king in the16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and aristocratic temperament, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency.
1830 In July, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, the revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 183 1, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of this novel is fantastic.
This tension is vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She dances beautifully.
At this moment, Claude frollo, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Melada. His heart was burning with the fire of desire and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, and ugly quasimodo took Esmeralda away. As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and whipped him, but the kind gypsy girl gave quasimodo water to drink.
The bell ringer is ugly in appearance, but pure and noble in heart. He was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo followed them quietly. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away. Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo took Esmeralda out from under the gallows and hid it in Notre Dame. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten gypsy girls to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army, and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo out of the church and fell.
Dead. He died holding Esmeralda's body.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the "July Revolution", France established the "July" ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by the financier Louis Philippe.
Dynasty. "The July dynasty has been wooing Hugo. 184 1 year, Hugo was elected to the French Academy. 1845, Louis Philippe made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the French Academy. Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in creation has weakened. 1843, he wrote a mysterious play "garrison officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 10 years without writing.
1848 In June, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the Republic, Hugo became a staunch pacifist. 185 1 65438 In February, louis bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo participated in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and party member. After louis bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established. He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.
Exile?
Leo Tolstoy
Lev tolstoy (1828 ~ 19 10) is a Russian writer. 1828 was born in Jasna Ya Pogliana, Wenxian County, Clapiz City, Tula Province (now Xiaojin District, Tula Province). Tolstoy's family is an aristocratic family, whose lineage can be traced back to16th century. The distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I, and his father Count ilych participated in the 18 12 Great Patriotic War and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Mother Maria nikolayev is the daughter of Duke Xie Ni Volkonski. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of nine. 184 1 year, after the death of his guardian aunt A.I. Osjian-Saken, he was transferred to the custody of his aunt Pi.I. Yushko who lived in Kazan. So his family moved to Kazan.
Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from an early age. 1844 was admitted to the Oriental Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, and prepared to be a diplomat. I failed the final exam and transferred to the law department the next year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and was addicted to social life. At the same time, he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. In college, he has noticed the superiority of his classmates from civilian backgrounds. Dropped out of school in April, 1847, and returned to Jasna and Polynesia. This is his mother's dowry industry, which belonged to him when his brother analyzed the property. He spent most of his long life here.
Character story:
After returning to the manor, he tried to improve the lives of farmers, but he stopped because he could not get the trust of farmers. 1April, 849, I went to Petersburg to take the LLB exam, only took two courses, and suddenly went home. It was in the autumn of 1998 that a school was established for the children of farmers. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula provincial administrative bureau, and the following year 12 was promoted to the 14th grade civil servant, but actually he wandered between relatives and friends and the upper class in Moscow. However, he is getting tired of this kind of life and environment. At the end of April, 185 1 went to the Caucasus with his eldest brother Nikolai, who was in military service, to take part in the battle against the mountain people as a volunteer, and then served in the Caucasus army as a "fourth-class artillery corporal" for two and a half years. Although he performed well, he was promoted to warrant officer only with the support of his relatives. /kloc-0 joined the danube army in March, 854. After the Crimean War began, he voluntarily moved to Sevastopol, served as the artillery company commander in the most dangerous fortress No.4, and participated in the last defensive war in the city. In all kinds of battles, seeing the heroism and excellent quality of officers and men from civilian backgrounds strengthened his sympathy for ordinary people and his critical attitude towards serfdom.
Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here he is regarded as an eccentric because of his inexperience and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine.
/kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society.
Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it in his own manor, but it was not realized because farmers did not accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but thought that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlord, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlord wanted his life or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even serf-owners die-hards. He also saw the hypocritical nature of the top-down "reform" carried out by the tsar, but he opposed the revolutionary method of eliminating serfdom and fantasized about finding a way himself.
Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for children of farmers in Jasna, Paulia and nearby rural areas, studied the education system in Russia and Western Europe, and visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium from 1860 to 1. Later, he founded an educational magazine, Jasna Ya Pogliana. These activities attracted the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating disputes between landlords and peasants, which also aroused the hostility of aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change.
Andersen
Hans christian andersen, also known as Andersen (1805- 1875) and 19 century Danish famous fairy tale writer, is also one of the representatives of fairy tales in world literature, and is known as "the sun of world children's literature". He was born in a poor shoemaker's family in odense and had a poor childhood. I studied in a charity school and was an apprentice in my early years. Influenced by his father and folk oral literature, he loved literature since childhood. 1 1 years old, my father died of illness and my mother remarried. In order to pursue art, he came to Copenhagen alone at the age of 14. After eight years of struggle, I finally showed my talent in the poetic drama Alfonso. Therefore, he was sent to Srager Segrammar School and Helsingo School for free by the Royal Art Theatre. It lasted for five years. 1828, promoted to the University of Copenhagen. I haven't had a job since graduation, and I mainly rely on the manuscript fee to make a living. 1838, he won a writer's prize-an unofficial allowance from the state for 200 yuan every year.
Andersen's literary career began with 1822 writing plays. After entering the university, the creation has become increasingly mature. He has published travel notes, musical comedies, poetry collections and poetic dramas. The novel Impromptu Poet published by 1833 has won him an international reputation and is his masterpiece of adult literature. His most famous fairy tales include Little Tin Soldier, Daughter of the Sea, Thumbelina, Little Match Girl, Ugly Duckling, The Emperor's New Clothes and so on. Andersen was treated by the royal family before his death and was highly praised: he brought joy to a generation of children all over Europe. His work Andersen's Fairy Tales has been translated into 150 languages, and thousands of fairy tale books have been distributed and published all over the world. [ 1]
Character story: 1874, that is, one year before Andersen's death, he received a letter from a reader, written by an American female student, containing a one-dollar bill and a newspaper clipping, which published Andersen's weak body and so-called poverty. Before long, other children began to send small amounts of money to repay the so-called "children's debt" owed by a Philadelphia newspaper to the Danish writer. Later, even the American ambassador personally gave him 200 Danish silver dollars. There is no Andersen who is too poor to open the pot and wants to stop it. He wrote to Gibson peacock, the publisher of Philadelphia Evening News, who initiated this charity fund-raising activity, saying that although he was very happy to see that "my stories written in small languages can find readers so far away from the motherland" and was deeply moved by so many American children "breaking the piggy bank to help him as an old writer", he really didn't need and couldn't accept these gifts. He wrote that now he felt ashamed, not proud and grateful, and some satisfaction offset Andersen's embarrassment.