Hua Xushi Textual Research: When did the saying "Hua Xushi was born in Fuxi" appear?

Hua Xu, also known as Hua Xushi, was the tribal leader of Hua Xu in ancient China. It is said that his ""is a giant, his mind moved, and he stood around, so he began to conceive and gave birth to Emperor (Fuxi) in Ji Cheng, taking King Mulder as his surname. Hua Xushi's talk about Hua Xushi was first seen in Liezi Huangdi: Huangdi slept and swam in the country of Hua Xushi. The country of Hua Xushi is in the west of Yizhou and the north of Taizhou, and I don't know the tens of millions of miles of Qi. Beggars' gangs are beyond the reach of boats and cars, just wandering. In the pre-Qin classics, this is the only record, and there is a "Xushi He" close to it. Xushi He Xushi He: One of the tribal leaders in ancient China. It was first seen in Zhuangzi Horseshoe: When Xushi He was a husband, the houses were at a loss, but they were full and swam around. "Cheng Shu:" He Xu, the ancient emperor. He also said that there is an impressive virtue that makes people attached, so it is called why it is empty. Emperor Gai Yan also. Also known as "Su Hu's". [Song]' s "Shi Dao Ji Qian Qi Jia": "Home is for He Xu. [Ming] Zhang Xuan's "Yi Yao" Volume 7: "In ancient times, one was called Hesu, and in ancient times' Su' and' Xu' were interlinked. "Zhuangzi Guilou" also includes: "Yesterday, Rongcheng, Dading, Bo Huang, Zhong You, Lu Li, Xu Li, Xuan yuanshi county, Xushi He, Zunlu, Zhurong, Fu and Shennong were used by the people." Here, he and Fu are listed as ancient emperors. Quite a few scholars believe that Hua Xu is Hershey. For example, Yu Yue, a scholar from A Qing, was quoted in Zhuangzi Ji Jie: "Herschel's suspicion is Hua Xushi mentioned in Liezi's book. Some scholars in modern times think that "Hua Xu" is not only a family name, but also Fuxi's mother. In China's earliest creation myth, The Silk of Chu, there is only a legend about Fuxi Nuwa, but there is no record about her parents. It is recorded in the Silk Book of Chu that Fuxi and Nu Wa Er Shen got married before heaven and earth were formed and there was chaos in the world. Fuxi and Nu Wa are the gods of the four seasons, and the four gods created the world and participated in the law of Yin and Yang. Yu and Qi managed the land, worked out the calendar, made the stars rise and fall in an orderly way, made the mountains and tombs unblocked, and made the mountains and rivers and seas ventilate with yin and yang. At that time, there was no sun and moon, and the four gods took turns to represent four points. Among the four gods, the eldest is called Qinggan, the second is called Zhu Sidan, the third is called Bai Daran, and the fourth is called Mogan. A thousand years later, the emperor gave birth to the sun and the moon. From then on, Kyushu was peaceful and Shan Ye was peaceful. The four gods also built a canopy to make it rotate and reinforced it with colored wood essence. Emperor Yan sent Zhu Rong to lay the foundation of four gods, three days and four poles. People worship for nine days, seeking peace, and dare not despise gods. Di Jun then formulated the rules for the operation of the sun and the moon. Later, * * * Gong made ten dry and leap months and made a more accurate calendar. A night is divided into clouds, morning, day and night. Note: Fuxi Nuwa first appeared in pre-Qin literature, and Hua Xushi appeared in later literature. Therefore, whether Fuxi Nuwa is Hua Xushi's child is still controversial in academic circles. It is generally believed that Hua Xushi's son "Fuxi Nuwa" has a higher human attribute than God's, while Fuxi in Chu Silk Book is the creator and the earliest born creature, and has nothing to do with Hua Xushi and Thor. So when did the saying "Hua Xushi was born in Fuxi" come into being? In ancient literature, the story of "Hua Xushi was born in Fuxi" is the most important record and description of Fuxi's life experience. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Pumidi wrote in "The Century of the Emperor": "In the world of chivalrous men, there are giants tracked by Razer, and Hua Xu was pregnant and gave birth to Fuxi. Sima Zhen's Supplement to Historical Records of Huang San in the Tang Dynasty says: "Tai Hao Bao Xi's family ... His mother is Hua Xu and lives in Leize, but he was born in Ji Cheng. "Miro's History of the Road in the Song Dynasty and the historical works of many scholars in the Ming and Qing Dynasties have similar records. However, the earliest origin of Hua Xushi's story comes from the Weft Book "Poem Weft with Fog" in the Han Dynasty: "A great trace started from Razer, followed by Hua Xu, and rice was born. (See the eighth edition of Weft Book Integration edited by Japanese scholars Xiangshan and Zhang Zhongcun, Hebei People's Publishing House, 1994, and the following materials are all in this book) "Filial piety, latitude and longitude, hook life decision": "Hua Xu is full of emperors." "He Tu Wei Ji Zheng Ming" "Hua Xu is a big shot of Razer, born in Fuxi." In addition, Wang Fu in the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote "On Five Virtues of Latent Husband": "The great man lies in Fuxi, and Hua Xu lies in Fuxi. Its relative sun angle, the number of worlds is too small. All in Chen. Its virtue is based on the dragon discipline, so it is called the dragon master and the dragon name. Gossip, tying the rope to catch fish for the net. " Why did the story "Hua Xu followed in his footsteps and was born in Fuxi" suddenly appear in the weft books from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty? To understand the reason, we only need to put the story of "Hua Xu Trail" in the myth system of Shu Wei's five virtues and five emperors, and in the religious theological atmosphere of the Han Dynasty, where the idea of Yin and Yang and the five elements prevailed, and we can understand it clearly! The myth system of five virtues and five emperors in Han Shu Wei is a unique cultural phenomenon in Han Dynasty. It is the floorboard of a large number of information such as divination in the late Western Han Dynasty, also known as divination. Prophecy is a religious prophecy, which indicates good or bad luck through good omen, disasters and other signs; Weft misinterprets Confucian classics such as Six Classics and Filial Piety based on religious superstitions and myths. When recorded in Historical Records of Zhao, there was a so-called "Qin prophecy". The Chronicle of Qin Shihuang records that Lu Sheng, a Yan man, reported to Qin Shihuang that "Hu Ye died in Qin", which is a prophecy. In terms of weft books, Fu Sheng's Biography of Shangshu and Dong Zhongshu's Spring and Autumn Yin and Yang also belong to weft books in nature. Although the divination thought in Biography of Shangshu appeared earlier, as a specific cultural phenomenon, divination rose on a large scale in the late Western Han Dynasty. Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty said, "If Xiahou Sheng and Mencius' followers are famous for Taoism, they will say nothing. Liu Xiang and his son are in charge of the school secretary, reading nine streams but not recording them. After success and loss, I began to smell it. " Modern scholars also agree with this. Weft books mainly include Seven Weft Classics written by Hetuluo and Six Arts of Heluo written by Zhang Hengchuan, and the catalogue has been decided. Quote "Heng Ji Shang Shi" cloud: "Heluo 59, six arts 49, meaning 81 articles." ; "Six arts" means "six latitudes". It can be seen that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, * * had 45 latitudes, seven latitudes (including the Book of Filial Piety) and 36 latitudes, and ***8 1 latitude, which was after Liu Xiu "announced" that he wanted to see the world. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Shu Wei was banned and its content was scattered. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gu Shuwei and Huang Yishu Kao compiled by Sun Zi and Yu Han Fang Shan Ji Shu compiled by Ma Guohan were representative works of Gu Shuwei Ji. Two contemporary Japanese scholars, Professor An Zhu Xiang Shan and Professor Zhang Ba Nakamura, have extensively collected all kinds of weft books since the Han Dynasty, totaling 176, and compiled a book "Integration of Weft Books", which is the representative work of the collection and collation of weft books. A large number of records of ancient history or legendary figures are preserved in the Weft Book Integration. Besides Fuxi, there are Shennong, Huangdi, Shao Hao, Zhuan Xu, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Hou Ji, King Wen, Confucius, Liu Bang and so on. In fact, the main content of Shu Wei is religious theology and mythology, in which the descriptions of historical or legendary figures such as Fuxi are mostly mythical, which is closely related to the popular thought of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, the induction between man and nature, and the conclusion of five virtues in the Han Dynasty. The theory of "Five Virtues Ending" is a social and political theory put forward by Zou Yan, a native of Qi State at the end of the Warring States Period, which had great influence on ancient China society. "Historical Records" said: "Zou Zi's disciples wrote about the five virtues from beginning to end. Based on the thought of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, the theory of "Five Virtues in the End" holds that each dynasty corresponds to one of the virtues in Jin Mu's five elements, and the cycle of mutual restraint and mutual restraint is the fundamental reason for the rise and fall of historical dynasties. Documents in the pre-Qin and early Han dynasties, such as Lu Chunqiu and Historical Records, all record that the Yellow Emperor is the virtue of earth, summer is the virtue of wood, Yin Shang is the virtue of gold, and Zhou is the virtue of fire. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he also thought that Qin should be the virtue of water, which is the embodiment of this theory. On the one hand, in order to help Wang Mang usurp the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang and Liu Xin and his son reformed the theory of the end of the five virtues, from the competition of the five elements to the coexistence of the five elements, and the pedigree of the emperor's five virtues expanded from less than one cycle to two and a half cycles from Fuxi to Han Dynasty: Fuxi (wood) → * * (work). After this transformation, the five virtues corresponding to the Han Dynasty finally fell from the dispute between water and soil in the early Han Dynasty to the "fire virtue" (see Gu Jiegang's "Politics and History under the Theory of the Last Five Virtues", Volume 5 of Ancient History). The final conclusion of the Five Virtues is to construct such a theological system with five virtues and five emperors, to connect the five emperors in heaven with the emperors on the earth, to deify the ancient emperors such as Fuxi and Huangdi, and to create a large number of inductive myths and miraculous stories in the weft books. In the process of deifying these ancient holy kings, creating and deifying the mothers of these ancient holy kings has become an indispensable content in the weft book and a key link to connect the five emperors in heaven with the holy kings on earth. Take Fuxi as an example. In all kinds of ancient books in the pre-Qin and Western Han dynasties before Shu Wei, there was never any record about Fuxi's birth and life, and there was no word named "Hua Xu" by Fuxi's mother. But by the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the story of "Hua Xu gave birth to Fuxi" suddenly appeared, which was very suspicious in itself! However, it is not difficult to understand the story of "Hua Xu trampled to death" in the mythological system of Shu Wei's five virtues and five emperors, and in the religious theological atmosphere where the thoughts of heaven and man, yin and yang and five elements prevailed in the Han Dynasty. The creation of this fairy tale is to deify Fuxi, connect the legendary ancient emperor Fuxi with the spirit of heaven, and incorporate it into the theological theory of the end of five virtues. Summary of Hua Xushi and Fuxi's Nuwa Pictures: In fact, it's not just Fuxi, but many myths about the love between the emperor and the mother recorded in the Weft Book, except a few with ancient origins (such as the story that "a giant butterfly swallowed an egg and gave birth to Hou Ji"), most of them were not recorded in the ancient books before the Weft Book, and only reached the five virtues of the Weft Book. In Gangwon, Judy swallowed herring eggs, just like a treasure attached to the mother of the Yellow Emperor. It is recorded in "River Map Maintenance Moment" that "the Yellow Emperor is the famous porch, the essence of the yellow god of Beidou, and the daughter of Mother Earth is attached with treasure. The countryside is surrounded by electricity, the stars are shining, the feelings are attached to treasures, and the chest is full of health: Huangdi Zi. Another example is Yaomu Du Qing's "The Map of lotus town in the Spring and Autumn Latitude": "Yaomu Du Qing is famous all over the world and is the daughter of Gai Da Di. She was born in the battlefield of Wei, often in the south of Sanjiang. Much thunder and little rain, but there is blood in the stone. She was born in Du Qing. ..... There is a negative picture of a red dragon, and Du Qing reads: Red is lucky. There's a picture below ... Suddenly, it's cloudy and rainy, and Red Dragon and Du Qing get married. If you are pregnant, the dragon will disappear. Two breasts, Yao looks like a chart ... "There are other similar records in almost all chapters of Shu Wei, such as: An Deng thinks that the dragon was born in Shennong, the female pivot thinks that Eta Ursa major was born in Zhuan Xu, the holding hand thinks that the rainbow was born in Shun, and Ji thinks that the essence of Venus was born in Yu. These miracle stories are also aimed at deifying ancient emperors and bringing them into the myth system of five virtues and five emperors. Yaom celebrated not only these ancient emperors, but also the mother of Liu Bang, the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, in Shu Wei. " "Spring and Autumn Wei Zhi Cheng Tu" says: "Holding Jia's wife began to visit Luochi, and the red pearl came out, engraved: Yu Ying, and swallowed this as a guest of the king. Liu Ji, born in, was the emperor of the Han Dynasty. "Poem Weft Containing Mist" also said: "Holding a good wife contains Liu Ji." Not only the miracle story of Liu Bang's birth, but also the record of Liu Bang's father's name holding Jia and his mother's name beginning, which was also adopted by Pumi Emperor in the Western Jin Dynasty. However, in the historical records before Shu Wei, only Liu Bang's father's name was Taigong and his mother's name was Liu Wei, and there were no names of Liu Bang's parents, so it can be seen that Shu Wei's records were forged. The analysis of Yan Shigu, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, is quite pertinent: "Huangfu Mi and others cited in vain, out of curiosity, and insisted on using their parents' names, which were not mentioned in the official history. It is better to have Liu Wei's real name, but the moving history is unknown. In other words, it is impossible to know. (Notes on the History of Emperor Yan Shigu of the Han Dynasty) The meaning of the word "Hua Xu" summarized by the Three Emperors and Five Emperors and the mythical nature of Shu Wei are obvious, but some contemporary scholars are still convinced of this story, and often use "Hua Xu, Fuxi's mother" or "a girl of Hua Xu nationality" in other words, this is simply fooling the world; Although some scholars realize that this story belongs to "inductive myth", they have not made a detailed analysis of the cultural background and context of this myth. In fact, the story of "Hua Xu was born in Fuxi" is only a part of the myth system of five virtues and five emperors in Han and Wei classics, which was created to deify Fuxi. The meaning of the word "Hua Xu" can be found in the Five Elements Theory and Fuxi's birth story. Flowers are flowers, but the meaning of flowers here is different from that of flowers as a common concept in modern Chinese. Some scholars interpret the flowers in Hua Xu as flowers in modern Chinese, and think that Hua Xu is a stamen and a beard, which is wrong. The original meaning of "Hua" is far less than the extension of "Hua" as a common concept in modern Chinese. Filial piety, jingwei, helping the gods, vernal equinox, Rong and Er Ya all quoted the saying of the Song Dynasty that "wood is China, grass is proud", which means that the flowers of woody plants are called "Hua", while the flowers of woody plants are called "Hua". For example, "Poem Nan Zhou Yao Tao": "Peach flies away and burns its glory. Huai Nan Zi Shi Zexun: "Zhong Chunyue ... Tao Li Shihua." ""Ji Chun, the moon ... Tung trees are beginning to blossom. The flowers of woody plants such as peach, plum and tung are called "flowers". In the five-element system, "wood" also represents spring, and "Lv Chunqiu Meng Ji Chun" says: "On the day of beginning of spring, virtue is better than wood". Therefore, in the five-element system, "Hua" has a specific corresponding relationship with "Spring" and "Wood". In the myth system of Shu Wei's Five Virtues and Five Emperors, Zang Di in the East respects the Five Behaviors of Wood, also known as the Spring Emperor and the Wood God, and Fuxi is the essence of the Wood God. Therefore, in the new environment, the word "Hua" in the so-called "Hua Xu" can be interpreted as "wood" in the five elements, which essentially refers to the wood god revered in heaven. The word "Xu" in Hua Xu should be "Jia", which was pronounced as Shu in ancient times. Xu Shen's book Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "A" is full, the upper part looks like a gastrocnemius, but the lower part stops here. ... I also thought about the personality of my feet, or the personality of my profession. "It can be seen that the words Jia and Xu in the Han Dynasty are interlinked and have similar pronunciations. Therefore, Hua Xu's word "Xu" should be a loan word of "Jia", which has full meaning and is related to "great traces" and "great people." Trivia means "flower armor", but its original meaning is actually a change in the meaning of "foot (trace) worshipped by wood gods" Look at the origin of "following the trace" and "following the giant trace" in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. There are three stories about "following the giant's road" in Hanshu Weishu: Hua Xu followed the giant's road and gave birth to Fuxi, Di Ku followed the giant's road and Hou Ji followed Jiang Yuan's road. If we look at these three stories in isolation, people may wonder why three ancient emperors were born in their footsteps. However, in fact, these three stories are internally related. In the myth system of Shu Wei's Five Virtues and Five Emperors, the shaping methods of ancient emperors generally follow a rule, that is, different ancient emperors corresponding to the same virtue and heaven emperor often have the same or similar feelings in Shu Wei, which is also an important feature of the myth system of Five Virtues and Five Emperors. Specifically, Fuxi, Di Ku and Hou Ji, the ancestor of the Zhou Dynasty, are all sons of God, and they all belong to the moral destiny. Therefore, in the myth system of Shu Wei, the three ancient emperors have the same feelings, and they were all born in great achievements or great people. So did other ancient emperors. Shennong, Yao and Emperor Gaozu are all fire virtues, born with a sense of dragon, and are red dragons or "Hong Niao is like a dragon". Both Huangdi and Shun belong to Tude, and they were born with big TV and big rainbow (see table above). Therefore, these three stories of "stepping on the rails" are not coincidences, and there were not really three emperors "stepping on the rails" in ancient history, but Shu Wei deliberately created them. Reference books Liezi, Zhuangzi, Hanshu, Chu Silk, Pumi Emperor in the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Century, Wang Fu's Theory of Latent Husband in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Politics and History under the Theory of Five Virtues by Gu Jiegang, and Japanese scholars Xiangshan and Zhang's Discrimination of Ancient History.