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Chinese grammar from here
Sentence inversion
Ancient and modern Chinese syntax components The location is basically the same. Under normal circumstances, the components of Chinese sentences are in a certain order. For example, the subject comes first and the predicate comes after; the predicate of the verb comes first and the object comes after; the modifying restriction or the predicate comes before the central word, and the supplementary component comes after the predicate.
However, in ancient Chinese, when some words serve as sentence components, their positional order is inconsistent with that in modern Chinese. Sometimes the object can be placed in front of the predicate of the verb, the attributive can be placed after the head word, and sometimes the predicate can even be placed in front of the subject, etc.
There are five common inversions:
1 Object preposition:
In interrogative sentences
In negative sentences
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Structural particles appear
2 Attributive postpositions:
Quantitative attributive postpositions
Modifying attributive postpositions
The phrase "人" is used as an attributive postposition
3. Preposition of prepositions
4. Position of preposition object,
5. Preposition of predicate
(1) Object preposition
In a certain context, the object must be placed before the verb predicate. This is the most prominent word order phenomenon in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, this precondition is conditional. There are three types:
1. In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects in advance.
For example,
① What to do when the king comes?
② Where is Pei Gongan?
③ If the minister is not talented, who dares to complain?
④ There are hundreds of sage kings, which method can I use?
⑤ "Xu Ziguan?" He said: "Guan." He said: "Xi Guan?" He said: "Guan Su".
⑥ Who will deceive me or deceive heaven?
In the above solution, the interrogative pronouns "he", "an", "who", "尰" and "奚" are all used as objects and placed in front of the predicate. In example (3), "dare" is a willing verb, and it must be connected with the verb, so "who" is used before "dare". The most instructive one is example (6). "Deception" is of course also a question. But since the object "天" is a noun. Not an interrogative pronoun. So it is placed after the verb "to bully".
2. The object of the pronoun in a negative sentence must be preceded
Common negative words include: no, mother, Wu, Wei,, Fu, Wu, Mo, etc.
For example:
①However, those who are not kings have no existence. (Not heard of)
② I haven’t heard of it yet (I haven’t heard of it)
③I have no deceit, and you have no danger. (No deception...)
④ Even if you make a five-foot-old child suitable for the market, don’t cheat or deceive him. (Don’t be deceived)
△The format of interrogative pronouns as objects and preceded by them is quite strict in ancient Chinese. According to statistics, 98.4% of the interrogative pronouns in "Zuo Zhuan" are prepositioned as objects. In negative sentences, it is not so strict to place the pronoun object in front of the verb. There are some cases of post-positioning in ancient books of the pre-Qin Dynasty. For example:
① Those who know me tell me that I am worried; those who don’t know me tell me what I want.
After the Han Dynasty, a large number of this kind of objects were postpositioned, for example:
② The Tang people had not yet flourished in printing books with woodblocks.
Although in classical Chinese after the Han Dynasty, preposition and postposition coexist. We can think that prepositioning follows the grammatical rules of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and is the result of literati imitating the ancient times.
(3) The object is followed by the structural particles "is", "zhi", etc.
In order to highlight the object, the object is brought forward, and "" is used between the brought forward object and the verb. "Is" or "Zhi" forms the format of "Object + Yes (Zhi) + Verb", for example:
① What crime did the Song Dynasty commit?
② As the proverb says, "the auxiliary carriages are dependent on each other, the lips are dead and the teeth are cold", this is also called Yu Guo.
③ If Guo is destroyed, why love Yu?
④ When I moved eastward from Zhou Dynasty, I moved to Jin and Zhengyi.
⑤ The king is greedy and unfaithful, only Cai is grateful. (Feeling regretful and resentful)
⑥ Confucius said: "I beg you, is this a fault? (I blame you)"
The meaning of each case is: What is the crime of Song Dynasty? The ones are Yu Guo, Jiang Mie Guo, Yi Jin Zheng, Gan Cai, and Guo Er.
In order to emphasize the singleness, exclusivity and judgment of the behavior, "wei" is added before the prepositioned object. , "WEI" forms the format of "WEI (WEI)...is...". The above example is of this format. This sentence pattern is still retained in some idioms, such as "only obey orders", "only seek profit" and "only be talented". Lift" etc.
Other sentences such as:
1 But Yu Ma is looking ahead. (Just look at my horse's head)
2 Just go ahead and make a statement. (As long as it is old language, it must be removed)
The translation of the above sentences should reflect the meaning of "as long as...", such as obeying orders as long as they are beneficial, and recommending as long as they are talented. .
In ancient Chinese, there are some prepositions of objects without formal markers, but they are rare.
(2) Attributive postposition:
In modern Chinese, attributives are generally placed in front of the noun head to modify the head. However, in ancient Chinese, in order to emphasize and highlight the attributive or because the attributive is too long, or to make the language smoother, the attributive was often placed after the central phrase. In today's translation, the central word should generally be mentioned in front of it. There are three types of formats
〈1〉Quantitative attributive postposition
① Mingzi Feng Shuaiche--three hundred times Defeat Beijing.
② Don’t hesitate or hesitate. Hu Qihe - three hundred silk.
③ Lord Mengchang gave him fifty chariots and five hundred catties of gold.
〈2〉Modifying attributive postposition
① Lu Lixi with a long hairpin, Cui Wei with a crown cutting into the clouds.
② If you live high in a temple, you will worry about your people; if you live far away from the rivers and lakes, you will worry about your ruler.
They are translated as: "long sword" (Lu Li, describing the length of the sword), "high Qieyun crown" (Cui Wei, describing the height of the crown). The high temples and the distant rivers and lakes.
<3> The phrase "zhe" is used as an attributive postposition
① The guests of the prince -- who know the news of his affairs, are all wearing white clothes and hats.
② The stone suddenly became angry and trembled, and came out with the earth in its back, making a strange appearance. Almost countless
③ A boy in the village -- a good guy tamed an insect.
Translated as "the prince's guest who knew what happened:" suddenly became angry and screamed, and came out carrying the earth. Fighting for the strange-looking stone: "The boy who does good deeds". They all have the attributive postpositioned because of the word "zhe".
(2) Preposition of object of preposition
The object of a preposition structure usually comes after the preposition, but in ancient Chinese, it can also be placed before the preposition. There are two main types: < /p>
〈1〉In interrogative sentences, the object of the preposition is placed in front
①Is Xu Zixi not self-organized? (Why?)
②Why fight? (Why?)
③Ke Hu Wei is like this (Why?)
④Hu Wei has been living in this besieged city for a long time and not leaving? (Why?)
⑤ Learning is bad at the beginning? The end of evil? (From where?)
〈2〉The preposition of the preposition object in general sentence patterns.
In order to emphasize the object of the preposition, although there is no formal mark, the object can also be mentioned before the preposition. For example:
① In Chu State, the square city was regarded as the city, and the Han River was regarded as the pond.
② All Chu warriors treat one as ten.
③ Pei Gong sat facing north, while Zhang Liang waited facing west.
In modern Chinese, there are also idioms such as "night and day" which are relics of ancient Chinese
(3) The position of the preposition phrase
Preposition Phrases can be used as adverbials or complements, which is the same in ancient and modern Chinese. However, in ancient Chinese, prepositions expressing manner, time, place, reason, comparison, passive, etc. must be used as complements. "Yi, Bin" phrases are used as adverbials. Complements are used in strings, and these complement phrases are generally translated as adverbials when translated today. If you still use the literal translation of complements, you will feel awkward in life, such as:
① Why not give it a try? (Try it with your feet)
② A five-acre house is filled with mulberry trees.
③ Green, taken from blue, and green from blue. (Compared with...)
④ The number of soldiers was defeated by Qi and Qin.
⑤ His name will last for generations to come.
Examples ① and ② refer to the object, ③ refers to the location, the active person, and ⑤ refers to the time. When translated today, they should be translated as adverbials.
(4) Predicate preposition
Subject inversion is to highlight the meaning of the predicate and accentuate the tone or emotional color of the predicate, or to match the antithesis and rhyme, such as
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①Ziye, who speaks against Ju?
②It’s very, very unfair to you!
③ Beautiful room!
④ How great, he is the king!
⑤ Burning its flowers
⑥ The bamboo noise returns to Huannu and gets off the fishing boat
The above examples respectively reflect the three situations before the predicate.
A. Interrogative sentence B. Exclamatory sentence C. Rhyme of old poems
If you persevere, gold and stone can be carved
With sincerity, gold and stone can be carved