/kloc-in the summer of 0/536, a war broke out between France and the Holy Roman Empire. Vesaliua Ouse, 2 1 year-old, considered an enemy national, was forced to leave Paris and return to Lauvan. Because he was forced to leave Paris without graduation, he immediately returned to Laowan to study medicine.
The next few months will be thrilling for Vesaliua Uus' medical career. Medical students are required to watch autopsies, but the church and authorities do not welcome autopsies. They strictly regulated the number of corpses used for teaching. So, Vesaliua uz acquired another skill and became an expert in grave robbery. Once he even stole the rotting criminal's body from under the gallows and hid the broken bones under the bed.
After coming to Lauwan for the second time and receiving short-term military service, he transferred to the University of Venice. During his short visit, he became a lecturer. His lecture style not only stunned most colleagues, but also made them fly into a rage, because he no longer followed the traditional practice, that is, the teacher spoke on the podium himself, but left the specific anatomy to the assistant or junior barber. He angrily condemned that the original way was an "abominable practice", and those teachers were "like Western jackdaw in the west, talking about things they had never learned ...". Vesaliua uz changed his old image. He dissected the knife himself and made a speech to the audience, although he had to put up with the bad smell. A complete autopsy usually takes two or three days. Although they often dissect in the open air, because there was no freezing technology at that time, the smell made both students and operators feel sick.
The elusive anatomist's next stop is the famous Padua University in Italy. There, he completed his studies, and in June, 65438 +0537+February, 65438, he received his doctorate in medicine and was hired as a full professor. At the age of 23, Vesaliua Uss became the most famous medical staff in Europe.
In Padua, Vesaliua uz can completely put down his opposition to Galen theory. Because Galen's anatomy was carried out on apes rather than human bodies, some sharp-eyed human anatomists inevitably found mistakes in Galen's works. Even before Vesaliua Uss challenged this early authority on anatomy, people may have discovered these mistakes. In fact, some defenders believe that people's understanding of the human body has obviously changed since Galen. For example, the femur is obviously straight, not curved as described by Galen. Galen's defenders believe that this may be because Galen did not wear tight pants at that time. These excuses don't always convince everyone, but most skeptics keep silent.
Vesaliua Uus, who was passionate about work and truth, finally launched the attack. Ironically, although his own anatomy revealed many differences with Galen, the fact was revealed through the anatomy of monkeys. As he later wrote, he found "a small protuberance on the spine". Galen has described this feature many times, but Vesaliua Uss has never seen this kind of protrusion in his own works on human anatomy. The answer immediately surfaced. Galen dissected monkeys, not people. The standard text of human anatomy does not describe people at all, but retouchs the actual anatomy of monkeys, and then assumes it is human anatomy.
Once he publicly announced that Galen had never performed human anatomy, Vesaliua Uss immediately launched a full-scale attack on the authority of Galen's literature. This is not Galen's personal fault as a doctor. After all, he did his best at that time. The fact is, as Vesaliua Uss said, there are too many differences between monkeys and people. How does the anatomy of monkeys serve as a human anatomy map?
In Padua, Vesaliua Uss vividly illustrates this point. He put ape bones and human bones side by side, pointing out that there are more than 200 differences between ape bones and human bones. He pointed out that Galen's spinal protrusion only exists on the bones of apes, but not on human bones.
A stone stirs up a thousand waves. Most doctors in Padua still defend the pure Galen theory. In sharp contrast, Vesaliua Uss's lectures are very popular. To the shock of many people, he still held the knife himself, and extended the time of each autopsy from three days to three weeks, and made thoughtful and meticulous arrangements for every detail of the autopsy and speech. In order to reduce the inconvenience caused by corpse decay, autopsy work is carried out in winter, and several different corpses are dissected at the same time, so as to compare and contrast different parts.
In order to make his audience not limited to the crowd in class and public lectures, he published his famous work "Human Body Structure" on 1543. This is a milestone-it is so important that the development of anatomy today is often divided into three stages: pre-Visalius, Visalius and post-Visalius.
Human Structure was the most accurate human anatomy book at that time, and its accuracy and detail are still amazing today. This book is as detailed and precise as Vesaliua Uus's speech style, and it also benefits greatly from its exquisite illustrations, which are Vesaliua Uus and Karl Karl (Jan Stephen van Karl, 1499- 1550), the latter is the great Venetian artist Titian (about1450). The human body is displayed in its natural position, and many muscles and organs are drawn so accurately that they can be compared with the illustrations in the most exquisite and expensive textbooks today. Thanks to the perfection of 14 to 15 printing industry, words and illustrations can be reproduced accurately, especially illustrations. If you copy by hand in the ancient way, just like Galen's works, then mistakes are inevitable. As far as printing technology is concerned, Visarius chose Johannes Lin Nasi (1507- 1658), a famous printer in Basel, who is famous for his carefulness.
Although the book Human Body Structure is excellent in many aspects, today's medical students can quickly point out many mistakes and shortcomings in this book. Although Vesaliua uz's anatomical thought is surprisingly accurate, he is still a student of Galen in many fields. His physiology (anatomy studies the structure of life and physiology studies the function of life) is still full of ancient traditions. For example, he believes that the digestive function is accomplished by some kind of "cooking" of food in the abdominal cavity. He also believes that breathing is for "cooling blood". He also accepted Galen's views on the heart and circulatory system, and believed that blood must be transported from one side of the heart to the other through invisible pores. However, in the second edition of Human Body Structure published by 1555, he discussed how blood passes through the heart diaphragm. Obviously, it reluctantly came to the conclusion that there is no evidence to support Galen's statement that it has been put forward and circulated for so long. He wrote: "Not long ago, I didn't dare to deviate from Galen at all, but it seems that the diaphragm of the heart is so thick that it is no different from other parts of the heart. Therefore, I can't see how even the smallest particles can transfer from the right ventricle to the left ventricle through the diaphragm. "
Now we know that despite some defects, the human body structure is still successful. There have been a lot of "piracy", that is, words and illustrations have been copied and reproduced without his permission. This activity continued for a long time before and after his death.
Strangely, the human body structure is also the last work of Vesaliua Uss. Maybe he is tired of the storm of protests provoked by Galen's defenders, or maybe he thinks he has finished his work. Shortly after the book was published, he gave up teaching anatomy and became a doctor of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his son Philip II. On his way back from the pilgrimage to Jerusalem, his ship was badly damaged by the storm on the Greek coast. He died on June 1564 and June 10 shortly after he managed to reach sante island.