First,? The book of death? The origin of? The book of death? Is it old? Pyramid inscription? And then what? Coffin writing? Developed. ? Pyramid inscription? This is for Pharaoh. Coffin writing? It's for people who can buy coffins with spells on them. The space in the coffin is limited, and there are so many spells that many spells can't be written.
So, in the new kingdom, a spell written on papyrus? The book of death? It was born, not only the space became larger, but also the cost was much lower, and many ordinary people could afford it.
For what? The book of death? Real name? Advance during the day? Scholars don't know its exact meaning. Probably refers to entering the underworld during the day. The ancient Egyptians were afraid of the night and thought it was safer to cross the underworld during the day.
Second, production? The book of death? It may be an important industry in ancient Egypt. In terms of output and quality, output? The book of death? It may be an important industry in ancient Egypt. Some? The book of death? It is 27.4 meters long and has beautiful and colorful pictures. If an ancient Egyptian was rich, would he commission special writing? The book of death? His scribe wrote this book for him, which may also include some biographies of him.
From some? The book of death? Statement:? Ask the god of your city to protect you? , we can speculate,? The book of death? Will be ready for sale in advance, leave the place where the name of the deceased is written blank, and then fill it in when a customer buys it.
A copy? The book of death? , the same content may appear repeatedly. Maybe this was done by two scribes, but there was no good communication, which led to this situation.
? The book of death? Illustrated with pictures and texts, perhaps drawing and writing are divided. Sometimes the illustrator draws pictures first, and then the scribe writes in extra places. Illustrators often don't leave enough room for scribes to write spells, so, yes? The book of death? The text is seriously simplified or condensed, and the whole content is a bit difficult to understand, even puzzling. Despite translation and understanding? The book of death? There are many difficulties, but we can still learn about the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians, especially their concern for life after death.
Is the scribe ready for the pious customers? The book of death? Instruct the deceased how to do when he is tried in the underworld, how to avoid working in the underworld, and how to restore the body of the deceased.
Third,? The book of death? Generally speaking, the content of? The book of death? The rebirth of the dead involves several stages, the important ones are: (1) protecting the body of the dead; (2) Journey to the underworld; (3) the trial of the underworld; (4) Once accepted by God, he will live in another world forever.
Protect the body of the deceased:
Because the ancient Egyptians believed that as long as the body was well preserved, it could come back from the dead, so? The book of death? There are many spells that can protect and rejuvenate the body. Among them, the opening ceremony is the most important. Although the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was hastily built, the tomb wall still depicts Ayi (the new Pharaoh who succeeded him) as the high priest, holding the coffin-opening tool and standing in front of Tutankhamun's mummy to hold the coffin-opening ceremony.
It can be seen that the ceremony was very important to the ancient Egyptians. Does the priest need to read it when this ceremony is held? The book of death? The spell is in:
? God Puta opened my mouth, God Puta opened my mouth, and the God of our city untied the bandage in my mouth. Toth is coming. He is wearing a magical amulet all over. He is wearing a magical amulet all over. Untie the bandage Seth tied to my mouth?
In addition to the opening ceremony, the ancient Egyptians also paid attention to all parts of the body. ? The book of death? There are many spells to protect the heart, such as? Not allowed to take a person's heart? ; ? My heart is with me and should not be taken away, because I am the master of my heart and I am connected with my heart. I live by the truth, and I live by the truth; I am Horus in my heart, and he is the center of my body. I live by telling the truth, and my heart cannot be taken away; My heart is mine. No one should irritate me. Terror cannot weaken me. With it, I will be reborn from my father Gaby and my mother Nat, because I have not offended God, and my body and mind will be safe forever. ?
Judgment in the underworld: Even if the body is completely protected, the deceased will face the challenge of judgment in the underworld.
The trial of the underworld consists of two links, one is the satisfaction ceremony and the other is the denial of the crime. This is very interesting. Evidence and excuse coexist, and objectivity and subjectivity are equally important. It can be seen that the ancient Egyptians' understanding of fairness and justice is comprehensive. An objective trial is a satisfactory ceremony. One end of Libra is the heart of the deceased, and the other end is the feather of an ostrich. what do you think? Matt? This is a hieroglyphic symbol, which means? Truth, justice and order? Probably because ostrich feathers are almost the same length. Such a scale can test whether the deceased is honest. In order to ensure justice, Osiris will preside over the trial ceremony, and Toth, the god of calligraphers, will be responsible for recording the results.
If you pass this test, the deceased will be called? Voice of justice? Then enter the second link to be interrogated by the 42 gods. The dead need to clear up the bad things he didn't do before God. After denying the crime, the deceased should not only say the name of God, but also say the power of various gods.
The book of death? An important feature of the novel is to reveal the names of these 42 gods, which are full of mysterious colors. And then god said? You know us. Can you pass? Double truth hall? The door. ?
But getting through the gate is not that simple. First, the bolt of the door attacked the deceased. Lightning said, I won't let you in unless you can tell me my name? . ? The book of death? What's the name on it? The weight of the land of truth? . Then the door beam will ask the deceased to name from left to right. These names are strange, aren't they? He is the person in charge of weighing? 、? A sommelier? Wait a minute.
Ask all parts of the door to say their names, including the latch, lock, threshold and other parts of the door. After the deceased correctly says all the names, they will say together:? You know us, you can surpass us. ?
Knowing the name of the part is equivalent to knowing the part, which is very interesting. This is the basic magic principle of ancient Egypt: knowing the name of a thing means knowing it, and what is done to this name will also happen to this thing. This is why the ancient Egyptians believed that if you erase the name of a Pharaoh from his monument, he would cease to exist.
After passing so many tests and reading so many names, the deceased officially entered another world and won eternal life.
What time? The book of death? When it first appeared in the new kingdom, it became a vital item for the dead to gain eternal life. This belief remained until Greece occupied Egypt. The book of death? The content has not changed much. Although a lot of purchases? The book of death? Some people can't read it, but it doesn't matter. The important thing is that the ancient Egyptians thought the spells in it were magical.
? The book of death? It can be said that it is one of the most important historical documents to study ancient Egyptian religions, and it is also an important amulet to guide and protect the dead to gain eternal life through trials.