Ruan Ji's eighty-two Poems on Huai inherited the fine tradition of famous Jian 'an literature in Chinese history, further expanded the writing scope of five-character poems, and made many innovations in style and skills, which had a great influence on later generations. Based on his specific works, this paper makes a brief analysis of his artistic achievements from three aspects: first, Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to Huai is deeply worried and shows profound rational thinking and sharp life sorrow; Second, Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to the Huai River is subtle in meaning and profound in sustenance, creating a precedent for political lyric poetry in the history of China literature; Third, it pioneered the style of lyric poetry in the five ancient times in China. "Poems about Huai" is a sad song of social life, which was squeezed out by the sinister social reality and politics at the time of the change of Wei and Jin Dynasties, and was condensed by the poet's blood and tears. It is the echo of the poet's painful heart. The poem expresses Ruan Ji's sorrow for life and the pain of hurting the world, his compassion for others and his thoughts of transcending the world, and shows the poet's inner thoughts and feelings of loneliness, anxiety, depression and sadness, which is regarded as the most outstanding masterpiece in the history of Chinese poetry. Undoubtedly, this mainly depends on Ruan Ji's outstanding artistic achievements in "Poems about Huai". This paper attempts to make a brief analysis of the artistic achievements of Yong Huai Shi by combining Ruan Ji's specific poems. 1. Ruan Ji's Poem of Chanting for the Huai River is full of worries and indignation, showing profound rational thinking and sharp life sorrow.
during the zhengshi period, there was a cruel and bloody power struggle in the state of Wei. Sima took power and slaughtered dissidents. In the darkness and terror of politics, there are few literati who are fully integrated. As the saying goes, "There are many reasons in the world, but few celebrities are fully integrated"
(1) People who are alive are either wandering in the mountains and rivers, or expressing their feelings in order to escape the disaster, or turning into articles to vent their dissatisfaction. Scholars' political ideals were shattered, and there was a general sense of crisis and disillusionment. The poetic style changed from generosity and tragic when Jian 'an was established to far-reaching meaning and profound sustenance. Poetry shows profound rational thinking and sharp life sorrow, and embodies the unique features of Zhengshi's poetic style.
Ruan Ji's life is a life of struggle in contradiction and depression. He had the heart to make use of the world, regarded himself as a talented person, and went to the battlefield of Guangwu, lamenting that "there was no hero when there was no hero, which made Vertical Son famous", and it was also expressed in his poems. Such as "Yong Huai" 38:
Yan Guang Yan Wan Li, Hongchuan turbulent wrasse. A bow hangs a hibiscus, and a sword leans on the sky. Mount Tai becomes a whetstone, and the Yellow River is a belt. Depending on Zhou Zi, there is no reason to be honored or withered. Donate your body and abandon nakano, and the kite will be harmed. If you are a hero, your fame will be great from now on.
We can see his generosity and ambition to help the world. Another example is "Yong Huai" 39:
How generous a strong man is, and he is determined to conquer the Eight Wastes. Driving a long journey, I was ordered to forget myself. A good bow carries a black number, and Ming Jia has nothing left. In the face of difficulties, regardless of life, the body is dead and the soul is flying. Is it a whole body? Fight for the battlefield. Loyalty is eternal glory, and righteousness makes the order famous. Hang down the voice to thank the later generations, and the integrity is always there.
as the saying goes, a strong mind is not strong. Although full of ambition, but nowhere to do. At that time, the darkness and meanness of political struggle made him very contemptuous, and Sima's murder of celebrities made him very afraid, so he adopted an attitude of not actively cooperating and not resolutely fighting. In life, he indulges in wine and pretends to be crazy and willful; Politically, he is very cautious, and he does not hide people; Ideologically, he fell in love with metaphysics, advocated Laozi and Zhuangzi, and pursued an ideal and beautiful realm; Emotionally, he hates hypocritical celebrities and laments the sadness and heaviness of life. All these things, originated from poetry, formed his unique characteristics. Look at his "Poems of Love" No.32:
The morning sun is no longer flourishing, and the daytime is quiet in the west. If you go here and pitch, how can it be like September? If life is dusty, the heaven is long. Qi Jingsheng Qiushan, tears and tears. Kong Shenglin is in Changchuan, but he regrets passing away and floating. Those who go are less than enough, and those who come will not stay. I would like to climb Mount Taihua and swim with pine nuts. The fisherman knows the troubles of the world and rides a canoe.
(2) He doesn't simply lament the shortness of life, but he is different from Jian 'an poets in expressing the shortness of life emotionally. He digs the sadness of life more comprehensively and deeply, and therefore it is more painful. At the same time, due to the influence of metaphysics, it is written more deeply. He also realized the infinity of Tao. He thinks that the sage of Mingjun is helpless in the face of short life. Because of this, we seek immortality to get rid of the sorrow of short life. However, it is very uncertain whether the immortal thing is credible or not. For example, the poem of Yong Huai is fifty-five:
What do people want to prolong life? Huang Hu calls for peace, and the future is not expected. Sitting alone in the rocks, I am afraid of thinking.
He thinks that not only the laws of nature make life decline early, but also the impermanence of the world and the sinister society bring people many worries. This is where his thinking on this issue is more profound than that of his predecessors.
The dark and horrible political reality in the Zhengshi era and the influence of Zhuangzi's theory left a deep imprint on his mind, such as the sixth poem of "Poems about the bosom";
I heard about Dongling melon, which is near Qingmen. Even the fields are separated from the buildings, and the mother and son are hooked. Five-color obsidian Asahi, guests will be surrounded. The cream is self-frying, and more money is harmful. Cloth can last a lifetime, but is it enough to spoil Lu?
Self-frying with ointment, cutting with lacquer wood, and being tired of many talents are all common propositions in Zhuangzi. It is no accident that it often appears in Ruan's poems. As the saying goes, Ruan Ji is full of talent but useless, plus Sima Shi's killing celebrities, which makes him very scared. Not only does the external natural society oppress people, but also the contradictions, anguish and anxiety in people's psychology are harming people's soul and life. "Yong Huai" 33: < P > Day after day, day after day. Change the color to normal, and the spirit will disappear. There is soup and fire in the chest, and the change is the same. Everything is infinite, knowing how to seek hardship is unforgiving. But I am afraid that in a moment, the soul will float with the wind. I've been walking on thin ice all my life, but I'm worried
(3) Although Ruan Ji's life style is uninhibited and informal, in fact, his heart is extremely painful. This poem expresses the poet's loneliness and anxiety, his life is in danger, and his sadness in a sinister situation. So many sorrows in life can't be told and vented, and they are not understood by others, so the pioneers of thought add a sense of loneliness in life. There are few bosom friends, so I don't want to tell them. Lonely sadness also gnaws at the poet's heart. History shows that he "drives alone, not by the road, the tracks are poor, and he cries instead." The seventeenth poem "Ode to Huai" expresses this kind of lonely thoughts of life:
Who can be with relatives when sitting alone in an empty classroom? Going out on Linyong Road, there is no driving horse. Looking up at Kyushu, you can divide the wilderness. The solitary bird flies northwest, leaving the southeast of the beast. I miss my relatives and friends day and night, and I write my own words.
This poem is a virtual empty world with no one but myself. Sitting alone in an empty hall, I have no one to be close to, and I can't see the cars and horses coming and going. This means that in the long journey of his life, there is no one to associate with. Even if you climb high and look at Kyushu, there are only stray birds and stray beasts. This realm is very strange. No one is amiable, and birds and animals cannot be a group. This more prominently shows the loneliness and loneliness of the world without a bosom friend.
It is precisely because Ruan Ji pondered life with profound philosophical thinking that he dug up the sadness of life more comprehensively and deeply, and wrote it with great pain and infinite sadness. He was not the "worry about life" of personal fate as Li Shan understood, but the interpretation of the universal tragedy of life after rational thinking, so He Chao thought that "the so-called worry about one's life is more than that of the living". He has transcended personal life and death, but faced the vast majority of life. As the saying goes, "Love hurts for a while, but there are hundreds of generations in his heart", so he is deeply worried.
In terms of artistic expression, Ruan Ji uses a lot of allusions, and often uses figurative expressions to express his deep feelings. Let's take a look at one of his Poems for the Huai:
I can't sleep at night, and I sit up and play the piano. Thin is only a bright moon, and the breeze blows on my chest. Lonely Hong is in the wild, birds are singing in the north forest. What will you see when you wander, and you will be sad when you meditate.
The sleepless poet lingers on the piano in the cool breeze and bright moon, and sees nothing but the lonely and wailing birds. This sad and cold scene atmosphere is a profound sorrow for the historical society, an infinite sorrow for the sorrow of life, and a vivid portrayal of loneliness and pain without words.
Ruan Ji
Current affairs make heroes, while current affairs make scholars. Ruan Ji was the product of that society at that time. His contradiction, his anxiety and his depression were also caused by that society at that time. No one has ever described life as so lonely and sad before. The reality can't be released, so he only yearns for a land of freedom in his ideal, which is a vast world where the poet's spirit is free to gallop and get rid of the secular bondage. Therefore, an empty and ethereal Zhuangzi-style ideal world often appears in Ruan Ji's poems. Such as "Yong Huai" forty-three: the swan flies with each other, and flying is suitable for the poor. Double purlin ling Changfeng, Wan Li died in a moment. The meal is solid, and the evening is between the mountains of Sudan. In the midst of resisting the body, can Guo Neng make a net? Do you promise to join hands with the local qushi?
Another example is "Poems on Huai" XXI:
There are idle cranes in the clouds, which resist the wailing. As soon as I fly into the sky, I am not singing. Do you swim with quail and even play in the atrium?
He likened this barren town to a carefree Dapeng, which is represented by a mysterious crane. In this realm, he can be unconcerned, unconstrained, free to run and think, and achieve harmony with Tao.
Second, Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to the Huai River has a subtle meaning, which is a precedent for political lyric poetry in the history of China literature.
Ruan Ji's poems have profound meaning. Liu Xie said: "Ruan Zhi is profound". Ruan Ji is the first poet in the history of China's poetry who has made great efforts to create five-character poems and contributed to their development. He got rid of the imitation of Yuefu folk songs, and no longer exposed current events by imitating Yuefu narrative style like Jian 'an poets. Instead, he combined attacking current events with expressing his anger, which further strengthened the lyricism of five-character poems and made them more literate in art. In his poems, metaphor and implication are often used to express feelings. His poems either borrow from the past to describe the present, or entrust the immortal with the meaning, or express the meaning with the history, and use the allusion to arouse the feeling, giving people an artistic feeling that the feelings are uncertain, the feelings are unprovoked and the meaning is hazy, forming an artistic style with far-reaching purport, elegance and novelty. Zhong Rong said that his "words are in the eyes and ears, feelings are sent to the table of eight shortages, and the purpose is far-reaching, and it is hard to find fun", mainly referring to this. Sixty-seven Poems of Love:
Hong Sheng's endowment system, and it is normal to be clothed. Set the order of respect and inferiority, and things will be in order. Let the whole color be decorated, and fold it. Xuan wine is placed in the hall, and rice beams are filled in the room. Li Zhensu talks outside, and the fragrance is extinguished indoors. Speak from your heart and say the righteous side again. I am worried about my intestines with my attitude.
(4) This poem mocks those hypocritical Confucian scholars and exposes their hypocritical nature. In the first eight sentences, they were dignified, dignified, and respected their ancestors. In the middle four sentences, the mask of the proprietors was torn by contrast, and at the end, they ended with "I am worried about my intestines", which satirized the ugliness of those hypocrites and expressed my indignation. In art, the contrast technique is used, "Li Zhensu talks outside, and the fragrance is extinguished indoors". The first eight sentences and the last six sentences contrast and write the hypocrisy of Confucian scholars. In addition, make good use of metaphors and typical details to express characters, and the images are vivid. For example,
The Yangtze River is full of water, and there are maple trees on it. Gaolan was soaked by the road, and the green Li died. Looking at the distance is sad, and spring feels my heart. There are many scholars in the three Chu dynasties, and they are dissolute in the clouds. Zhu Huazhen is fragrant, and Gao Cai pursues it. One is mourning for the yellowbird, and who can stop crying?
(5) Another example is Thirty-one of "Yong Huai":
Driving words to make Wei Du, looking south and blowing one. Xiao Guan has a legacy, and Liang Wang 'an is here. Soldiers eat chaff, while sages live in Artemisia. Before the song and dance were over, Chi Bing had returned. I don't have the material, and Zhu Gong has dust. When the army was defeated by Huayang, it turned out to be dust.
These two poems are sharp in writing, exposing the ruler's dissolute and wrong country behavior and expressing his own sad thoughts.
Before this, the subject matter of literati's works was relatively narrow, focusing only on personal lamentation, while Ruan Ji's five-character poems were the confluence of his whole life and feelings. He used simple and vivid language and symbolic techniques to express his anguish and social darkness in a tortuous way, and brought the five-character poems to a new stage, which became a tool for revealing his heart and expressing his thoughts for scholars. Since then, poetry has moved from expressing his will to feeling. It is very reasonable to say that "Xiao Ya is the reason for his poetry" in Shi Pin. For example, the second poem of "Poems on the Huai River":
The second princess swims along the riverside, enjoying herself with the wind. Gracefu is fragrant when you make friends. Love and love are unforgettable for thousands of years. The whole city is fascinated by Cai, so let it be in the intestines. Grateful for worrying, day lily tree orchid room. For whom the cream is given, the rain complains of the morning sun. How to cross the stone, once more from the injury.
Throughout the poem, metaphor and contrast are used to satirize the real relationship between the monarch and the minister, but the distant mythical love story is borrowed and imagined. The last two sentences are the key for readers to find their sustenance, but the poet only uses allusions to ask questions, which makes the meaning more and more obscure, which is called "romance". The love between men and women is a metaphor for the separation of the monarch and the minister. Qu Yuan's Li Sao and Cao Zhi's Seven Sorrow have long existed, but they are in direct proportion, but this poem is an allegory. The first twelve sentences are all used to contrast the last two sentences to form a strong contrast. The reason why it is so subtle and tortuous is due to that era and the author's situation.
Ruan Ji is angry and jealous of the secular world, but she remains helpless and silent all the time. His relentless criticism and satire on reality, his helplessness and dissatisfaction with reality, he escaped all this, and he put himself in the world of Peach Blossom Garden. He understood the cruelty of reality, the helplessness of reality, and pursued the ethereal fairy. He kept his thoughts hidden in his mysterious remarks, such as "Poems of Love" 24:
Yin worries make the heart knot, and he often felt awkward. At large, Zhu Hua suddenly leans to the west. Crickets are in the atrium of Huju. If you don't have a good heart, who will brighten my feelings? May a thousand miles cry for a bird in the clouds. Sanzhi extends to Yingzhou, and long-distance travel can lead to longevity.
Another example is "Poems on Huai" 45:
You can't admire the orchid, but who is Zhu Cao proud of? Xiuzhu is hidden in the mountains, and Shegan is near Zengcheng. Ge Lei extends the valley, and the melons are full of life. Joy kills the spirit, sorrow deeply hurts human feelings. It is useless to know that worry is useless, so if it is too clear.
His works, like his people, make people feel nothing tangible or tangible, just like Mr. Yu Qiuyu's comments on the figures in Wei and Jin Dynasties: they are like dried leaves, which belong neither to the sky nor the earth. Only they can read them silently all their lives.
Third, Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to Huai pioneered the style of lyric poetry in five ancient times in China.
Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to the Heart either expresses the hidden meaning or expresses the true feelings, which shows the poet's deep sadness in life, full of strong sad sentiment and life consciousness, and all of them give people a life enlightenment of "Tao Xing Ling, thinking deeply". Ruan Ji's poems vividly show the mental journey of a generation of intellectuals in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, which has profound ideological significance and cognitive value. He made an important contribution to the development of five-character poems, created a new form of lyric poems, and set a precedent for later generations to compose poems in Yong Shi by Zuo Si and Drinking by Tao Yuanming.
Ruan Ji's Poem of Ode to Huai appeared in China poetry circle with its unique artistic style and aesthetic sentiment, which aroused strong response at that time. After Ruan Ji, poets rushed to imitate his works, which had a profound influence. Later generations gave a very high evaluation of "worrying about the chaos, worrying about it for no reason, but letting it go, and being sincere, which is enough to admire the eight shortages and cage everything", which is well deserved.