A robber was ambushed by the police while robbing a bank at gunpoint. He then kidnapped a man and three women and held them in a vault. The conditions proposed by the gangsters were to release their detained accomplices and ensure their safe exit from the country, otherwise the hostages would be executed one by one. After six days of siege, the police managed to drill through the vault and used tear gas to drive out the hostages and robbers. Snipers were also prepared to kill the robbers in critical situations. However, "after leaving the vault, the three hostages instead surrounded the hostage-taker, protected him from the police and refused to testify against him. One woman also said she fell in love with the hostage-taker while waiting for his release Then she married him" [1].
This is a true story that happened in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. Since then, psychology has added a new case - Stockholm Syndrome.
Stockholm Syndrome is a fairly common phenomenon in Western hostage-taking incidents. Please see the following examples:
“The hijackers exchanged gunfire with the authorities, while the hostages helped them load bullets...
“Once, a hijacker took his female hostage through a She ran away in the swamp, and the police were about to catch up. The hijackers thought the hostages were too much, so they decided to let her go, but the woman kept running behind. When the police approached, she also threw stones at the police, trying to slow down their speed and cover the escape of the hijackers...
"There has been such a situation. When the police attacked, the hostages stood up automatically. Come out and use your body to block the hijackers' bullets...
"Once, the released hostages sneaked past the police and ran to the hijackers to report to them the location of the police...
"The kidnapped hostages may provide unreliable intelligence or even false intelligence to the police, such as falsely reporting the number and types of weapons owned by the hijackers. The authorities' assistance efforts may be hindered. ..." [2]
Hostages What's going on? Can fear produce love? Can hurt bring attachment? Gorky once praised: "Man, this is a capital letter!" Since when did "capital letters" become crooked?
Western psychologists explain Stockholm Syndrome this way:
The hostages will develop a sense of psychological dependence on the hostage takers. Their life and death are in the hands of the hijackers, and they are grateful to the hijackers for letting them live. They fight against the fate of the hijackers, regard the hijackers' future as their own future, and regard the hijackers' safety as their own safety. As a result, they adopted an "us against them" attitude and treated the authorities as their enemies. 〔3〕
The national conditions of the East and the West are different. After Stockholm disease was "infected" to the East, some "variants" were produced. After the Eastern hostages fell into the hands of the hijackers, they developed a stronger sense of "psychological dependence" on the hijackers (most of them "trusted them with their lives"). However, their fate was very tragic.
In 1999, a massacre occurred in Sanming City, Fujian Province, China. The entire family of a company CEO was killed. After the case was solved, the police lamented the murder of this family. The case goes like this: Robbers broke into the house and claimed that they would not be harmed as long as they obeyed. But when the family members were being tied up, the son got into a fight with them. The daughter shouted to stop: "They won't hurt us." "They just want money." Then the son stopped resisting. The gangsters tied up him, his sister, and the nanny, and just as they were forcing them to hand over valuable money and belongings, the manager and his wife arrived home. It was about ten o'clock in the evening. When my father saw that his family was tied up, he rushed forward and fought the robbers one against three. Because of his strong body and his desperate efforts, the robbers were unable to do anything to him for a while. At this time, the son and daughter kept begging their father: "Dad, stop fighting. They just want some property from us and will not kill us. You will kill everyone if you act like this." The father heard what his daughter said, He stopped resisting and the robbers tied him up. At this time, the mother entered the room and screamed in fright. The father and son persuaded her: "These brothers just want some property from us and will not harm us. Don't be afraid!" Then the mother stopped shouting. The robbers also tied her up and gagged the family's mouths. Before that, the robbers had forgotten this because of their nervousness. What followed was interrogation and torture. After the gangsters obtained the passbook password and valuables, they killed the entire family (including the nanny ***).
A police officer said that the family had at least two chances to survive. That is, if the whole family called for help when the father was fighting with the gangsters - the house where the family lived faced the street - they would have been saved. The possibility is very high. Or when he was fighting with a gangster, he blocked the gangster and shouted to his wife not to come up. The gangster would probably run away through the door.
Do they hope to impress the gangsters with their sincerity? Do they want to prove that hearts can be connected and we are all brothers in the world?
The cry of “It won’t hurt us” also echoed across Qiandao Lake in Zhejiang. In 1994, three gangsters hijacked a large yacht in Qiandao Lake with shotguns, knives, and axes, and killed all 32 tourists (including tour guides and other employees).
The surprising part of this case is that the tourists were deceived and locked into the bottom cabin. When the gangsters opened the bottom gate and flooded the boat, the cries in the cabin were loud. The tourists rushed up and smashed the iron gate with all their strength. The gangsters threw bags of explosives, and a batch of them fell down. Rush into a group... There is a question here. You are fighting hard now that you are locked up. Why not fight hard when you were free? More than thirty people rushed forward, how many of the gangsters could be knocked down? According to the criminal's confession after the case, some tourists did want to resist when they were locked in the bottom cabin, but the tour guide and many "savvy" tourists convinced them: "Listen to them"; "They just want property and will not harm us. of". I see!
In 1976, Air France Flight 139 was hijacked by terrorists and flew to Entebbe Airport in Uganda. Davidson, a young Israeli woman, was one of the few sane people to survive this hellish journey. According to her recollection, during the hijacking, what left a strong impression on her was not how ferocious the terrorists were and how they beat and abused passengers, but that every time the terrorist leader (who Davidson thought was quite insidious and cunning) made a speech, the entire cabin There was applause. Davison hated the applause so much, she wrote:
Over the years, I have not been able to understand the Holocaust. Year after year, I read about this problem, watched these movies, and listened to the sensational testimonies, but I couldn't understand it. Why did the Jews go into the gas chamber so calmly? Why are they still being slaughtered like sheep when they have nothing? I needed to live through a nightmare in Entebbe to understand. Now, only now, do I understand. People are most easily deceived when they want to survive... [4]
We don’t know which variant of the Stockholm syndrome is described in the following case? Reading it, your consciousness may fall into confusion unconsciously, and you can't help but think: If Dostoevsky still wanted to get inspiration for writing from crimes while alive today, I'm afraid he would no longer be able to write. In the twentieth century, The new types of crimes that emerged were confusing and beyond his ability to understand.
In 2002, Liu Yun (not her real name), a high school sophomore in Guangxiao County, Shandong Province, China, was humiliated and brutally beaten by criminal Wang Jiangxi on her way home from evening self-study. Afterwards, Liu couldn't find the clothes she was wearing, so Wang Yunnuo settled in his house for the time being. He went to buy a new school uniform the next day and then asked her to go home; Liu Yun then led the car to follow him. On the way, he passed through a lively village residential area and encountered several groups of cyclists, but Liu did not call for help. The most ridiculous thing is that at a fork in the road, Wang went to return the bicycle and asked Liu to squat at the entrance of a house to wait for him. After returning the bicycle, Wang Jiangxi, who was still drunk, went home on his own and forgot about Liu Yun. By the time he remembered to come over, more than half an hour had passed; Liu Yun was still squatting there waiting, as if the two parties had made an appointment. After arriving at the criminal's house, Liu Yun cried and said her head hurt. Wang Jiangxi seemed to have not lost his conscience and comforted her and said: "I will buy clothes for you early tomorrow morning." Liu Yun responded and fell asleep.
Life is more psychedelic than fiction. Early the next morning, Wang Jiangxi said to Liu Yun who woke up, "I'm going to buy you clothes now." But when he walked to the door, Liu Yun called him back with a cold word: "I know you, I'm going to sue you." You." After hearing this, the devil showed a ferocious face: "If you want to sue me, I will stab you to death and bury you, and no one will know!" Liu Yun actually replied: "Don't use it! If you stab me with a knife, I will take medicine and die. Please bury me deeper after I die." Liu Yun's words made Wang Jiangxi feel confused and horrified; then the two of them had a dispute about whether they should die or not. The result was that Wang Jiangxi agreed to buy sleeping pills for Liu Yun. Along the way, Wang had a fierce ideological struggle, and his humanity seemed to have recovered. He wanted to call Liu Yun's parents several times (he had learned the phone number from Liu before), and then flew away. But animal nature finally defeated human nature. He hesitated for a long time in front of a public phone, stretched out his hand and then retracted it. He finally went to a private clinic and bought 40 sleeping pills.
While Wang Jiangxi was killing time on the road, Liu Yun did not leave his rental house. Reporters who reported the case afterwards were puzzled: "What was the reason that Liu Yun, who had already seen death grinning, was so indifferent? Even when faced with an excellent opportunity to escape, she turned a blind eye? Is it true that the damage caused by losing her virginity is real?" More important than life? Afterwards, Liu Yun's numbness not only made the judge presiding over the case unable to analyze it, but even Wang Jiangxi was confused about it."
The following plot is like "Ai Li. "Silk roaming nightmare" - Liu Yun asked for medicine, Wang Jiangxi couldn't bear it and gave it to waste time. Liu asked to see the cemetery, and Wang accompanied her. Liu said: "I like places with grass, you must bury me deeper." Wang found a place with grass, Liu personally pulled out a large piece of grass, and then stood aside and watched Wang Jiangxi shovel The shovel started digging until dusk, and the tomb was dug... Early the next morning, Liu Yun burst into tears and said he was going to sue Wang Jiangxi. Wang comforted her and Liu proposed to take medicine. Wang gave her thirty-eight sleeping pills in several portions (two pills were eaten by him first). After taking them, Liu asked: "Is there any other medicine?" Wang got out of bed. She found half a bottle of pesticide at the bottom and drank it all in one gulp..." At this time, Liu Yun's face showed an extremely painful expression due to the effect of the drug. Realizing that there was not much time left, Liu Yun cried again, saying that she had A good classmate, I felt sorry for that person and said that I wanted to see my parents, so she just left like that. She was not a good daughter.
Wang Jiangxi could not bear to look directly at Liu Yun's pain and sorrow, and the criminal gangster finally shed tears of repentance. After crying with Liu Yun for a while, Wang Jiangxi discovered that Liu Yun's body was violently spasming due to pain. With Liu Yun's intermittent crying and begging, Wang Jiangxi carried Liu Yun into a deep pit dug in advance. When Liu Yun lay down in the pit, she begged Wang Jiangxi if he could call her parents to see her for the last time..." [5]
How could there be such a case in the 19th century? Poor world A parent’s heart!
Similar to the Wang Jiangxi case, there is the Zhang Yiliang case in Hebei Province. Most of the women are like Liu Yun, demented. Psychologists should study this question: whether when "the human spirit trembles", the victim's heart and soul are lost, and the criminal's heart and soul are also lost. ?How many mysteries of the Stockholm Syndrome are waiting to be revealed?
For more than half a century, scholars studying the history of the Soviet Union have been unable to explain such a problem. So many people who have been trained in underground work (many of them are related to The old Bolsheviks, who fought alongside Lenin, were not afraid of death many times in the torture chambers of Tsarist Russia. Why did they all grovel and confess indiscriminately when they arrived at Stalin's court, pouring dirty water on themselves, and finally burst into tears? Demanding the death penalty? Even on the execution ground, they were still shouting: "Long live Stalin!" "
What kind of variation of Stockholm symptoms is this? With such a lost mind, how can future generations not "sprinkle offerings for their loved ones!" ”
The unjust death of old revolutionaries and their “mental loss” are not unique to the Soviet Union. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Albania, Mongolia... almost all socialist countries (except Vietnam) have staged this tragedy.
In 1949, the main leader of the Hungarian Communist Party, Rajk (Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Hungarian Communist Party and Chairman of the Hungarian People's Front), was arrested during the wave of purges in the Hungarian Communist Party. Four senior Hungarian Communist Party officials were sentenced to death together. Chinese scholar Zhao Qiqiang wrote in his reportage "Reformers Going to the Gallows-Nagy and the Hungarian Incident":
In that terrifying era. , many people who had been wronged were beaten to disability, and their spirits were completely destroyed.
Raik, an old Communist Party member who had been in enemy prisons many times, and who had been taught many times. The old underground worker, who had never surrendered despite various interrogations and tortures by police agents, suffered a complete mental breakdown under the torture of Rakosi's security bureau. He stood in front of the loudspeaker, expressionless, and his mouth was filled with emotion. He kept reading the confession that others had fabricated for him: he was an American agent and a lackey of the Yugoslav fascists. He was preparing to stage a coup and he wanted to murder the leader of the Communist Party...
In 1938 In the Soviet Union, we have seen the same scene: Bukharin also admitted in court that he was an imperialist spy. What methods can make it more difficult for the Communist Party's security personnel to achieve the goal than the fascist thugs. The purpose achieved - to force such an outstanding person to submit?
This is a mystery.
On July 3, 1987, the "Baltimore Sun" reported on the release of Soviet historical archives. Said: “According to official figures released by the Soviet Union, due to Stalin’s crimes, 17 million people were sent to labor camps and died there, and 5 million families were deported. A Moscow woman in her forties said: 'I never knew about this. ’ Her eyes became red from crying as she read the revealing article. [7] On December 20, 1987, the Soviet weekly "Spark" published an article by demographer Mark Toltz: "Between 1929 and 1937, due to collectivization and famine, total *** Fourteen and a half million people died. ...In some villages, farmers who suffered from famine died one by one. "To conceal the truth about the mass deaths of peasants,"...Soviet statisticians, under pressure from Stalin, falsified the 1937 census figures. Statisticians who participated in the census and learned the inside story were sent to labor camps, and the host of the census was killed in 1939.
Before his death, Lenin tried to carry out a "final struggle." Stroke, paralysis, and aphasia prevented his "final struggle." However, the information left by history is that when Stalin died in 1953, thousands of families "the old people also cried, and the children also cried" - these Many families have lost loved ones.
To be fair, we cannot regard all the victims of the Stalin era as Stockholm syndrome patients, because the number is too large and they have died unjustly. Can we bear to say that they are all suffering from Stockholm Syndrome? Even the ones with personality defects (such as Zinoviev and Kamenev) are extremely pitiful. Zinoviev violated Lenin's last wish and blocked Lenin's will. It was read out at the party congress, thereby preserving Stalin.
More than ten years later, he was sentenced to death. Before execution, he repeatedly said: "For the sake of God, comrades, for the sake of God, please call Comrade Stalin!" When Stalin's guard When Chang Chang performed this scene vividly at the banquet, Stalin laughed so hard... [9] What a shocking scene!
However, we did find a patient with Stockholm Syndrome among the countless unjust cases in the Soviet Union [10]. This person was a "legendary figure" in the twentieth century (Solzhenitsyn said ). His mind was completely lost. Not only was he lost, he was simply mad. He fell into "hell" twice, but he sprouted enthusiasm in "hell" and wanted to dedicate "his whole life and all his energy" to a "magnificent" cause - "struggle to improve the efficiency of the KGB labor camp" "! His original "innovations" were countless, and he was highly praised by the leaders. He was eventually promoted to KGB Lieutenant General. In 1958, he died in Moscow due to exhaustion from long-term overwork. It can be concluded that he is the most special (and perhaps the worst) Stockholm Syndrome patient of the twentieth century.
From 1928 to 1930, Stalin launched one campaign after another (he never tired of doing so), sometimes hunting down the "Shakhter" elements, sometimes arresting the "Industrial Party" and the "Menshevik Central Bureau", and sometimes again The purpose is to investigate the so-called "Labor and Peasant Party" and finally to arrest the "United Organization" of Ryazantsev. Over the past few years, hundreds of thousands of people were arrested, thousands were shot, and a large number of professionals who worked hard on the front lines of production and construction in the Soviet Union died unexpectedly. Many years later, these cases were proven to be purely fabricated and false, and I will not go into details here. Among these fake cases, there is a special prisoner (sentenced for the "Schachter case"). He is not a Soviet, he is a Turk, named Frenkel.
Why did the Turks go to the Soviet Union? It turns out that during the Bolshevik revolution, there were many foreigners who aided the Russian revolution. These foreigners had long-term contacts with Russia, and some even lived in Russia. Some of them aided the revolution out of pure morality, such as the Japanese Akashi; Some consider both morality and economic interests, such as the American millionaire Hammer; others are adventurous, such as the Turkish millionaire Frenkel.
Frenkel has a talent for business. After graduating from business school, he first engaged in timber trading and quickly became a millionaire, known as the "Black Sea Timber King"; then he engaged in transportation and soon owned an offshore fleet; then he joined the publishing industry and owned a newspaper of his own , whose style is close to popular literature; he also opened a column to ridicule and ridicule his business opponents. In short, at that time, Frenkel was an energetic, life-loving, lively and interesting person.
Frenkel’s early aid to the Russian Revolution was notable for two things: first, he trafficked weapons to the Bolshevik combat team before the revolution; second, when the Soviet Union was in economic difficulty after the revolution, he rushed to the Soviet Union, He used his financial talents to help the Soviet Union conduct gold transactions, preventing the outflow of Soviet gold and allowing a large amount of gold to flow into the Soviet treasury from abroad. If he was limited to assisting the Soviet Union at this level, "the friendship between gentlemen would be as light as water." Maybe a few years later, Soviet history books would record: "Comrade Frenkel, a Turk, traveled thousands of miles to come to Russia and has been selfless for a long time." Aiding the Russian revolution is an old friend of the Russian people..." The mistake was that one day Frenkel had a whim and moved his family from Turkey to the Soviet Union (Solzhenitsyn said: "Some kind of fateful force Attracting him to go to the big red country." (11)) He not only became a Soviet citizen, but also handed over millions of assets to the Soviet Union. As an expert himself, he went to work in the management department.
Frenkel was arrested a few years later and was labeled a "Shakhter" and a Turkish spy who colluded with foreign countries. His family was ruined! He was sent to the Solovitz labor camp near the Arctic Circle for long-term hard labor. However, the mortality rate in the local labor camp was extremely high. Political prisoners and criminal prisoners were locked together, and it was difficult for them to survive for more than three years...
Frenkel survived. His survival talent is simple and simple, that is: "People are not afraid of death, so how can they be afraid of death!" His gloomy look scared away many jailers (camp guards), "Wild Wolf Howl" (criminal prisoners) The "workshop entertainment" (beating of political prisoners) will not come to him. Finally one day...Frenkel became interested in the operating system of the labor camp and began to "dissect sparrows."
A few months later, he submitted a report to the Solovitz Administration, analyzing every aspect of the camp management and pointing out that state resources (including human resources) had been used inefficiently. If we want to improve, we must take the following measures, etc., which made the heads of the administration blush and whiten for a while, exclaiming: "Talent! Talent!"
The report quickly went up...
One day in 1929 was an important day for Solovitz. On this day, Moscow directly sent a special plane to take Frenkel to meet Stalin. Solzhenitsyn wrote: "Stalin talked with Frenkel with great interest for three hours. The transcript of this conversation will never be made public, because no notes were taken. But Frenkel was obviously at various times The glorious prospect of using convict labor to 'build socialism' was presented before the father of the nation..." [12]
The four-level registration system for labor camps implemented in accordance with Frenkel's plan, the trivial The food calorie calculation and redistribution system, the new method of calculating sentence reduction, etc., greatly improved the labor productivity of Soviet labor camps, but the mortality rate of prisoners also greatly increased.
For example, the White Sea Canal was the first project built using Frenkel's plan. The construction period was shortened by half, thousands of prisoners died, but Frenkel received a Stalin medal. After the completion of the White Sea Canal, Stalin appointed Frenkel as director of the Baikal-Amur Railway Engineering Department.
Has Frenkel been free? It seems to have been obtained. He first served as the site director of the labor camp, and later as the engineering director of the labor camp. What an "honor" his status was. But he is not a completely free man. Any attempt he makes to leave the labor camp system (for example, by filing a report and asking to become a civilian) will result in his immediate loss of life; he has become an "employed person" and has become a "hostage" .
Frenkel doesn't care about this. "There is no limit to learning and working hard to make a boat", and the labor camp fascinated him. He inspected various labor camps and constantly explored various unprecedented management methods; comparison, denial, affirmation...
In 1937, he was arrested again. This time, the arrest was more dangerous than the other, and he was sentenced to ten years. , in fact, there is not much difference in the meaning of a sentence of ten years and a sentence of twenty years.
The great leader saved him again! In 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Finland and the Soviet-Finnish War broke out. In a sense, the war between the Soviet Army and the Finnish Army was originally a fight between heavyweight boxers and kindergarten children, but they unexpectedly lost one after another. The leader was furious. After investigating the responsibility, it turned out that "the troops that were thrown into the distant snowfields of Karelia had no supply lines" and heavy weapons could not be transported there. Who can build two railways on the frozen soil of the Arctic Circle in a short period of time? Unless it’s a god! Stalin thought of Frenkel.
Frenkel, who was serving hard labor, was summoned again. Without explanation or apology, Stalin's first sentence demanded: within three months, three railways should be built in the ice and snow of Karelia - one parallel to the front line and two perpendicular to the front line. There are no conditions, the only thing is to have enough manpower: there is no plan, no warehouse, no mining machinery, and no automobile transportation, everything depends on manpower. "Can it be done?" the leader asked. Frenkel replied coldly: "Yes! Delegate power!"
Frenkel put forward his own conditions (the only one in the Soviet Union who dared to bargain with Stalin): withdraw from the original Gulag (Soviet labor camp) system, a separate railway lager system was established - the All-Soviet Railway Construction Labor Camp Management Bureau, and he was appointed director; all domestic resources are available to him for allocation and use as long as he needs it; all rules and regulations of the railway labor camp system are under his control Reformulate. The leader agreed. "Prisoners" all over the Soviet Union, cry! No matter you are a worker, farmer, teacher, technician, soldier, expert, scholar... your doom has come!
The Karelian railway line was completed as scheduled, followed by the railway along the Iranian border, the railway along the Volga River, the Baikal-Amur railway... Frenkel won one medal after another (for his conscience) Said that Frenkel also contributed to the victory of the Battle of Moscow and the Battle of Stalingrad. Without the double-track railway built by Frenkel, the arrival of the Far Eastern troops in Moscow would be delayed). He built all these roads. "The Road to Death". He rose through the ranks and became a general (lieutenant general) of the NKVD.
No colleague (including Beria) would be stupid enough to be jealous of Frenkel. He is not obsessed with power, he is not greedy for money, and he is not flirtatious with women. As the saying goes, he is strong without desire! He was interested in only one cause - improving the efficiency of KGB labor camps. He has superior intelligence, and his "outstanding talent is not only reflected in organizational work. He can add several rows of numbers by mental arithmetic just by looking at them once. He likes to boast that he can remember the faces of 40,000 prisoners and each of them. The surname, first name, patronymic, terms (charges) and sentence” [13]. He "never wanted to be a chief engineer. When he saw the submitted railway station design drawing, he was eager to find errors in it. Once he found it, he would crumble the drawing into a ball and throw it in the face of his subordinates." Solzhenitsyn wrote: "He especially liked to call the construction site in the middle of the night to maintain the legend that he never slept." "Like Trotsky, he always lived in the train." "He never married. Overmarried." "It is obvious from his face that he is full of vicious intentions that hate human beings"... Isn't he sick? Any psychiatrist in modern society can point out that this is a severely mentally ill patient, a type of patient who only hates but does not love. What’s not sure is whether this is a new type of mental illness, or another variant of Stockholm Syndrome—a variant that serves as a scapegoat?
In today's world, there is one of the most pitiable groups of people, they are cults. Most of them live in groups (there are also scattered ones now, but their thoughts are strictly controlled). Many people donate all their property and lead their families to join the "church". Many people work for more than ten hours a day, which is beyond the limit that ordinary people can endure, and they suffer from long-term malnutrition...
Warmth, family affection, and the murmur of children... Say goodbye to them early. The love between the two, the promise of life and death, the tenderness of the heart... it is nothing more than a strange story from overseas. Ideals, futures, dreams... everything has nothing to do with them.
Their eyes are as timid as lambs waiting to be slaughtered, as if they are pleading: "We have not harmed you, please let us go, please let us live according to our own wishes." They also rarely cry, If they cry, it is because they are leaving this world.
Some people say that the plague of the 21st century is terrorism, but they are wrong! Wrong! The cult is waiting behind. It's very patient.
From this point of view, they are both states of mental obsession, but the ways to "enter the state" are different: Stockholm syndrome relies on "a wake-up call" - one shock is enough, while a cult must rely on day and night. Night practice - endless brainwashing. Except for special cases (such as Frenkel, etc.), Stockholm syndrome comes and goes quickly, but cults can haunt you for life. The subconscious of Stockholm syndrome is love for the world, and the subconscious of cults is world-weariness. It is self-evident which one is doing more harm.
Reference:/b25569/d40646186.htm