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Eight Ways to Breakthrough in High-level Poetry Appreciation
Poetry appreciation is the highest level of reading ability, and it is also the one where candidates lose more points in the college entrance examination. How can we quickly and accurately grasp the author's writing intention, interpret the artistic conception of the poem, and explore the theme of the poem? We can make breakthroughs in the following eight aspects.
1. Breakthrough from the title of the poem
The title is the eye of the article. Some titles summarize the important content of the work, some titles reveal clues to the work, and some titles set the author's emotional tone. For example:
The breeze sends seedlings through the bamboo window, Sikong Shu Li Yi
The breeze frightens me and I sit there at dusk, thinking leisurely by the window. Opening the door and moving the bamboo again, it is suspected that an old friend is coming.
Whenever there is dew on the branches, it is slightly stained with moss on the steps. Why should I enter the guise to brush the green harp?
The word "hearing the wind" in the title is the clue to the whole poem and the key to understanding the connotation of the whole poem. The first and chin couplets write about thinking of friends when facing the wind, and suspecting friends when hearing the wind; the neck couplet writes about the wind blowing the leaves, and the dew drops touching the moss, which is still intended to write about the wind; the last couplet is about the wind, daydreams, and expectations. When the wind blows, I miss my friends. It can be seen that the entire article is artistically conceived around "hearing the wind". Through the image of the breeze, it expresses the poet's lonely mood and expresses his feelings of missing his old friend.
2. Breakthrough from the "cold" and "warm" tones used to describe scenery in poetry
When ancient people wrote poems and lyrics, they often used scenes to express emotions and embody emotions in the scenes. Therefore, when appreciating, you must first find the words and sentences that describe the scene, then appreciate the "cold" and "warm" of the scene described, and then grasp the author's thoughts and feelings. For example:
Two poems on the water threshold (Part 1) Du Fu
When I go to Guoxuan Yingchang, I can't overlook the credit of the village. The Chengjiang River is flat on a few banks, and the secluded trees have many flowers in the evening.
In the drizzle, fish come out, and in the breeze, swallows slant. There are 100,000 households in the city, but there are only two or three here.
The description of the scenery in this poem is mainly in the second and third couplets. The poet first writes about the open and beautiful environment around the thatched cottage with "the Chengjiang River is less flat, the quiet trees have more flowers in the evening", and then he uses "the fish in the drizzle" "When the children come out, the breeze blows and the swallows slant" outlines a vibrant spring scene. You see, the fish are swaying in the drizzle, and the swallows are flying lightly in the breeze, how happy and free they are! It is by painting such a "warm" scene that the poet expresses a kind of leisure and joyful mood that he has found a temporary home after the war.
3. Breakthroughs in the images selected from poetry
Many images in ancient poetry have specific meanings, and poets often choose specific images to express their unique inner emotions. When appreciating, we must pay attention to the images appearing in the poems, mobilize our accumulation, and figure out the meaning of the images, so as to understand the content of the works. For example:
Five Autumn Poems of Changxin (Part 1) Wang Changling
The autumn leaves of Jinjing Wutong are yellow, and the bead curtains are not rolled up by the night frost. The jade pillow in the fumigation cage has no color, and I can lie down and listen to Nangong Qing's long leakage.
The first sentence of the poem uses desolate and sad images such as "Wu Tong" and "Autumn Leaves" to exaggerate the bleak and lonely atmosphere. The "smoke cage" in the third sentence further highlights the coldness of the deep palace. night environment. Combined with the last sentence, we can see that this is because the poet is in a desolate mood and can't sleep with sorrow, so he feels that the leakage from Nangong (the emperor's residence) is desolate and long.
4. Breakthrough from the keywords suggested in the poems
Poetry is the product of the poet's "emotion". Sometimes, if you can capture those words in the poem that best express the poet's feelings, The key to appreciating this poem is found in the words. For example:
Jiang Tower Feeling Old Zhao Gu
When I go up to the Jiang Tower alone, I feel lonely, the moonlight is like water and the water is like the sky. Where are the people who came to look at the moon together? The scenery looks vaguely like last year.
The word "thinking" in the first sentence sets the emotional tone of the whole poem and becomes a window for us to peek into the poet's inner world. Why does the poet "think"? What is the object of thought? From the following, we will find out that the poet's longing for his friends was triggered by seeing a scene similar to last year.
5. Make breakthroughs from sentences with poetic eyes in your works
When the ancients wrote poems, they paid special attention to refining words and sentences, striving to express the spirit in every word and every sentence. These poetic sentences often best reflect the connotation and expression skills of the work. For example:
Send off Du Erfu and Li Bai at the east stone gate of Lu County
After a few days of drunken farewell, they went to the pond. When will there be golden bottles again on Shimen Road?
Autumn waves fall on the Si River, and the sea is bright and clear. The flying ponchos are far away from each other, and the cups in their hands are empty!
The third couplet in the poem is vividly described, and the words "Luo" and "Ming" are concise and expressive, which is the poetic eye of the couplet. "Luo" gives "Sishui" a sense of movement, as if falling from the sky, making the static image dynamic; "Ming" gives the static natural colors a sense of movement, not to mention how green Culai Mountain is, but to say that the green color actively and intentionally Reflecting the Culai Mountain. Combining the whole poem, it is not difficult to find that the poet wrote the landscape so meaningful and beautiful in order to set off the purity and innocence of his friendship with his friends.
6. Breakthrough from the author's life experience
"Poetry expresses ambition". Different author's life experiences will lead to different ideological tendencies expressed through poems.
Therefore, when appreciating, you may wish to break through from the author's era environment and life experience. For example:
Qing Ping Le? Stayed alone in Wang's Nunnery in Boshan. The pine trees on the house are blown by the heavy rain, and I am talking to myself between the broken paper windows. He lived in the north and south of the Yangtze River all his life, and returned with a beautiful face. Sleeping in a dream in the autumn night under the quilt, you can see thousands of miles of mountains and rivers before your eyes.
Xin Qiji was a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He insisted on resisting the Jin Dynasty and restoring the country throughout his life, but he was not reused and ended up with hatred. Most of his lyrics express his patriotic enthusiasm for trying to restore national unity, and express his grief and indignation at the difficulty of realizing his ambitions. This poem expresses his great ambition and concern for the country and the people despite his unrealized ambitions.
7. Break through the meaning of allusions in poetry
When ancient poets created, they sometimes used some allusions to express broad and profound themes. If we pay attention to these allusions and understand these allusions, it will undoubtedly help us grasp the theme of the work. For example:
Qian Huai Du Mu
The down and out Jianghu is in the wine shop, with a slender waist and light palms. After ten years, I dreamed of Yangzhou and won the reputation of a brothel.
The phrase "Chu's waist is slender" in the poem is derived from "Han Feizi? Erbang": "King Ling of Chu has a slim waist, but there are many hungry people in the country." "The lightness in the palm" is derived from "Feiyan Gaiden" , refers to Zhao Feiyan, the empress of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, "who is light in body and can dance on the palm of her hand." The poet borrowed these two allusions to show that he had indulged in wine and sex and was dissolute. Looking at the third sentence, the words "ten years" and "one sleep" in the poem are opposite, giving people a sharp contrast between "a long time" and "extremely fast", showing the depth of the poet's emotion. Throughout the whole poem, we can find that the poet's feelings include not only a sense of repentance, but also a sense that the future is as vague as a dream and that he cannot look back.
8. Breakthroughs from the annotations of poems
Some poems are accompanied by annotations after the original poems. Reading these annotations can help us understand the author and the work in order to be more accurate. Understand the author's emotions and the content of the work. For example:
Climbing the Yueyang Tower with Xia Twelve by Li Bai
The tower overlooks the end of Yueyang, and the river opens into the Dongting. The geese lead away the sorrow, and the mountains carry the beautiful moon.
I stay in the clouds and receive my cup in the sky. After getting drunk, the cool breeze blows and people dance on their sleeves.
[Note] This poem was written in the autumn after Li Bai was pardoned during his exile, on the twelfth day of the summer, Li Bai's friend, ranked twelfth.
The annotation after the poem provides the background for the writing of the poem. From the words "I was pardoned on the way into exile", we can imagine that the poet wrote this poem in a light mood. Therefore, the natural things described by the poet seem to be given life: the wild geese fly high, taking away the poet's sorrow and depression; the moon rises from the mountain pass, as if Junshan is carrying the happy moon of reunion. Such a sentimental scene brings out the poet's extremely joyful mood after being pardoned.
Six answering paradigms for ancient poetry appreciation questions
1. Analysis of artistic conception
Questioning method: What kind of artistic conception does this poem (word) create? ?
Problem-solving analysis: This is the most common question type. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginative realm created by the combination of objects (i.e. images) that entrust the poet's emotions. It includes three aspects: scenery, emotion and environment. All three aspects are indispensable when answering questions.
Answer paradigm: describe the scene (describe the scene shown in the poem) + point out the atmosphere (summarize the atmosphere characteristics created by the scene) + analyze emotions (analyze the author's thoughts and feelings).
Example: Read the following Tang poem and answer the questions. (Question 12 of the 2005 National Volume)
Spring is coming (Li Hua)
The grass is luxuriant under the city of Yiyang, and the stream flows eastward and then westward. The flowers on the fragrant trees have fallen without anyone, and the birds are chirping all the way up the spring mountain.
The ancients once said when talking about poetry creation: "Poetry cannot be composed more than emotion and scenery." Please appreciate this poem from the perspective of "emotion" and "scenery".
Clear: This poem describes what the author saw and heard during his "spring trip": there are grass, water, trees, mountains, flowers and birds. It can be said that one sentence is a scene, and each picture All have their own characteristics (depicting scenes). But it is not a pure description of the scene, but the scene contains emotions and the scenes blend together. In the poem, there are scenes of "flowers falling" and "birds singing in the sky", which all show the tranquility in the mountains. (click on the atmosphere), which reveals a hint of sadness and desolation (analysis of emotions).
2. Analytical skills type
Question: What kind of expression technique is used in this poem (word)? What is the effect?
Problem analysis: Expression techniques are the means used by poets (ci) to express their emotions. Expression techniques are divided into three categories: lyrical techniques, descriptive techniques, and rhetorical techniques.
(1) There are two types of lyrical techniques: direct expression of feelings and indirect expression of emotion. Indirect expressions of emotion are divided into expressing emotions through borrowing scenes, expressing one's ambitions through objects, and expressing emotions through objects.
(2) The main description techniques include foil (front and reverse), association and imagination (combination of virtual and real), contrast, and line drawing.
(3) Rhetorical techniques that often appear in ancient poetry include: metaphor, metaphor, personification, exaggeration, pun, allusion, question, rhetorical question, irony, etc.
Answer paradigm: Explain the technique (accurately point out what technique was used) + Explanation and application (explain how the poet used this technique based on the verses) + Analyze the effect (what kind of emotion the technique expresses) , or what image is portrayed, or what theme is expressed.
Example: Read the following two ancient poems and then answer the questions. (Title 16 of the Zhejiang Volume in 2005)
Qi'an County Middle School Odd Title (Du Mu)
Two poles are on the Sunset River Bridge, with half a wisp of green smoke in the shadow of willows. How many green lotuses are dependent on each other and look back to the west wind for a while.
Wandering on the lotus pond in the evening heat (Yang Wanli)
The thin grass shook its head and suddenly reported to the farmer, and its drape coat blocked the west wind. The lotus flowers are still sad and hot at dusk, and their lower surfaces are hidden deep in the green umbrellas.
What expression techniques are used in these two poems to portray the image of "Lotus"? Please point out the different emotional characteristics expressed by "Lotus" in the two poems, and make a brief analysis.
Clearly: Both poems use anthropomorphic expression techniques (Ming technique). The "green lotus" in the previous poem has "hate" and "back to the west wind" (explanation and application), which contains the poet's hatred, expresses the sadness and injustice, and has a sad and low tone (analysis of effect). The "Lotus" in the latter poem is blown by the west wind and hides among the lotus flowers. It seems to be "sad and hot", but it is also shy (explanation), revealing the author's love and joy, and the tone is lively and interesting (analysis) Effect).
3. Analysis of language type
Questioning method: What are the linguistic features of this poem (word)?
Answer analysis: This type of question is not about trying to figure out the techniques of using individual words, but also about tasting the language style expressed in the entire poem (word). The words used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous, clear and clear, commonly used in spoken language, euphemistic and implicit, powerful and bold, graceful in writing, concise and vivid, etc.
Answer pattern: identify the characteristics (one or two words accurately point out the characteristics of the language) + list examples (use relevant sentences in the poem to analyze this characteristic in detail) + analyze emotions (point out what kind of emotions the poet expresses)
Example: Read the following Tang poem and answer the questions. (Three Inspections in Chongqing in 2003)
Watching and praying for rain (Li Yue)
The leafless mulberry sticks produce smoke, and the shabby tubes greet the dragon in front of the water temple. Watching singing and dancing in several places of the wealthy family, they are afraid that the spring will swallow the orchestra.
What are the outstanding features of this poem in terms of expression techniques and language features? Try to make a brief appreciation.
Clear: The language is implicit and extremely ironic (Ming characteristics). The words "mulberry without leaves" and "smoke born in the soil" in the first sentence are emotional in the scene, implicitly expressing the farmers' anxious feelings in looking forward to the spring rain. The fourth sentence writes that Zhumen is worried that the spring clouds (rain) will cause dampness to the orchestra and affect their enjoyment (list examples). The same "worry" and two emotions, the poet's sympathy and indignation permeate it and overflow outside the poem (analysis of emotions).
4. Character pattern
Questioning method: Which word is the most vivid and expressive in this couplet? Why?
Answer analysis: The ancients paid attention to the refinement of characters when writing poems. This type of question requires appreciating the beauty of these tempered characters. When answering the question, the word cannot be read in isolation. It should be placed in the sentence and analyzed in conjunction with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem.
Answer pattern: explain the meaning (explain the meaning of the word in the sentence) + describe the scene (put the word into the original sentence to describe the scene) + point out the situation (point out what kind of artistic conception the word highlights) , or what kind of feelings are expressed)
Example: Read the following Tang poem and answer the questions. (Third World Title in the National Volume in 2003)
Passing through Xiangji Temple (Wang Wei)
I don’t know Xiangji Temple, but I have entered Yunfeng several miles away. There are no people walking through the ancient trees, and there is no clock in the deep mountains. The spring water swallows dangerous rocks, and the sun is cold and green. In the dusk, the empty pond is melodious, and Zen is used to control the poisonous dragon.
Note: An Zen: a Buddhist term that refers to sitting quietly with eyes closed without distracting thoughts. Poison Dragon: refers to worldly distractions.
The ancients often used the term "poetry eye" when commenting on poetry. The so-called "poetry eye" often refers to the most concise and expressive word in a poem. What do you think of the two sentences in the third couplet of this poem? What is the word for "poetry eye"? Why? Please briefly appreciate the whole poem.
Clearly: "Poetry Eyes" are "pharynx" and "cold" respectively. The flowing spring in the mountain makes a low sound, like a whimper, due to the obstruction of the rocks. The sunlight shining on the green pines seems to be cold and gloomy due to the darkness of the mountains and forests. The words "throat" and "cold" vividly, concisely and vividly show the quiet and lonely scene (artistic conception) (point situation) in the mountains.
5. One word (sentence) governs the entire poem.
Questioning method: A certain word (sentence) is the key to the whole poem. Why?
Answer and analysis: Ancient poetry (ci) pays great attention to conception. Often one word, word or sentence can become the clue of the whole poem, forming the emotional tone of the whole poem. By grasping it, the proposition can often be solved with small insights. It tests the students' grasp of the whole poem.
Answer paradigm: Think about the structure (its role in the structure) + think about the theme (its role in highlighting the theme)
Example: Read the following Song Dynasty poem , and then answer the question. (Question 16 of Liaoning Volume 2006)
Dongpo (Su Shi)
The rain washes the east slope and the moonlight is clear, and all the people in the city are walking in the wild. Don't be too dissatisfied with the road of Naotou Potou, the sound of self-love is loud and clear.
Note: This poem was written when Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou. Dongpo is where Su Shi lived and farmed in Huangzhou. Naotou: The mountains are so rocky.
What role does the first line play in the poem? Please give a brief appreciation.
Clearly: The first sentence is the foreshadowing of the whole poem. It depicts a picture of a moonlit night on the east slope after the rain, creating a clear and quiet atmosphere (thought structure) to reflect the author's clear spirit. Realm (considering the main idea)
6. Different types of opinions
Questioning method: Some people think this way, some people think that way, what do you think?
Answer analysis: When answering based on the original poem (words), you must find the reason and reason from the original poem (words).
Answer pattern: Find key points (find the key points in the original poem) + break it down (in the form of translation)
Example: Read the following poem, and then answer the questions. (Title of Volume 16 of Zhejiang Volume in 2004)
Bodhisattva Man (Li Bai)
Pinglin is like weaving smoke in the desert, and the cold mountains are sad and green. When I enter a tall building in silence, there are people upstairs who are worried. The jade steps stand in the air, and the birds return home in a hurry. Where is the return journey? The long pavilion is shorter than the pavilion.
As for the content expressed in this poem, some people think it is "a wanderer longing to return home", some think it is "missing a woman looking forward to returning home", and some people think it is a combination of both. What do you think? Please briefly explain your reasons.
Clearly: The wanderer is homesick for his return: the first and second sentences are about the scenery he saw before his eyes; the third to sixth sentences are about the wanderer being emotional about the scene and imagining the scene where his family is looking forward to his return; the last two sentences are about the wanderer lamenting the long journey. There is no timetable to return home, which adds to the sorrow (find the key points and describe them in detail).
The missing woman is looking forward to returning home: in the first part, the missing woman feels sad when she sees the evening scene; the five or six sentences are about the missing woman standing on the jade steps, seeing the birds returning and missing the wanderers; the last two sentences are about the missing woman thinking about the return journey of the tourists. Difficult, sighing that we will never meet again (find the key points and describe them in detail).
Both of the two: the whole poem uses the wanderer's longing for home and the missing woman's longing to return to each other, conveying the sentiment of "one kind of lovesickness, two places of leisurely sorrow".
The above six answering paradigms are just a template, which can make the candidates know the correct direction of answering the questions. As for the specific content to be filled in within this framework, the candidates need to carefully taste and understand the whole poem. try to figure out. Only by organically combining "correct direction" and "accurate connotation" can we seize the commanding heights of appreciation of ancient poetry.