According to Hanshu, there were books such as History of Kings and Governors in the secret mansion at that time. 1030 10 belongs to the history department and has the category of "pedigree". It was recorded in the early Tang Dynasty, and there were many genealogies. It can be seen that its origin has its own origin and has a long history. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there was a great development in writing object books, and some of them added pictures and poems. But in the Tang dynasty, some of them were classified as "novels" or "art", and then all miscellaneous books without affiliation were regarded as scores. It was not until the Song Dynasty poet You Mao's Annals of the Classics of Sui Shu opened the door of genealogy, so it got a different name and was taken by Xiangui. As for "recording", according to Sui Chutang's bibliography, it refers to "recorder", that is, a book that records words and deeds; As a verb, it is also used to record, record and tell, and it also has the meaning of second order and order. According to a certain category and order, the editorial nature of this kind of books is further pointed out. In Guangya in the Qing Dynasty, due to You Mao's creation, the Subdivision Overture was specially set up, under which three subcategories were precipitated: utensils, recipes and plants, birds and animals, insects and fish. So far, genealogy and other ancient books have been clearly solved in the sense of philology.
Looking through this voluminous compilation, I deeply feel that the earnest and diligent scholarship and distant leisure of the Song people are particularly admirable and fascinating. I remember reading Wang Zhi's poems that drew lessons from Chu Ci and folk songs, and the consciousness of "writing" in the process of making inferences, which was really special. Although Wang Zhi's works Shao Garjier, Poems of Mountain Friends, Poems of Water Friends, Poems of Continuation and Poems of Yu are small, they are of great significance, which are conducive to broadening knowledge and cultivating sentiment. As he said, "It doesn't fill the world, but it's not good for you." Speaking of Wang Zhi, his political career was bumpy, and his time as an official in North Korea was very short. Many years later, he moved to the shogunate, drifted to a foreign land and lived in seclusion in his later years. Not only did he write A Farewell, but he also wrote A Genealogy of Dharma for hermits. He is said to be a friend of mountains and rivers because he enjoys it. As he himself said, he "guides people's hearts" by "observing things" and "hinting at others". In the "Genealogy of Tugeng Zi", he also said that "he is interested in this interest, and his posture is only chicken Taoling. There are many people who have eyes and ears, but few who are good at simplicity". Seeing his irony, he knows everything, and borrowing Toby's topic is very exciting. Not only because of beauty, but also because of people's style, and more importantly, the rulers should have self-cultivation.
This reminds people of that era. Why does the poor, weak and declining world have to rest on its laurels, thus producing such specialized knowledge, even the essence of civilization? The most mentioned nature is the setting of national will. Feeling the war in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty set a national policy of emphasizing literature and restraining martial arts at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China. There is an oath not to kill a scholar-bureaucrat or writer in the preface to Chu Ci in Yuntaotang. Therefore, tradition pays attention to training scholars and giving them promotion. There were only twenty or thirty scholars in the Tang Dynasty, and two or three hundred scholars in the Song Dynasty, with a maximum of five or six thousand at a time. Results There were only 3,000 scholars in the Tang Dynasty, and the number of scholars in the Song Dynasty was100000. The so-called Zhu Zigui in the Qing Dynasty were all literati. He also tried his best to employ literati, including Qian Gu's secretary, ambassador of the World Games and minister of border defense. Even "redundant staff" is called "three redundancies" together with "redundant soldiers" and "redundant expenses", which has caused great difficulties to government administration and national finance. At that time, the imperial court attached great importance to persuasion and promotion. There are not only many government-run schools, but also many books, plaques and fields donated by the government. Academies also flourished, and private lectures became a common practice. With the development of commodity economy, the printing and publishing industry has developed, and the public and private engraving industry composed of official engraving, workshop engraving and private engraving has flourished. The content includes various agricultural, mulberry and medical calculations, and four subsets of classics and history can be selected. Not only is the Royal Secretary's Pavilion and state schools rich in books, but they are also the homes of scholars, with thousands of volumes at every turn, which makes books universal and easy to obtain, eliminates the unprecedented pain of contact and hand-copying, and makes "learning at the window after the Six Classics" a kind of social knowledge, and "lonely villages are bright until dawn, and people know how to read at night" a ubiquitous secular landscape. There is a saying that China's ancient society changed from a martial country to a financial country, and from a country on horseback to a country of learning. It's not true, but it's not far away
Or think that the Song people's research on this book, even the research on rice, tea, wine and medicine, is related to the standard of "raising mulberry" in their time class. It is true that they are right, but we must see that the special thought of an era-culture does have a deeper influence on the formation of people's pure knowledge interest.
The Song Dynasty was at the end of the heyday of ancient society marked by the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Because of the weak national strength, domestic troubles and foreign invasion, scholars generally have a deep understanding of social unrest. As a result, their feelings and thoughts have become profound and introverted, and their ability and willingness to expand outward have declined to varying degrees. The constant disturbance caused by the struggle with the party for government affairs has also greatly reduced the appeal of official career. All these have contributed to the development of "official culture", and an era of paying more attention to introspection has finally arrived. As Ye Wei's "Shi Mao North" said, "Young people love beauty, they are bold and unrestrained in their prime, simple in their middle age and distant in their old age." In their later years, the Song people's external behaviors and activities were reduced, but it was normal for them to pay attention to academic research and knowledge pursuit. The former king "Boiling medicine overflows money" once said, "Those who do good will sink if they do good; Those who are justified, those who are justified, and those who hide their hearts prove that they care more about spiritual richness and inner enrichment than those who have contributed to future generations.
This search for "self" and "sincerity" is related to others' acceptance and psychological influence on learning, in-depth study of physics and special attention to silence. The former, for example, Tang people like other businesses, while Song people like gardens. In addition to royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens and cemeteries, they are all particularly good choices.
, showing its superb skills. According to the records of Shaw News, some private gardens were open to the public at that time, allowing and even actively attracting people to enjoy them. This led to the development of horticulture, with the emergence of "mountain craftsmen", "gardeners" and "gardeners" specializing in stone selection. Flower viewing, flower hairpin, flower cup, flower painting and flower trading constitute a complete industrial chain. In addition, people in the Tang Dynasty generally like peony, but prefer plum blossom. Although "Ten Friends" and "Thirty Guests" have many purposes, they have a special liking for plum blossoms, because plum blossoms are "more flowerless and full of snow" (Xin Qiji's fairy), or as Zou _ "Three Borrowing Lu Bi Tan" in Qing Dynasty said, "Plum blossoms are tall and beautiful. Therefore, Fan Chengda has "Plum Tree in Fan Village" and Huang Dayu compiled "Plum Garden", which began in the Tang Dynasty. As for the early Southern Song Dynasty, * * * has 10 volumes and 400 songs. Among the plant images mentioned in Song Ci, Mei appeared the most, reaching 2953 times. During his reign, Zhang Daoqi wrote more than 300 Mei poems. Dongpo once criticized Wang for not understanding "Meg", and his poem "Hongmei" has a sentence "I occasionally make small red peaches and apricots, which is elegant and lonely", and there are more than 50 related poems. Even Liu Kezhuang wrote the poem "Falling Plums", but he was accused of slandering the current dynasty and was imprisoned for ten years because of the sentence "The East Wind misspelled the right to spend money, but I was afraid of loneliness and arrogance". The so-called "fortunately, I don't know the peaches and willows, but I was mistakenly plum blossom for ten years." There are eight plum blossom poems written by Song people in Bozang, Shanghai, starting from the fourth paragraph, so they are all Song people's.
As for the latter, he lectured with the Six Classics, and at the same time he was good at "observing human relations" and Neo-Confucianism was good at "understanding common things" (Volume 11 of Henan Cheng Wen Ji); At the same time, it is easy to say that "learning is knowledge" by emphasizing "self-cultivation needs respect" (Volume 18 of Cheng's suicide note). Therefore, it advocates "taking things as friends", always saying "things are mine", "everything is reasonable and needs to be observed", and often "observing things in leisure time" and "everything is quiet". If people in the Tang Dynasty often feel differently about things, they think that everything in the world and in the room can't serve me, and the literati's psychology is generally introverted, then their subjectivity will be greatly enhanced. This subjectivity is not only manifested in the language that can be far away from things and calm and indifferent, but also in Zeng Gui's "Er Ya Tu Reprinted Shadow Song Xu Ben", saying, "I don't know anything, which is the shame of Confucianism; Seeing things clearly may be a doctor's conceit. So I like to be subtle and focus on poor things. Speaking of this ignorance, even the pursuit of expression or exogenous factors is a sign that the literati tend to be introverted and their thinking ability tends to deepen in the context of Song learning.
In a sense, Historical Records is actually close to what westerners call natural history. It originated from China's The Book of Songs and Er Ya, so there was a saying of "a natural history gentleman" in the left, but it did not become a formal knowledge in ancient times, but became a symbolic pursuit of knowledge by Song people, and then became a cultural trend that permeated an era. Many liberal arts teachers are eloquent. In the early Song Dynasty, Lu Duoxun used 120 poems to record the laws and regulations of the past dynasties and the geography of mountains and rivers, and Wu Shu used 100 poems to discuss hundreds of things, which was called "Hundred Articles". Both of them resigned and asked for things, then asked for things, and then made poems to ask for things, and calligraphy and painting became popular. Therefore, Guo's "Advantages and Disadvantages of Ancient and Modern Times and Experiences" should be pretentious, saying, "If you talk about Buddhist and Taoist figures, it is not as good as ancient times; If you talk about mountains and rivers, forests and stones, flowers and birds, fish and insects, it is not as close as ancient times. " Later, Weng Fanggang's "Zhou Shi Shi Hua" sincerely admitted that "the Tang Dynasty could not be reasonable and refined, and it was impossible to be more meticulous in poetry." Indeed, reading a satirical article can make people know everything, and it can also arouse people's interest through Toby's topic. Besides beauty and success, it often reflects the wisdom and meaningful cultivation of others. Although it has been a thousand years, it still makes people admire.
Therefore, it is not boastful to think that Shi Yaobi's Ce Wen said that "the Song Dynasty lasted for more than 200 years, and cultural relics flourished in one hundred generations" and Lu You's Preface to Lu Ji said that "Song Xing had a superior position in the Han and Tang Dynasties in the face of Confucianism". Amin Xu Youzhen said in Rebuilding Zheng Wen Academy: "The Song Dynasty has a history of 300 years. Although it is not as wide as the territory of Han and Tang Dynasties, it has more talents." Yan Fu's "Yan and Xiong Chunru Save Money Book" in the late Qing Dynasty said: "If we study the changes of people's hearts and political customs, the history of Zhao and Song Dynasties is the most suitable. China is today's phenomenon because he is good and evil. He has no theory, but he was created by Song people. 1989 can be asserted. " Make its contribution and influence very clear. Of course, people are more familiar with Wang Guowei's Epigraphy of the Song Dynasty, saying that "the activities of human wisdom in Tianshui, many aspects of culture, before the Han and Tang Dynasties and after the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, are beyond our control", and Chen Yinque's Preface to the Textual Research of the Official History of Deng Guangming in the Song Dynasty, saying that "the culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties", Qian Mu's Neo-Confucianism and art ..
In this regard, Toynbee expressed his affirmation of this dynasty by saying "I wish to be born in China in the Song Dynasty", while Sheikh Nai pointed out more specifically that it was more romantic and curious than the pre-Qin Dynasty. At that time, people had a broad vision, a free lifestyle, modesty and courtesy, a sense of humor, and paid the most attention to the art of conversation, so they "became the most exquisite and cultured personality type ever produced by Chinese civilization". His observation should not exclude or even include books such as music records. (Wang Yonghao)
Related Q&A: Related Q&A: What does it mean to lend money to a flower shop? Why do banks refuse to grant loans to flower farmers? Loan flower households have two meanings:
(1) Bad records, such as overdue for many times, compensation from others, bad debts, etc. Explain that this person has no repayment ability or insufficient willingness to repay.
(2) Multi-head loans, such as applying for loans from a number of banks and Internet financial institutions, have many and concentrated credit reports and many loans. There are differences in the risk control standards of various institutions. Long-term loans indicate that borrowers have doubts about their solvency and dare not borrow more funds.
For such customers, future financial institutions will generally refuse their loans according to the requirements of risk control.