2 English reference adolescence [Chinese Medicine Terminology Examination Committee. Terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (20 10)]
Puberty [Committee of Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology]. Terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (20 10)]
Puberty [WS/T 476-2015 nutrition terms]
Puberty [WS/T 476-2015 nutrition terms]
3 Overview of TCM terms (20 10): Puberty (1) and adolescence (1) refer to girls aged1to 12.
WS/T 476-2015 Nutrition terminology: Adolescence refers to the transitional period from immaturity to maturity [2]. It is characterized by rapid growth of the body and sexual organ development to sexual maturity [2].
Adolescence is the transition period from children to adults. The average age of females ranges from 10 to 12 to 17 to 19. Men are about 2 years late on average. Generally, according to the developmental characteristics, it is divided into pre-puberty, which refers to the sudden increase stage of growth and development before menarche of girls or first nocturnal emission of boys, about 2 ~ 3 years; Mid-adolescence refers to 3 ~ 4 years after the development of secondary sexual characteristics, during which sexual characteristics develop and menarche or nocturnal emission occur at the same time; In the late adolescence, the development of secondary sexual characteristics in this period, such as adulthood, stops physical development, usually for 3 years. The form, life and psychology of adolescence develop rapidly, the most prominent of which is the development of reproductive system. The levels of various hormones before puberty are higher than those in childhood, which promotes the sudden increase of growth and the emergence of secondary sexual characteristics. The sensitivity of hypothalamic cells to sex hormones has begun to decrease. Before puberty, the gonad is similar to that of adults, and the hormone secretion activity is low, but both testis and ovary can increase the steroid content related to * * * *. At present, it is believed that the onset of puberty development may be due to the release of hypothalamus from various inhibition. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted, and the secretion of GnRH is controlled by the central nervous system and blood sex hormones.
4 Sexual development characteristics of adolescence Although girls and boys have different sexual characteristics before puberty, this difference is even greater after puberty. This is due to the increased secretion of sex hormones. Each hormone usually does not concentrate on one organ. For example, testosterone acts on cells, facial skin, limbs and collarbone, cartilage and some cells in the brain. The average body growth of adolescent boys is about 9.5 cm (7 ~ 12 cm/year), and that of girls is about 8.5 cm/year (6 ~1/cm/year). The diameter of bones and muscles will suddenly increase during adolescence. Weight gain is not as obvious as height, and the subcutaneous fat distribution of adolescent girls is mostly in * * *, buttocks and inner arms. After the boy's height and weight suddenly increased, the subcutaneous fat growth gradually decreased. The muscle growth of boys is obviously greater than that of girls. During adolescence, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and blood iron ions increase. The reason for the increase in the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin is that testosterone acts on the kidney to produce erythropoietin. The gender difference in the number of red blood cells between men and women in adulthood may be related to this. Puberty sexual differentiation and the development of secondary sexual characteristics: the earliest characteristics of boys' sexual development are the increase of testicular volume and the accelerated development of scrotum. There are no interstitial cells in the testis before puberty, so there is no secretion of testosterone. Since puberty, mesenchymal cells can secrete androgens, but their functions have not yet reached the adult level. Prostate development, first nocturnal emission (about 14 ~ 16 years old), no * * *. At the beginning of adolescence, ancillary features such as * * * begin to be longer or later. Beard and armpit hair grow at the same time, and the voice begins to change, mainly caused by testosterone; The prominent Adam's apple is caused by the proliferation of thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage cells. The boy's genital maturation is divided into five stages (table 1). With the growth of * * * *, seminal vesicle, prostate and urethral gland are enlarged and developed. * * * Development is also divided into five stages (Table 2).
Table 1 criteria for male genital maturity
Table 2 *** Development stages