First, personal pronouns
Such as I, I, Yu, Yu, I, lonely, widowed, minister, servant, concubine and so on. Are so-called first-person pronouns, used for people who speak or write articles. Among them, the word "I" is not only used in ancient Chinese, but also used today. The rest of modern Chinese is not used.
Er, ru, female, ruo, nai, er, zi, jun, gong, your Excellency, your majesty, your first step, etc. Both are second personal pronouns, which are equivalent to "you" and "you" in modern Chinese. Among them, "Your Excellency" and "Your Majesty" are still used in diplomatic terms.
"Zhi", "Qi" and "Bi" are the third person pronouns. Today, "he" or "it" can mean not only people, but also things.
"Or" is equivalent to "some people" and "sometimes" in modern Chinese.
"Mo", equivalent to "nobody", is a pronoun with no definite reference;
As a demonstrative pronoun, Xiang is equivalent to the other party, and can also refer to you, me and him. Similar to Xiang, there are the word "Jian" and many generations of "I", that is, the so-called "expressing others' behavior and one's own" in Ci Yuan.
Second, interrogative pronouns
In interrogative pronouns in classical Chinese, there are "who", "who" and "why" asking people; "He" also asks questions. There are also questions such as ",","Hu", "evil", "An" and "Yan".
Third, demonstrative pronouns
The common demonstrative pronouns in classical Chinese are Zhe, Shi, Si, Zi and Fu, while Zhi, Qi and Bi are often used as demonstrative pronouns besides personal pronouns.
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2. What types of pronouns are there in classical Chinese (1)? Personal pronouns are pronouns that express personal differences to the speaker, the opponent of the speaker and the speaker, including the first personal pronoun, the second personal pronoun, the third personal pronoun and the plural of personal pronouns.
① The first person pronouns mainly include "I, nothing, Yu, Yu, I", which can generally be used as subject, object and attribute. For example, if you do your duty, you will say, "I'm dying."
The second person pronouns in A Record of Gentlemen mainly include "female (such as), son, ruo, son and nai", which can generally be used as subject, attribute and object. Such as; Your inner strength is impenetrable.
The third person pronouns in Yishan, Gong Yu mainly include "Zhi, Qi, Bi, Qu and Mou", which can generally be used as subject, object and attribute. For example, if I am tired and I have excess, I will overcome it.
Debate (4) The plural number of personal pronouns means that there is no single plural number of personal pronouns in classical Chinese, and the first personal pronoun and the second personal pronoun are often followed by plural numbers such as "friend, generation, genus and Cao", which can generally be inferred according to the context. For example, if you don't have it, if you belong to everything, you will be captured.
"The Hongmen Banquet" destroyed the name of Cao Er, and did not waste the rivers and mountains forever. "Play is a quatrain", so we are also storytellers, if we have money today.
"Liu Jingting's storytelling" (II) interrogative pronouns ① refer to people's interrogative pronouns, mainly "who, who and why". Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me? Zou Ji's interrogative pronouns in satirizing Qi Wang mainly include "He, Yi, Hu," and so on.
Evil, security, etc What is the king doing here? Red Gate Banquet ③ refers to interrogative pronouns of places, mainly including "An, Yan,, Evil, Evil (where), He" and so on.
Such as: and how to place earthwork? The demonstrative pronouns in Gong Yu Yishan (III) can be divided into modern words and distant pronouns, specific pronouns and general pronouns according to different uses. ① "Qi" is a special pronoun and can only be used as an attribute.
For example, if the husband's water is not thick, he can't afford a big ship. The word "zhi" and "zi" in Xiaoyao You "are general pronouns, which can be used as attributes or objects.
For example, your mother is here. The modern words in Ji Xiang Xuanzhi mainly include "this, yes, four, ran and zi", which can be translated as "this".
They can be used as subjects, attributes and objects, and "this, yes" can also be used as predicates. This son of heaven is also angry.
Wes, who are we going home with? The distant pronouns in Yueyang Tower mainly include "Bi and Fu", which can be translated as "Na". "Bi" has a strong reference and can be used as subject, attribute and object. "Fu" has a weak reference and is often used as an attribute.
At that time, then. "Mencius? What does Fu Jin hate in Under the Ugliness of the Sun? (4) indefinite pronouns (4) (4) (4) (9)
① "or" means "some people, some people, some (East and West)" or "one or some of them". May take pleasure as beauty.
"The Story of the Sick Plum Pavilion" or: "Are the six countries mourning for each other paying tribute to Qin Ye?" The Theory of Six Kingdoms (2) When several "or" are used together, they form a parallelism sentence instead of a choice sentence. For example, you either want to die or you want to die.
(5) Auxiliary pronouns Auxiliary pronouns mainly include "suo" and "zhe", which are attached to other words or phrases and have certain grammatical and referential functions, but they cannot act as secondary components of sentences alone. (1) "suo" is attached to the predicate verb, which forms a structure with it and refers to some actions and objects.
For example, women get nothing from their property. The word "zhe" in The Hongmen Banquet is attached to the word or phrase, and together with the structure of the word, it means "people and things".
Horse eaters don't know that they can eat thousands of miles. Ma Shuo.
3. The usage, function and examples of the word "nai" in classical Chinese learned in middle school come from. Nai (1) is used as an adverb. 1. indicates that two things have a logical inheritance or immediate connection in time, which can be translated as "talent", "this talent" and "just". (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. (1) I don't know if I know who the world is. (Peach Blossom Garden) 3. It can express the limitation of the scope of things and can be translated as "only" and "only". (1) Wang Naifu led the troops eastward, but rode twenty-eight times eastward. ("Biography of Xiang Yu") 4. Used in judgment sentences, it can be translated as "yes" or as the subject, and translated as "you". It cannot be used as an object. (1) Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Day, the family did not forget the sacrifice. (Lu You's "Shizi") 2. Used as a demonstrative pronoun, translated as "such". I do what I do, but I don't want it (Qi Huan King Shi Zhi). Can also be used as a conjunction, interpreted as ". Then, seeking a counselor is nothing more than ("Goujian Destroys Wu"), which translates as "so". (1) officer worship again, empty house sigh, plan. 5.Its (1) as a pronoun can be divided into several situations: 1. The third person pronoun. As an attributive, it can be the king or the lucky enough to forgive the minister. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. As a small subject in the subject-predicate phrase, the third person pronoun should be translated into "he" and "it" (including plural). The king of Qin was afraid that his walls would be broken. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 3. Use it flexibly as the first person or the second person. It should be translated as "mine" and "myself". I still have Cao Cao's career. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 4. Demonstrative pronouns have far-reaching influence. It can be translated as that, that, that and that. If you come out, you will blame the people who want to come out. If you were in Jingzhou today, you would have a good election. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 5. Demonstrative pronoun representation. It means "one of them", and most of them are numbers. ① Select one or two buttons in the rock. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) used as an adverb. 1. Strengthen imperative mood, which is equivalent to "can" and "return". (1) I want to be at ease in Anling with a place of five hundred miles, and Anling Jun can afford it! (desirable) 2. Strengthening the tone of speculation is equivalent to "I am afraid", "possible", "probably" and "possible". What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Wang is very happy, so Qi is almost the same? (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius) 3. Strengthening rhetorical tone is equivalent to "don't" and "how". (1) with the spare capacity of the old days, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain, just like earth and stone. (Yu Gong Yi Shan) ③ Used as a conjunction. 1. stands for the selected relationship, which is equivalent to "yes or no". I really don't know anything about horses? (Ma Shuo) 2. Hypothetical relationship, equivalent to "if". If a person's industry is not refined, if a person's morality is not excellent, then if a person's nature is inferior, then his heart is not specialized. (4) Auxiliary words can adjust syllables without translation. (1) Ruman Manqi Xiu Yuan Xi, I will search up and down ("Li Sao"). (Biography of Lingguan).
4. What are the far-reaching pronouns in classical Chinese? There are not many far-reaching pronouns in classical Chinese, and the most common one is "bi".
Peter:
1, that, as opposed to "this". This kind of far-referring pronoun is the most common in classical Chinese. For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya: The moon is small, but this day is also small.
2. Others, the other party, are opposite to "self" and "me". For example, "Seeking Attack": "Know yourself and know yourself, and you will be invincible."
Among other pronouns, "Qi", "Fu", "Zhi" and "bandit" are common far-referring pronouns.
It: When used as a far finger-
1, that, that. For example, "Sun Bin reduced the stove": "Without reading his book, the Qi army was overwhelmed."
2. theirs. For example, "Born in Worry and Died in Happiness": "You must first suffer from its mind and bones."
Note that as a pronoun, it is not always a far reference, but often used as a near reference. As the first person pronoun, it is equivalent to "I" and "mine". For example, "You praise Zen": "I'm sorry, too. My husband followed me."
Husband: When used as a far finger-
1, under the guise of "there". He, she, it, they are equivalent to the third person pronoun. For example, "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty Years": "Let the husband learn."
2. That, that, that. For example, a trip to Baochan Mountain: "I also regret being followed by my husband."
As a pronoun, the husband is not always a far finger, but he is often used as a near finger.
Finger: when used as a far finger, it means "that"; "He (she, it)"; "other" For example, "The King of Wu attacked Pinghua": "Zhou Wang ordered to go to court and behead his mother."
Note, as a pronoun, is not always a far reference, but also often used as a near reference.
Bandit: preach "there" For example, The Book of Songs Wind Wind: "Wind and cars are bandits."
5. What are pronouns and prepositions in classical Chinese? 1. Like modern Chinese, prepositional objects in ancient Chinese are usually placed after prepositions, but there are also a few prepositions, mainly the object of "one", which are placed before prepositions because of the need of expression.
For example: (1) In terms of strength, Fangcheng of Chu is considered a city, and Hanshui is considered a pool. Although there are many people, it is useless. "Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Four Years" Volume Two Chu soldiers are equal.
The example of Shiji Dong Xiangyu Ji (1) means "Fangcheng is the city and Hanshui is the pool"; Example (2) means "take one as ten". There are also some fixed structures of pronouns and prepositions, such as "Shi Yi", "So", "Suo Cong", "Suo Zi" and "Suo Yu", which are also object-object structures of prepositional objects.
2. The object of prepositions in modern Chinese cannot be omitted. In ancient Chinese, the objects of prepositions such as "Yi, Wei, He and Cong" can sometimes be omitted, but the object of "Yu" can't. For example, the villain has a mother who has tasted the villain's food. Please leave it.
Mr. Zheng Boke in Zuo Zhuan is not ashamed, but he has the intention of taking responsibility for Xue. Warring States Policy: Feng Xuan's Visit to Meng Changjun 3. Grammatically, the preposition structure composed of "reason, action and subordination" in ancient Chinese is generally used as an adverbial, which is the same as that in modern Chinese, but the object-object structure of "Yu" is used as a complement except for the meaning of "right" and "about". The word "one" is a tool in the object-object structure, and its way can be used as both an adverbial and a complement. In these respects, modern Chinese is generally expressed by adverbials.
In addition, the object-object structure in modern Chinese can also be used as an attribute (connecting with the masses), but not in ancient Chinese. For example, there is a kind of bird in the south named Meng dove, which uses feathers as its nest, but it is compiled with Xunzi's advice. shine on you is better than blue.
(ditto) We believe that the scope of prepositions should be strict, and only words whose action meaning is vague, which are not used as predicates alone, or whose meanings are obviously different when used as predicates can be counted as prepositions. Therefore, there are only a dozen prepositions in ancient Chinese, such as "Yu (Yu, Hu), Yi, Cause, You, Wei, Zi, Cong, Yu and He".
Here is a brief introduction to the complex and special usage of "Yu (Yu, Hu), Yi, Cause, Wei and He". First, Yu (yu, Hu) "Yu" and "Yu" are verbs.
The word "Yu" has different ancient sounds, but its usage as a preposition is the same. The main difference lies in the different characters used by different writers in different historical periods: in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, only "Yu" was used instead of "Yu", and some ancient books such as Zuozhuan and Xunzi in pre-Qin were used together, but after the Warring States period, many ancient books were written with "Yu". After the simplification of Chinese characters, "Yu" is simplified to "Yu".
The ancient sound of the word "Hu" is similar to that of "Yu", and it is often used as a preposition except modal particles, and its usage is basically the same as that of "Yu". There are four main uses of "Yu".
The first usage is to indicate place and time. For example, Song Gong and Chu fought Yu Hong.
In Zuo Zhuan's Twenty-two Years of Xi Gong, the life of the King of Yue was recorded. The word "Yu" representing place and time is equivalent to prepositions such as "zai", "Dao" and "cong" in modern Chinese.
In addition to the word "Hu", modern Chinese written language has always been used, such as "written in Beijing" and "founded in 1949". However, in ancient Chinese, the word "Yu" sometimes does not appear, and locative nouns are used as complements directly after predicate verbs or verb-object phrases, which reflects the differences between ancient Chinese and modern Chinese.
For example, I heard that Qin Jun was surrounded by a giant deer in Wang Zhao, and Records of the Historian Xiang Yu let women live on it and float in the river.
The two sentences governing Ye in Historical Records Biography of Ximen Bao should be "Yu Julu" and "Zhong". The second usage is to introduce the object involved. For example, the ancients said, "inquire about grass."
Ask questions. One of Xunzi's sketches (firewood man) is the object of inquiry.
In addition to the word "Hu", this usage is also very common in modern Chinese written language, such as "dedicated to the revolutionary cause" and "beneficial to the people of all countries" The third usage is to express comparison.
For example: green, taken from blue, used in blue; Ice and water are cooler than water. In ancient books, the comparative usage of Xunzi's exhortation to learn generally only uses "Yu" and "Hu", and rarely uses "Yu".
Because of comparison, it is generally only placed after adjective predicate, and its meaning is equivalent to "bi" in modern Chinese. However, the position in the sentence is different. "Bi" and its object as adverbial should be placed before adjective predicate.
If translated into modern Chinese, "better than water cooling" means "better than Shui Han". This usage of "Yu" is sometimes used in modern Chinese written language, for example, "the interests of the people are above everything else."
The fourth usage is passive. (See the section on passive expression) Second, the word "one" was originally a verb, which, like the meaning of "use", became a preposition.
The preposition "yi" is often used in the following four ways: the first way is to indicate that actions and behaviors take something as a tool or by virtue, which is equivalent to "yong" or "na" in modern Chinese. The object of "one" can be concrete or abstract.
For example: Shoubi, please dance the sword. "Historical Records of Xiang Yu's Biography" comes out of the snake and hits it with the arm.
Zuo Zhuan, Battle of Saddle, Sword and Arm all represent tools or means of action. The second usage refers to relying on a certain qualification, status or position.
For example, at that time, Ximen Bao will go to Huihe River, and 3,200 people will watch it with the people. "Historical Records of Ximen Bao Governing Ye" Eight thousand people in Xiang Liang crossed the river.
"Historical Records of Xiang Yu" means to lead 8,000 people. The third usage is to express the reason, which is equivalent to "reason", "because" and "because".
For example, husbands, Han and Wei perished, while Anling lived five miles away just to have a husband. The fourth usage of the Warring States Policy Wei Ce is to express time, which is equivalent to "Yu" and "You".
For example, there are prizes in spring and summer and penalties in autumn and winter. The article "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty-six Years" (referring to Tian Wen, that is, Meng Changjun) was born on May 5th.
There are two points worth noting about the usage of the word "Yi" in Historical Records and Biography of Meng Changjun. One is its position in the sentence.
"One" can be used before and after the predicate verb. For example, in Xunzi's Encouraging Learning, the position of the word "Yi" is different. But when expressing time, it can only be placed before the predicate verb.
The second is its guest.
6. What are the interrogative pronouns in classical Chinese? According to the object of inquiry, interrogative pronouns in ancient Chinese can be divided into three categories.
(1) refers to people. And "who, who". A "who" is used in general interrogative sentences and can be used as the predicate of subject, object, attribute, language and sentence. B "which" is used to select questions, usually with antecedents. For example, "Who is more beautiful, Xu Gong or me?" Translated into "which one", generally only as the subject. Can also refer to things and places. Comparison of "Who and Jie" table: For example, "Who am I and Xu Hongmei?" ; Used in rhetorical questions to express affirmation: "which is right?" There is a meaning of "comparing where".
(2) refers to things. There are also "He, Hu, De" and so on. "He": subject, object, determination and judgment. A is often used to ask why or how, such as: "Why not train Xu Zi?" Translated into "what" and "why"; B Ask about the location, such as "What does the son want?" The translation is "where". "Hu,, and death" is often used as an adverbial to ask the reason, which is equivalent to "why" or "how", such as "Did Zi take a car?" ; B They are also often used as prepositions of prepositional objects, such as "Huwei" and "Li Wei". Why? "Yi Xi" survey method.
③ refers to the business premises. There are "safety, evil and ambiguity".
They are mainly used as adverbial inquiry places. It is equivalent to the modern "where". Such as "How to place earthwork?" ; B can also be used as a prepositional object to ask about the place. Such as "Is Pei Hongan there?" C can also make rhetorical questions and adverbials to strengthen rhetorical tone. Similar to "where". D "Yan" is blurred after being used in rhetorical questions, and no longer refers to places. For example, "If a husband loves his son today, can he love you?"