Jiang Ziya
(The founder of Chinese military science in the late Shang and early Zhou dynasties)
Jiang Ziya (about 1156 BC - about 1017 BC), also known as Jiang Shang, A famous historical figure in China, he was born in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty. Jiang's surname is Lu, his given name is Shang, and his given name is Ziya, or Shan Huya, and his nickname is Feixiong. Because his ancestor assisted Yu the Great for his meritorious service in water and soil, he was granted the title of Lu, so he took Lu as his surname and was also called Lu Shang. .
According to legend, when Jiang Ziya was 72 years old, he was fishing in Fenxi River on the shores of the Wei River. He met King Wen of Zhou who was thirsty for talents. He was named "Tai Shi" (name of military officer), called "Tai Gong Wang", and was commonly known as Tai Gong. , was respected as "Master and Master" by King Wu of Zhou Dynasty. Jiang Ziya assisted King Wu in defeating Zhou and established the Zhou Dynasty. He was the founder of Qi. King Wen of Zhou favored merchants. He was the chief planner and supreme military commander of King Wu in defeating Zhou and the founding father of the Western Zhou Dynasty. He was also the founder of Qi culture and an important figure in ancient China. An outstanding strategist, military strategist and politician with long-lasting influence. Classics of all dynasties have recognized his historical status, and hundreds of schools of thought, including Confucianism, Legalism, Military Affairs, and Zongheng, all regarded him as a figure in their family, and he was revered as the "Grandmaster of One Hundred Schools."
Main works: Created a book "Book of Zhou" on governing the country and using military force
Position in later generations: the originator of military strategists, the god of gods, and the ancestor of martial arts
Main achievements : Assisted King Wu of Zhou to destroy the Shang Dynasty and establish the Zhou Dynasty; to establish the Qi Kingdom
生Hanwei
Jiang Ziya, also known as Jiang Shang, was a person from the East Sea or Muye [6]? His ancestors once served as officials in the Four Mountains and assisted Xia Yu in managing water and soil with great achievements. During the reign of Shun and Yu, Jiang Ziya lived in Lu Di (now Nanyang West, Henan Province), so he was also called Lu Shang. Some were sealed in Shen, with the surname Jiang. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, some of Shen and Lu were granted titles to their descendants, and some of their descendants became commoners. Lu Shang was their distant descendant. Lu Shang's original surname was Jiang. Because he took the name of his fiefdom, he was called Lu Shang[15].
When Jiang Ziya was born, his family was already in decline, so when he was young, Jiang Ziya worked as a butcher who slaughtered cows and sold meat,[16]? He also opened a hotel and sold wine to make ends meet. [17]? However, Jiang Ziya was poor and ambitious. Whether he was slaughtering cattle or doing business, he always worked hard to study astronomy, geography, military strategy, and how to govern the country, hoping to one day use his talents for the country. , but until the age of 70, he still had nothing to do and lived at home. [18-19]?
Jiang Ziya prospered the Zhou Dynasty and destroyed the Shang Dynasty
Tai Gong’s fishermen took the bait
When Jiang Ziya was 72 years old, he fished in Fenxi River (today’s (Baoji, Shaanxi Province), he took the opportunity of fishing to see Ji Chang [20]? Before going out hunting, Ji Chang divined a hexagram, and the hexagram said: "The prey obtained is neither a dragon nor a chi, nor a tiger nor a bear; the obtained prey is the key to becoming an overlord." Ji Chang then went hunting and met Jiang Ziya on the north bank of the Weihe River. After talking with Jiang Ziya, Ji Chang was overjoyed and thought that Jiang Taigong was a genius. He said: "Ever since our ancestor Taigong said: 'There must be a saint coming to Zhou. , Zhou Hui prospered because of this. "Is it you? Our Taigong has been looking forward to you for a long time." [21] So he called Jiang Ziya "Tai Gong Wang", and the two of them rode back together and were honored as Taishi [22]. .
This is the origin of "Jiang Taigong fishes, and those who wish to take the bait". [23-25]?
Some people say that Jiang Ziya was knowledgeable and once worked for Shang Zhou. Shang Zhou was unruly, so Jiang Ziya left. He went around lobbying the princes of various countries, but he didn't know the king he met, so he finally went west and surrendered to Ji Chang[26]. Some people say that Jiang Ziya was a scholar who lived in seclusion on the seaside. When Ji Chang was imprisoned in Youli, Ji Chang's ministers San Yisheng and Hong Yao summoned him after hearing Jiang Ziya's name for a long time. Jiang Ziya also thought, "I heard that Ji Chang was virtuous and always respected and cared for the elderly, so why not go?" In order to rescue Ji Chang, these three people looked for beautiful women and rare treasures and presented them to King Zhou to redeem Ji Chang. Ji Chang was released and returned to Zhou. Although there are different legends about Jiang Ziya's return to the Zhou Dynasty, the general consensus is that he was the master of Ji Chang and Ji Fa[27].
The Taigong assisted King Wen
After Ji Chang escaped from Youli and returned to the country, he secretly planned with Jiang Ziya how to implement virtue and overthrow the Shang Zhou regime. Many of them were military strategies and cunning tactics. Jiang Ziya assisted Ji Chang in accumulating good virtues and practicing benevolence; externally, he urged Ji Chang to contact other vassal states that were not satisfied with King Zhou to pay tribute to him, thus making King Zhou relax his vigilance; internally, he made policies to love the people and do things that benefit the people. , advocated production and trained soldiers and horses; therefore, future generations who talked about the use of troops and the secret power of the Zhou Dynasty all respected Jiang Ziya’s basic strategies [28]? Ji Chang was honest and peaceful in politics, especially after the territorial disputes between the Ming and Yu states and the Rui states, he was praised by poets as being worthy of destiny.[29] Ji Chang also attacked Chongguo, Mixu and Quanyi, and built Fengyi on a large scale[30]. Two-thirds of the princes in the world turned their hearts to the Zhou Dynasty, mostly as a result of the Taigong's planning[31]?
After Ji Chang's death, Ji Fa ascended the throne. In the ninth year, Ji Fa wanted to continue to complete Ji Chang's great cause, so he campaigned eastward against Shang Zhou to see if the princes gathered together to respond. When the army was leaving, Jiang Ziya, who was honored as "Master Master", held a yellow yue in his left hand and a Bingbai oath in his right hand, and said: "Cang Si Cang Si, command the troops, assemble the ships, and behead those who are late." So the soldiers To Mengjin. There were as many as eight hundred princes from various countries who came without being summoned. The princes all said: "It's time to conquer Shang Zhou." Ji Fa said: "Not yet." He returned with his troops and wrote "Tai Shi" [32] with Jiang Ziya.
Jiang Ziya during the Battle of Muye
Two years later, Shang Zhou killed Prince Bigan and imprisoned Jizi[33]? At this time, King Zhou's debauchery and tyranny reached the extreme. Seeing that the time was ripe, Jiang Ziya proposed to Ji Fa to defeat Zhou. Ji Fa then notified all the princes to join him in the expedition. Jiang Ziya selected 300 chariots, 3,000 warriors, and 45,000 soldiers to form an army to defeat Zhou. When sending troops, Ji Fa divined a bad omen from the tortoise; during the march, there was a storm, and the determination of Ji Fa and his ministers was shaken for a time. Jiang Ziya overcame all opinions and strengthened Ji Fa's confidence in defeating Zhou. [34] On the Jiazi day of the first month of the eleventh year, the Zhou army arrived at Muye, 70 miles outside Chaoge, the capital of Shang. The princes gathered with 4,000 military chariots. King Zhou of Shang also gathered 700,000 (some say 170,000) soldiers and horses and rushed to Muye. As soon as the battle unfolded, Jiang Ziya personally led a small number of elite troops as the vanguard to challenge, and then Ji Fa led a large group of troops to attack the army of King Zhou of Shang. The Shang soldiers were numerous and powerful, but the soldiers were alienated from King Zhou of Shang and turned against each other one after another. Seeing that the situation was over, King Zhou hurriedly fled back to Chaoge, climbed to Lutai, and burned himself to death. [35]? Jiang Ziya led Ji Fa into the Yin capital and issued an edict to the world to declare the demise of the Shang Dynasty and the birth of the Zhou Dynasty.
The next day, Ji Fa stood on the social altar, the ministers held water in their hands, Wei Kangshufeng laid out the colorful mat, the master Shangfu brought the sacrificial animals, Shi Yi prayed according to the plan, Report to the gods about the crusade against the evil Shang Zhou. Distribute the coins accumulated by Shang Zhou in Lutai and distribute the grain accumulated by Shang Zhou in Juqiao to help the poor. Build and raise the height of Bigan's tomb, and release the imprisoned Jizi. Moved the Jiuding, which symbolizes the highest power in the world, to the Zhou Dynasty, fixed the government affairs of the Zhou Dynasty, and started to create a new era together with the people of the world. [36-37]?
Jiang Ziya sealed the country and made peace
After King Wu destroyed the Shang Dynasty, he discussed with Jiang Ziya, Zhou Gongdan and others to divide the country into several princely states, under the control of Emperor Zhou They were enfeoffed to relatives of the Ji surname and meritorious ministers who had contributed to the great cause of destroying the Shang Dynasty, and established the capital and established the country, which served as a barrier for the ruling center of the Zhou Dynasty. This was the so-called "feudal relatives used vassal vassals to screen the Zhou Dynasty." Because of Jiang Ziya's outstanding contribution in the prosperity of Zhou Dynasty and the destruction of Shang Dynasty, he was first granted the title of Qi Di Yingqiu (now Linzi District, Zibo City) to establish the Qi State [38]? to stabilize the east.
Jiang Ziya at the beginning of the founding of Qi
In 1045 BC, Jiang Ziya led his troops to the camp. Because they were very tired from the long journey, the group marched very slowly. One evening they camped not far from Yingqiu, preparing to arrive at Yingqiu the next day. Some people say, "It is a rare opportunity to have the right. These people sleep soundly and peacefully, and they don't look like they went to build the capital of the country." [39] After hearing this, Jiang Ziya lost all sleep and hurriedly organized his troops and rushed to the camp under the stars and the moon. When they arrived at the west bank of the Zihe River at dawn, they saw the Lai army wading through the water and rushing to the camp hill. The situation was critical. [40] It turns out that Lai Kingdom is very close to Yingqiu and is a vassal state of King Zhou of Shang. Laihou wanted to seize Yingqiu while Jiang Ziya was not yet stable. The two armies faced off on the west bank of the Zihe River. Jiang Ziya's command was calm and composed, and the soldiers fought bravely and tenaciously. The Lai army was killed and abandoned its armor and returned in anger. In this way, the State of Qi was formally established.
After Jiang Ziya established the State of Qi, he first governed the country by law and stabilized the people. Sikou Ying Tangyang acted against the will, took bribes, harmed the people, and deceived the public with lies, claiming that he would govern the country with the so-called "benevolence and righteousness". Jiang Taigong ordered Yingtang to be beheaded to enforce the political order;[41]? The "virtuous" arrogance and Hua Shi brothers did not bow to the emperor or do anything for the princes, and peacefully fought against the new Qi State in a non-cooperative manner. Jiang Ziya believed that they were selfish and did not fulfill their obligations to the country, and were "black sheep" " and ordered them to be killed. [42]? For a time, there was no more disobedience to orders and regulations in Qi State, and the chaotic situation was quickly settled. In just five months, Jiang Ziya went to Zhou Gong to "report his political achievements", that is, to report to Zhou Gong on his political achievements in stabilizing the country. [43]?
Jiang Ziya strengthened the country and enriched the people
In politics, Jiang Ziya pursued the policy of respecting the virtuous and meritorious service. It is to select talented people as officials and absorb a large number of local Dongyi indigenous talents to join the Qi ruling class, so that they can play their due role in national construction. For those who pass the assessment and meet the criteria for talent selection, their strengths will be used regardless of their closeness to maximize their positive creativity. This employment line broke the Western Zhou Dynasty's orthodox ideological constraints of "respecting relatives" based on blood relations. Jiang Taigong also elevated the employment of personnel to a level that was related to the success or failure of the country, and put forward the talent theory of "six defenses", "eight levies" and "six non-uses". Practice has proved that his idea of ????employment not only pioneered the use of talents based on merit and merit, but also laid the foundation for Qi's subsequent dominance of other countries.
After Qi became prosperous and powerful, Jiang Ziya
Culturally, he pursued the enlightened policy of "following the customs and simplifying the etiquette". "Su" refers to "Yi customs", which is the lifestyle of the local Dongyi people at that time; "Li" refers to "Yi rites", which is the etiquette system of the local Dongyi people at that time. Taigong believed that if the Zhou rites were vigorously implemented in Qi, ethnic conflicts would easily arise, which would be detrimental to the governance of the country. After repeated deliberation, he decided to proceed from the reality of Qi, follow the common customs and simple etiquette, not force interference, and pragmatically create a new system that the people of Qi were happy to accept, but did not violate Zhou etiquette. [44]?
According to "Hanshu·Geography": "The land of Qi is burdened by the sea (x Cha) brine, there is less grain, and the people are few." "Salt and Iron Theory" says: "In the past Taigong sealed the camp and lived in a grassy area. The land was sparse and there were few people.
"Faced with extremely harsh natural conditions, Jiang Taigong has adapted to local conditions since the early founding of Qi State. While focusing on the development of millet and rice production, he also took advantage of the territory's rich mineral deposits and rich fish and salt resources to vigorously develop the smelting industry, silk and hemp textile industry, and Fishing and salt industry and other handicrafts; also taking advantage of Qi's convenient transportation and people's mercantile tradition, it vigorously develops commerce and promotes foreign trade policies with other countries. Under the guidance of this macro strategy of simultaneously promoting "agriculture, industry, and commerce". , the crowns, belts, clothes and shoes made by Qi were sold all over the world, fish and salt were circulated all over the world, and princes came to worship one after another. Qi gradually developed from a remote and desolate small and poor country to a large and wealthy country in the east. [45]?
Jiang Ziya stabilized the Zhou Dynasty
Jiang Ziya assisted Zhou Gong in the Eastern Expedition
After Jiang Ziya established the Qi Dynasty, he spent a lot of time in Haojing as the "Grand Master" of the Zhou Dynasty's central government , assisting his grandson King Ji Song of Zhou Cheng and his great-grandson King Jizhao of Zhou Kang. His eldest son Qi Dinggong Jiang Ji did not come to Linzi to govern Qi. Instead, he served as the Huben clan in Haojing and commanded the palace garrison. [46] For more than thirty years after the founding of Qi, Yingqiu was basically guarded by Qiu Mugong, the third son of Jiang Taigong. [47] During the reign of King Cheng, Uncle Guan, Uncle Cai, and Uncle Huo were involved in the "Three Supervisors Rebellion". ", Huaiyi, Xuyi, and the "Five Marquises of Yindong" rebelled against the Zhou Dynasty. Jiang Taigong and his son assisted Zhou Gongdan, either sitting in Kyoto and strategizing; or leading troops to march eastward, charging into battle; or responding from left and right, attacking from the east and west, and quickly put down the situation. This rebellion made great contributions to the second peace of Zhou. [48] Later, when King Cheng of Zhou passed away, Jiang Ziya and his son accepted King Cheng Tuogu's order and took on the important task of assisting the prince, and later worked with the ministers. Together they helped Prince Ji Zhao ascend the throne[49], and he was known as King Kang of Zhou in history[50]?
Jiang Ziya died in Haojing
Jiang Ziya was in Haojing
In the sixth year of King Kang of Zhou, Jiang Ziya died in Haojing, the capital of Zhou, at the age of 139. His son Ding Gong Jiang Ji succeeded to the throne[9]? As the second assistant, he was in charge of the three thousand elite troops of the Zhou Dynasty, guarding Feng Hao.
Government of Qi State
When Jiang Ziya was in Qi State, he cultivated political affairs and followed its customs. Simplifying etiquette, opening up industry and commerce, and developing the advantages of fishery and salt industry, many people joined Qi, and Qi became a great power. When King Cheng of Zhou came to the throne at a young age, Guan Cai rebelled, and Huaiyi also rebelled against Zhou Dynasty. King Cheng sent Zhao. Duke Kang ordered Tai Gong to say: "As far as the sea in the east, the Yellow River in the west, Muling in the south, and Wudi in the north, the five classes of princes here are guarded by officials in various places. If there is any crime, I will order you to attack it. "As a result, Qi was able to conquer various countries and form a great country with its capital camp. [56]?
Jiang Ziya's military strategies
Jiang Ziya was a wise minister full of strategies and extraordinary political and political skills. Military strategists have always been admired by rulers of all dynasties, which are often praised in many historical materials and literary works before the Tang Dynasty such as "The Book of Songs". After Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty came to the throne, foreign barbarians invaded, internal troubles were not eliminated, and the political situation was turbulent. Faced with a situation of chaos waiting to be cured and wastes waiting to be revitalized, in order to achieve the goal of "pacifying the people and managing the country", he claimed to be the incarnation of Jiang Ziya and built the Taigong Temple in Fengxi. He used this move to tell people that he wanted to For example, King Wen of Zhou visited wise ministers and re-appointed good ministers and generals like Jiang Ziya. As expected, he later acquired a large number of talents to govern the country, and finally realized the "Government of Zhenguan". In order to achieve domestic peace, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty needed to work as hard as Jiang Ziya. He was a loyal and diligent person, so in 731 AD (the 19th year of Kaiyuan), he ordered all states in the world to build a Taigong temple, and asked Zhang Liang to share it with him, and to offer sacrifices on Wu Day in the middle of the Spring and Autumn months. In 739 AD (the twenty-seventh year of Kaiyuan), Jiang Ziya was posthumously named "Wucheng King" and became a "martial arts" saint of the Chinese nation. In the fifth year of Xining, Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, in order to resist the invasion of foreign invaders, he ordered all military generals to read "Tai Gong's Art of War"
Statue of Jiang Ziya (11 photos)
Sima Qian in "Historical Records". Said: "Zhou Ji Changchang escaped from Youli, and conspired with Lu Shang to cultivate virtue and favor business and government. They had many military powers and strange strategies. Therefore, later generations of Yan Bing and Zhou Zhiyin Quan were all based on the Taigong. "This established Jiang Ziya's status as the founder of Tao strategy theory in the Chinese nation.
In 1972, the fragments of "Six Tao" were unearthed from the tomb of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Yinqueshan, Linyi, Shandong in his early years, and were collated The various existing editions and original annotations of "Six Tao" show that the book "Six Tao" was popular before Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This refutes the suspicion that "Six Tao" was written by Lu Shang, a pseudo-author of the ancients, and further confirms it. Jiang Ziya's writings on military theory are true. He has left an indelible and rich legacy for future generations in terms of military theory and strategic thinking in political and economic struggles. People call him the ancestor of military strategy. .
A complete set of military theories such as military theory, art of war, military books, strategies, and tactics in ancient China all originated from the Qi State in terms of their earliest origins, formation of systems, and formation of doctrines. Since Taigong, it is well-deserved to say that Taigong is the master of military strategists, the military sage of Qi, and the ancestor of Chinese martial arts. It can be said that without Taigong theory and the military strategist of Qi he established, there would not be such a broad and profound, highly resourceful, complete, and long-established theory. A long-lasting and influential Chinese military theory.
Famous Chinese military strategists Sun Wu, Gui Guzi, Huang Shigong, Zhuge Liang, etc. in ancient and modern times have all studied and absorbed the essence of Taigong's "Six Taoists". Taigong's literary, Taoist and military strategies have been used in various fields such as politics, economy, management, military, science and technology in the world today. learned from.
Works handed down from generation to generation
Six Taoists
"Six Taoists", also known as "Tai Gong's Six Taos", "Tai Gong's Art of War" and "Su Shu", is a This work is the culmination of pre-Qin military thought and has a great influence on the military thoughts of future generations. It is known as the ancestor of military strategy. Sima Qian's "Historical Records: The Family of Qi Taigong" stated: "The later generations talked about the military and the Yin power of the Zhou Dynasty. They all followed Taigong as their original plan." During the Yuanfeng period of Shenzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, "Six Tao" was listed as one of the "Seven Books of Martial Arts" , a must-read book for martial arts students. "Six Taoists" was introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 18th century. It has been translated into Japanese, French, Korean, Vietnamese, English, Russian and other languages.
Influence
When Jiang Ziya governed the country, he established the policy of "following the customs, simplifying the etiquette, promoting trade and industry,
conveniently benefiting from fish and salt". In the hundreds of years of development history of Qi State, it has been passed down from generation to generation and has had a huge impact, establishing the historical status of Qi culture. It has been more than 3,000 years since Taigong passed away. The people worshiped his noble personality, mourned his great achievements, and made up many myths about him with simple emotions to praise him. It is said that he once studied Taoism in Kunlun Mountain, and later he was ordered by his master to go down the mountain to help Zhou Dynasty destroy Shang Dynasty. After destroying Shang Dynasty, he was ordered by his master to be awarded the title of god. This gradually deified him in books such as "Taiping Yulan" and "Feng Shen Ji". In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Zhonglin had an indescribable reverence for the Taigong, so she compiled a book called "Fengshen Yanyi" in the form of a god, describing him as the god in charge of all the gods in the world. The magic and majesty of the Taigong became an idol to ward off evil and bring justice. . Although these are beyond historical reality, they reflect Jiang Ziya's lofty status in people's minds.
Famous Chinese military strategists Sun Wu, Gui Guzi, Huang Shigong, Zhuge Liang, etc. in ancient and modern times have all studied and absorbed the essence of Taigong's "Six Tao", and today's world's politics, economy, management, military, science and technology, etc. Various fields are still learning from the essence of Taigong's "Six Tao".
Sacrifice
Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jiang Ziya was revered as the originator of military strategists and martial arts saints by emperors and classics of all dynasties. The abbreviation of temple[62]?. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, Jiang Ziya was granted the title of King Zhaolie Wucheng. [63] During the Yuan Dynasty, some folk myths and legends were added to Jiang Ziya. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Zhonglin wrote the novel "The Romance of the Gods". From then on, Jiang Ziya changed from a human to a god and was widely believed by the people. He was respected by the people as "Martial Ancestor, Supreme Emperor of Heaven, God of Light, God The Supreme God, the God of Gods, the Divine Ancestor.”
It’s hard to recover from overflowing water
Jiang Ziya only knew fishing earlier and his family was poor. His wife, Ma, disliked Jiang Shang and wanted to leave. Jiang Ziya persuaded her: "I will get glory one day." Fugui, don't do this." Ma didn't listen to the advice and left Jiang Shang. Later, Jiang Ziya helped King Zhou establish the Zhou Dynasty. Seeing that his status and wealth were very good, Ma wanted to reunite with Jiang Ziya, but Jiang Ziya had already seen through Ma's character, so he poured a pot of water on the ground and asked Ma to pick it up. When he came back, Ma could only take back the silt, so Jiang Ziya said: "If we talk about separation and reunion, it will be difficult to recover the water.
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