Among Du Fu's poems, five are dedicated to Zhuge Liang and fifteen are about Zhuge Liang. Lu You has six poems dedicated to Zhuge Liang, and fourteen poems are related to Zhuge Liang. Compared with their thousands of poems, this figure is really insignificant, but if we compare this figure with the number of related works of other poets, it is not difficult to see their preference for Zhuge Liang. Two great poets in different times wrote many poems for the same historical figure. If it is simply interpreted as accident, it will inevitably become superficial. If we analyze their times and personal experiences a little, it is not difficult to know the answer.
As far as the times are concerned, Du Fu and Lu You both live in a chaotic era, which makes them have special feelings for Zhuge Liang, a loyal minister and good friend of Anbang. On the other hand, Du Fu and Lu You both came from scholar-bureaucrat families, and their traditional education made them have lofty political ideals of loyalty to the monarch and saving the people from fire and water. However, contrary to expectations, they failed to show their talents all their lives, so they had to bear heavy burdens in vain, and their poems died. Zhuge Liang is a model of Confucianism and the best paradigm for both monarch and minister. So when these two talented poets came to Sichuan, they naturally felt infinite emotion. It can be said that it is the similar times background and similar fates in the crisis and chaos period that make these two great poets who are separated by nearly five centuries have strong emotional voices. Huang Zhang made a very reasonable point in After the Poems of Mr. Shu Weng Fang: "Weng was a poet who crossed the south of the Yangtze River, and he was in trouble at that time. His ambition to be loyal to the monarch, patriotic, resentful and restore the universe often comes from his poems. In the past, Lao Du was called the history of poetry. He suffered from the Tianbao Rebellion and lived in Shu for several years. All he did was to vent his loyalty. Weng also lived in Shu for several years and then returned to Hangzhou. Its origin is similar, deliberate and consistent with the world. " Lu You praised Du Fu's great mind in many poems. "It's a pity to look at the chest of the canal and cross the universe." ..... make heaven emperor Taizong industry, Ma Su meet with public? Later generations, but as a poet, I feel a little empty. "("Reading Du Fu's Poems ") This is a feeling for Du Fu and also a feeling for myself. As far as poetry is concerned, Du Fu and Lu You are full of reverence for Zhuge Liang, and praise his great achievements and noble qualities in many aspects in their poems.
After Du Fu entered Shu, he went to Chengdu Wuhou Temple, Ancestral Temple, Kuizhou Eight Arrays, Baidicheng Wuhou Temple and Ancestral Temple, and wrote many poems praising Zhuge Liang. Zhuge's fame is overwhelming, and his will, in the war of the Three Kingdoms, is just a feather facing a flaming sky. He is the brother of Yi, Lu and others, and will surpass all the greatest politicians in history. "("Five Historical Monuments ") accurately summarized Zhuge Liang's achievements and fame, and expressed the author's admiration for Zhuge Liang. Du Fu often compares Zhuge Liang with the contemporary heroes he worships. Guan, Li Guangbi made great contributions to the unification of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu compared them with Kong Ming in his poems and expressed his admiration for them. "My generation's white feather fan, scattered dragon box" ("So Situ Li Guangbi"), "Zhuge Shu people love, Wen Weng enlighten" ("Give Wu Gong a shot") express their praise for their achievements, but also praise Zhuge Liang. Even the Cooper in Zhuge Temple made him unforgettable for a long time and sang repeatedly. "Wuhou Temple is unforgettable, with pine and cypress in it." The author went to Kuizhou in his later years and saw that the statue of Wuhou Temple was incomplete, so he gave a poem to the officials at that time to repair it. The poet's feelings for Zhuge Liang can be described as profound.
Lu You regained his ambition at an early age and was deeply moved by Zhuge Liang's genius and mind. He praised Zhuge Liang's talent to a great extent: "When I was young, I talked with Ge Qicai ("Five Tips for Fish Station ") and" Young people don't measure themselves, but want to manage Ge "("Police "). After the poet entered Shu, he paid a visit to Zhuge Temple. After thousands of years, he thought of him as a human being and felt more deeply: "Loyal to serve the country" (Visit to Hui Ling and Zhuge Gong Temple in Zhaolie, Han Dynasty), "The outside is stronger than the river, and it is called the Wind Music Room" (Feeling Old). He even thinks that he is a wizard of the ages, far exceeding Guan Zhong, who has made great achievements in the military: "There is far more than one wind music cover for a thousand years." . When his ideal failed, he was filled with emotion when he remembered the demeanor of the ancients: "Looking in the mirror, I am ashamed" ("daydreaming"), "I am ashamed of my face for a thousand years" ("Feeling Old").
In addition, there is a very important content in their poems, that is, they lament Zhuge Liang's poor achievements and his futility. Du Fu, Lu You, at that time, the country was divided. He deeply realized the great disaster brought by the suffering of the country to the people and longed for the unity and peace of the country. But all their lives, they can only watch the country decline in the war of division and the people are displaced. I have an empty ambition to serve my country, but I can only rise and fall all my life, and my ambition is hard to stretch. How can a poet not be sad? Sad people have no arms. Seeing that Zhuge Liang, who can make great achievements, will eventually fail, makes the poet feel sad: "Spring grass stains the steps, birds sing and leaves are happy" ("Book of Scholars"), "Dust sets an example, and grass spines build an army mountain" ("Feeling old"). Du Fu's sentence, "He died before he conquered, and the hero cried on his skirt" ("Scholar") is really bloody, and it has been the tragedy of countless heroes for thousands of years. What makes the poet even more indignant is that he has no time to help the world and serve the country, but he can only watch the country perish and the people suffer, which is more tragic than Zhuge. Poets who have no choice but to serve their country can only express it in poems. "It is difficult to use the ancient talents if the wise men are hopeful" (Cooper's Travels) and "it is difficult to use high and often pedantic" (Hui Ling, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty).
Du Fu and Lu You's Zhuge Liang poems have many similarities in content, but after all, they are different poets separated by five centuries. Their times and experiences are different, and their talents and minds are also different, which determines that their poems are inevitably different. Reading through their poems carefully, we will find that Du Fu's poems have a special liking for the relationship between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei, while Lu You pays little attention to it. In his poems, "a model" appeared many times. Why? The answer can only be found in their life experiences.
Du Fu is a "thief". As a teenager, he was ambitious. He thought that naming Li was like taking something out of his pocket: "He said that he was outstanding and wanted Jin Lu ("Twenty-two Rhymes of Wei Zuocheng "), which was rated as a" scholar "by Yang Lun, but this was a true portrayal of Du Fu's spirit at that time. Unfortunately, even if he has the enthusiasm and talent to solve problems, he is doomed to fail. Both Biography of Talented Talents in Tang Dynasty and New Tang Book all say that Du Fu is "arrogant", and Old Tang Book also says that he is "impetuous, extravagant and generous". Although it is not credible, it is also groundless. It is an indisputable fact that Du Fu's personality is too straightforward and unlovable. This is the expression of his poetic temperament, and it is also a very important reason for his bumpy career. Otherwise, he wouldn't have spent ten years in Chang 'an, writing poems everywhere but getting nothing. Later, when he came to Su Zong's side, he still acted according to his own ideas. Although he was full of loyalty, he was not allowed by the times, which was a great blow to the poet. Du Fu's lonely anger has nowhere to vent, and it is a high admiration and praise for the relationship between Liu Bei and Zhuge. "The monarch and his subjects should be * * *, and the sages should be also" ("Zhuge Temple"), "Who was the first ruler? Poems such as "Palace" ("Gu Baixing"), "Wuhou Temple is always there, and the monarch and the minister sacrifice together" ("Five Historical Monuments") are all expressions of Du Fu's feelings.
Although Lu You is incompetent, his situation is different from Du Fu's. Song Dynasty was a dynasty that valued literature over martial arts, and the status of literati was relatively prosperous. Lu You didn't "compete for food" with Du Like's poems (Thirty Poems of Autumn Rhyme in Jingnan), and the rulers also appreciated his poems. Xiao Zong also specially summoned him. So his resentment and feelings are less than Du Fu's. On the other hand, due to what he saw and heard in his childhood and the influence of his family, his patriotic thought of resisting rejuvenating the country was extremely firm. When he grew up, his experience in the front line made him witness the fighting enthusiasm of the anti-Jin soldiers, and also made him understand the tragic living conditions of the northern people under the rule of the Jin people and the urgent mood of "enduring death and looking forward to recovery" ("Guan Shanyue"), which made him more eager to recover lost land. Therefore, we can see that because Lu You was in a special era when the country was torn apart under the iron hoof of foreign countries, his heart was always tied to the recovery of lost land in the north. In his early years, he wrote in his poem, "Get on the horse and attack the crazy Hu, get off the horse and write a book" ("Seeing the customs scattered"). The anti-gold life in Shu, "Snow on the night boat, autumn wind scattered by the iron horse" ("Book Wrath"), gave him an unforgettable memory, which he still remembered in his later years. The appearance of the words "adherents", "Chen Hu" and "Julian Waghann" in his poems also reflects the poet's strong desire to recover the North. Until his death, the poet was indifferent to life and death, but he suffered from "not seeing Kyushu" and could not sleep a wink. Zhuge Liang worked hard to unify the north all his life. The loyalty in the example touched countless loyal martyrs in later generations. Among them, the determination to "reward the three armies and set the central plains in the north" especially touched our poet Lu You, who cited it as a wise article. Therefore, he repeatedly emphasized the article "model of teachers" in his poems: "model of teachers can tell us everything from ancient times to the present, and we can see it more carefully at midnight" (book of diseases), "model of teachers shows its real world, and it is like a teacher for thousands of years" (book of diseases), and "model of teachers cannot be deleted"
In addition, in Lu You's poems, he likes Guan Ge, saying that "Guan Ge is a genius who agrees with himself" and "Guan Ge is just a little" ("The Old Man"), which is rare in Du Fu's poems. Guan Zhi Guan Zhong, a famous strategist and politician in the Warring States period, assisted, defeated the Six Kingdoms, won the hegemony, and stopped the invasion of the northern minority dog Rong in the Central Plains. He was praised by Confucius as "without Guan Zhong, I lost my life" (The Analects of Confucius). Because Song was bullied by Jin, an enemy country in the north, Lu You admired Guan Zhong's achievements in defeating northern aliens. Thinking of his ambition to attack Hu in the north and recover his homeland, I can't help but think of this elder who protected the economy, culture and people's peace in the Central Plains. On the other hand, although the initiator and main force of the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty were also northern minorities, they were all local warlords under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty. This turmoil was mainly a bottom-up rebellion. Moreover, the Anshi Rebellion was quickly defeated, so Du Fu's feelings about ethnic contradictions were not as profound as Lu You's.
Zhuge Liang is a model of literati in feudal times. His achievements and moral character have great attraction and appeal. Scholars in feudal times can easily draw spiritual strength from him, especially those who are in troubled times and trapped in the world, and it is easier to find sustenance in him and pour the building blocks in their chests into ancient mirrors. Du Fu and Lu You are two typical representatives in the peak period of poetry development. However, due to their different experiences and mentality, their Zhuge Liang poems also have their own characteristics.