In the 26th year of Ming Shenzong Wanli (1598), Yuan Hongdao received a letter from his brother Yuan Zongdao, who was working in Beijing, asking him to go to Beijing. He had to restrain his interest in traveling and came to Beijing, where he was awarded Professor Shun Tianfu. In the second year, he was promoted to teaching assistant in imperial academy. This article was written this spring.
Yuan Hongdao was born in Jiangnan (Hubei Public Security Bureau). The cold in the northland somewhat hindered his interest. The first paragraph of the article wrote about the distress of wanting to swim. Early spring and February is not strange to northerners, but it is unbearable for a person who grew up in Jiangnan. The author rationally knows "Yan Dihan", but "After the Flower Festival, the residual cold is still thick" is his personal feeling and experience. The word "Yu" and the word "Jude" set each other off to describe the situation in which the cold current refused to stop. So, what is its specific performance? The author describes it in extremely concise language: "When it is frozen, it will fly sand and stones." Saying "cold wind" instead of "cold wind" is to illustrate the degree of cold, and also shows the author's sensitivity to "cold in the wild". In such bad weather, we had to "squeeze into a room and go out." From the perspective of "every time I take an adventure in the wind, I don't know how many times I have tried, but I have no choice but to return".
Literary schools in Ming dynasty. Representative figures are Yuan Zongdao (1560- 1600), Yuan Hongdao (1568- 16 10) and Yuan Zhongdao (1570-10). Its important members include Jiang Yingke, Tao Wangling, Huang Hui, Lei Siwei and others.
The members of the public security school mainly lived in Wanli period. Since Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty, the literary world has been dominated by the "first seven scholars" headed by Li Mengyang and He Jingming and the "last seven scholars" headed by Wang Shizhen and Li Panlong. Their retro argument that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty" and "don't study after the big calendar" has a great influence, so that "the world pushes Li, He, Wang and Li Jue, and all seek their effects" (Biography of Li Mengyang in the Ming Dynasty). In the meantime, Gui Youguang and other "Tang and Song School" writers struggled, but they were not enough to correct their abuses. During the Wanli period, Li Zhi pointed out, "Why did you choose poetry in ancient times?" Why should Wen be in the pre-Qin period? "and" articles are not available, and the times have been talking about it ",which makes him, Jiao, Xu Wei and others actually become the pioneers of the public security school.
The literary thought of the Public Security School originated in Yuan Zongdao, with Yuan Hongdao as the backbone and actual leader, and Yuan Zhongdao further expanded its influence. The literary and artistic thoughts of the public security school mainly include:
(1) opposes inheritance and advocates change. Everyone in the public security school lashed out at the tendency of the former and the latter seven sons to imitate words and eat the ancient times, and they sharply criticized the phenomenon of "plagiarism is common practice and one word is spoken by all" in the literary world. Yuan Zongdao also hit the nail on the head and pointed out that the source of the retro school is "ignorance rather than imitation" (paper). They hold that literature should change with the development of the times. "Generations have ups and downs, but the laws are inconsistent, the poles change, and each is poor and interesting" (Yuan Hongdao's Xiao Xu Shi Xiu), "The world has changed, and literature has also changed; There is no need to copy the ancient times today, but it is also possible "(Yuan Hongdao's" With the River "). Not only the literary content, but also the formal language will change and tend to be popular. This is because "temperament is born, everything spits it, and there must be slang" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to Flowers and Snow). So, "why is the ancient high? Why should we be humble today? " They further argued that "all words and expressions are legal" and "the laws of ancient people can be summarized!" (Yuan Hongdao's Preface to the Collection of Xue Taoting) Break through all the barriers that bind creation.
(2) express your spirit, not stick to one pattern. The so-called "soul" is the writer's personality and true feelings, which is close to Li Zhi's "childlike innocence". They think that "what comes from the soul is true poetry", while "it is almost impossible to be safe in nature, and what you do is called a real person" (Yuan Hongdao's Proverbs, Knowing Zhang You), and then emphasize that you won't write unless it comes from your own mind. Therefore, they advocate that "the truth is sincere." If you are not sincere, you can't impress people. You should "say what people say, what people can't say, and what people dare not say" (Lei Siwei's Preface to Little Bitang), where bread contains a resistance to the gentle and honest poetic tradition of Confucianism. They interpret the creative process as "the spirit is in the heart and stays in the environment." The environment is moved and the heart can bear it; If the heart wants to vomit, it will be transported by the wrist ",while" if the heart captures the environment and transports the heart by the wrist, the spirit will be complete "(Jiang Yingke, My Life Sequence). As long as "the wise men in the world have boundless bosom, the more they look for it, the different they are, the poor they change it, and then between ink and ink, everyone has his true face" (Yuan Zhongdao's Preface to the Complete Works of Mr. Zhong Lang), the innovation of literature can be realized.
(3) Emphasize folk novels and advocate popular literature. Public security schools attach great importance to drawing nutrition from folk literature. Yuan Hongdao once described folk songs such as "Dazaogan" as poems, which made him "broad-minded, broad-minded and magnanimous in his poetry collections". He thought that the poems such as Broken Jade and Jujube Rod sung by women and children at that time were "written by ignorant real people, so there are many true voices" and praised them. This is related to their literary development view and innovative theory, which played a certain role in improving the social status of folk literature and popular literature in that period.
The public security school has made great achievements in liberating the style of writing, such as "Sweeping the King" (biography of Yuan Zhonglang, public security county annals), and its travel notes, letters and essays are also very distinctive, or elegant and fresh, or lively and humorous, and they form their own family. However, in real life, they passively avoid the world and describe trivial things or natural scenery around them, lacking profound social content, and their creative themes are getting narrower and narrower. Its imitators "blurt out, no longer follow the rules", "for slang, for delicacies, for recklessness", and even "crazy fans, vulgar behavior" (Biography of Qian Shi Hua). Later generations' evaluation of the literary thought of the Gong 'an School is fair and has theoretical significance beyond its creative practice.
Yuan Hongdao (1568— 16 10) was a representative figure of the public security school in Ming dynasty. In view of the trend of "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty", he used words and sentences to create fake tripod and fake script. He shouted loudly that his creation should give full play to his personality, and he should not follow others' advice, "express his spirit alone, not stick to one pattern, and refuse to write". (Preface to a Short Poem) He dismissed the practice of learning from the ancients as "the dregs in chewing dung", "successfully catching a fart" and "eight-inch three-part hat is worn by everyone" (with Zhang Youyu). He emphasized that literature should be "true", with profound insights and true feelings, and should be liberated from the feudal literary concept of "false words", that is, "literature carries Tao". This literary concept of respecting individuality, demanding liberation and opposing tradition made his creation full of free indulgence thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism and Zen. Yuan Hongdao wrote a lot of landscape travel notes in his life. In his works, the picturesque mountains and rivers of wuyue, Wanliuliulang Lake, Zhou Zhen with fresh air and Jingzhao with pleasant spring are all picturesque. These landscape travel notes are straightforward and do not choose pen and ink. The scenery is unique, things blend with me, and they are happy. The language is fresh and smooth, chic and natural, as comfortable as flowing water.