Qu Yuan (340 ~ 278 BC), surnamed Mi, was born in Shiqu, with the original word; While his name is formal, his words are even. Han nationality, born in Danyang, Chu during the Warring States Period, is now from Zigui County, Yichang City, Hubei Province [1], and is a descendant of Qu Xian, the son of Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong. Claiming to be descendants of Zhuan Xu, he advocated the alliance with Qin and advocated "American politics".
Qu Yuan is one of the greatest patriotic poets in China, and also the earliest known famous poet, thinker and great politician in China. He created the style of "Chu Ci" (that is, the style of "Ci Fu") and the tradition of "vanilla beauty". Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Nine Songs and Tian Wen are the most important representative works of Qu Yuan. Li Sao is China's longest lyric poem. The works of Qu Yuan seen in later generations are all from the Songs of Chu compiled by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. This book is mainly composed of Qu Yuan's works, including one Li Sao, nine songs and eleven chapters (Taiyi, Yun, Lady Xiang, Shao Siming, Hebo, National Mourning and Ritual Soul).
The Songs of Chu
Lisao
Emperor Levin's Miao nationality Xi Huang Zhen took an examination of Bo Yong.
Taking chastity photos in Meng Xi, Geng Yin and I surrendered.
Huang Lan's first visit to China made me famous.
The name Yu Yue is normal, and the word Yu Yue Ling Jun.
Fenwu not only has inner beauty, but also attaches importance to the ability to repair capacity.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can.
If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age will be different from mine.
Mulan in the morning, Mulan at night and Suzhou at night.
The sun and the moon suddenly do not drown, and the spring and autumn are their generations.
But the scattered vegetation is afraid of the beauty disappearing.
If you don't care about strength and abandon filth, why not change this degree?
Hurry up and come to my doffer first.
The purity of the past and the future, a stable place for the masses.
Mushrooms with mixed peppers, why do you want to be a husband?
Geng Jiexi of Yao and Shun learned the Tao by following the Tao.
Why are you arrogant? I only take shortcuts to embarrass myself.
However, the husband and wife are happy to steal the fun, and the road is quiet and dangerous.
Are you afraid of losing Huang Yu?
Suddenly ran to the heels of Xi and the former king.
I don't care about Yu's feelings. I'm angry because I believe.
Gu Yu knows that this is a painful thing and can't give up.
For nine days, I thought I was just and my husband was spiritual.
At first, I regretted having him with Yu Chengyan.
It is not difficult for me to leave my husband and hurt my spirituality.
I am not only the nine of Zilan, but also a hundred acres of tree.
Studying abroad and uncovering a car are mixed. Du Heng and local chronicles
The branches and leaves in Hebei are so lush that I hope to cut them then.
Chu Ci is a kind of poetic style that originated from Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. Chu, isolated in the south, is known as "Na Man" because of its unique geographical environment and superior natural conditions, and its political system, cultural traditions and customs are quite different from those of other countries in the Yellow River Basin. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chu became strong and became one of the "five tyrants"; By the Warring States period, political and cultural exchanges between countries were frequent, and Chu began to accept the culture of the Central Plains in large quantities, but still maintained its own cultural characteristics. Chu Ci is a school of poetry born in such a cultural soil, and its founder is Qu Yuan, the first great patriotic poet in China history.
1 Qu Yuan
Qu Yuan (about 340 BC-278 BC) was originally named Ping. He was born in the noble state of Chu. He showed outstanding talent when he was young. He became Chu Huaiwang's left disciple (official name), assisting King Huai in planning state affairs and issuing government decrees. It is very important for the king to receive envoys from various countries and handle foreign affairs. This makes some people jealous. His political rival, Doctor Shangguan, made a rumor in front of Wang Huai, saying that Qu Yuan was proud of his achievements and even ignored Wang Huai. Wang Huai became angry and alienated Qu Yuan.
Among the "Seven Heroes" of the Warring States at that time, Qin, Qi and Chu were the most powerful. The struggle between "Lian" and "Lian Heng" is fierce, and who can win in the end is determined by the gains and losses of the internal affairs and diplomacy of the three countries. In the internal affairs of Chu State, Qu Yuan advocated selecting and appointing talents and vigorously governing the country in an attempt to establish an ideal society similar to that of Yao Shun and Yu Tang Dynasties. In diplomacy, he advocated unity and opposition to Lian Heng in Qiang Qin. Because Wang Huai alienated him, these correct ideas of Qu Yuan were not implemented. King Huai is a fatuous monarch. Under the alienation and temptation of Qin Huiwang, he was cheated one after another and broke off his alliance with Qi. As a result, he lost his troops and lost land, and the situation in the country gradually weakened. After Qin Zhao succeeded to the throne, he proposed to marry Chu and meet Chu Huaiwang. Qu Yuan strongly discouraged Chu Huaiwang from falling for it again. However, with the encouragement of Xiao Zilan, I still went. As a result, he was hijacked by Qin State and died in Qin State. When Chu Huaiwang's eldest son succeeded to the throne, Yin, Shangguan Doctor and others framed Qu Yuan in front of Chu Huaiwang, and Chu Huaiwang exiled Qu Yuan to Jiangnan in a rage.
In his later years, Qu Yuan lived in exile in Shui Yuan and Xiangshui Valley for a long time. Seeing that his motherland is weakening day by day, he will be destroyed by the state of Qin, and his ambition to serve the king of Qi cannot be put into use. He is too worried to live. He wrote many poems to express his anger, and finally threw himself into the Miluo River in despair.
Qu Yuan's works left in the world include Li Sao, Nine Chapters, Nine Songs, Tian Wen and so on, and Evocation may also be his works. In addition, there are other works of Qu Yuan, such as Farewell, Buju, Fisherman, Dazhao and so on. Scholars believe that it was written by later generations.
2 "Li Sao"
This is an autobiographical lyric poem, which is Qu Yuan's masterpiece. "Leaving Sao" means "leaving sorrow", which expresses the resentment that the ambition of strengthening the country and saving the people cannot be realized because of leaving the monarch and the political center. Some people interpret Li Sao as "complaining", which also makes sense.
Li Sao has more than 370 sentences and more than 2,400 words. The following is a brief introduction of its contents in three major sections. At the beginning of the first paragraph, the author describes his family background, birth and his ambition:
Emperor Levin is a descendant of Miao nationality, and I am the emperor Kao Boyong. I dedicated my first time to Xi, but Geng Yin and I surrendered. Huang Lan is not the first time. Zhao Xi is more than a good name: name is more than convention, and words are more than spirit. Fenwu has both inner beauty and self-cultivation. Hu Jiang left with Bi, thinking that she was admirable. If I am not as good as me, I am afraid that my age is not with me. In the morning, I am Mulan, and in the evening, I am the master of the mainland. The sun and the moon suddenly don't flood, and the spring and autumn have successively. But the vegetation is scattered, and I am afraid that the beauty will come late. Do not cherish the strong, dislike filth, why not change it? Give me a lift [qj ō ō ō ō ō ō 236]
He thinks he is a descendant of the ancient emperor Levin (also known as Zhuan Xu), and he is of noble blood. Father's name is Bo Yong. According to the fact that he was born in Yinri, silver moon, his father gave him a beautiful name ("regular" means "ping" and "spiritual average" means "primitive"). He thinks he is qualified and talented, so he uses many beautiful plants (Li Jiang, brave and brave, Qiu Lan, Mulan, Su Mang, etc. ) to symbolize his self-cultivation character. He is deeply concerned about "beauty" (symbolizing the monarch) and hopes that he will abandon evil and do good and govern the country well. Qu Yuan himself is willing to take the lead as a pioneer. Next, Qu Yuan revealed that the aristocratic groups in Chu had been extremely corrupt, which led to the misguided national politics. The monarch not only didn't understand Qu Yuan, but listened to gossip and alienated him. Qu Yuan said that he would never go along with those adulterers, but should maintain noble moral integrity, even if he was frustrated for a long time. He said, "I'm still kind, and I don't regret it even though I died nine times." In other words, in order to be loyal to your ideals and beliefs, even if you die in danger, there will be no regrets.
In the second paragraph (starting from Love of a Girl), Qu Yuan began to wander spiritually in order to release his repressed heart. First, I went to Jiuyi Mountain to tell the story of ancient Shun Di, recounting the lessons of defeated monarchs in history and the experience of saints in governing the country. However, the reality of Chu made him extremely disappointed, only sighing and crying. In his fantasy, he drove a long wind to the sky to see the Emperor of Heaven, but he was turned away. Then I went after some famous ancient beauties respectively, and all failed (symbolizing seeking understanding and comfort, but I couldn't find them in the end).
In the third section (starting from "Suo Mao [Qi ó ng] is poor, Mao is a long history [Zhu ā n is special] Xi"), Qu Yuan continued to express his melancholy and confusion, and then began his own mental journey. In his fantasy, he drove a car made of jade and ivory in the dragon, heading west, passing through many mythical areas, such as Tianhe, Xiji, quicksand, Chishui and Buzhou Mountain, and taking the West Sea as his destination. The long journey gave him great comfort. However, when he was carefree, the young mood was suddenly left out:
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Under the rising sun, the poet suddenly looked down at the troubled motherland, and the servant became sad. The horse (dragonfly) looked back with nostalgia and stopped moving forward. Finally, the poet uttered such an indignant sigh:
It's over! Nobody in the country knows me, so why go to my old capital? I will live in Peng Xian's house because I am not satisfied with the beauty of politics.
Since no one in Chu can understand me, what's the point of my nostalgia for my old country? Since I can't save the political situation in Chu, I have to follow the example of Peng Xian, the sage of Yin, and die for my country and the wise man. Li Sao ends with such a painful oath.
Li Sao is a great lyric poem, which was born more than two thousand years ago. The poet described his experience of faithlessness and disloyalty, criticized the incompetence of the ruling clique of Chu, expressed his anger at serving the country, and showed his indomitable and unrepentant patriotic spirit. In this vast and magnificent poem, the poet gallops his incomparably rich imagination in a romantic way, integrates the real world, the mythical world and the ideal world, and depicts a colorful and dreamlike poetic world. Create a lofty, unyielding and lyrical heroic image. Li Sao has educated and inspired countless readers for more than two thousand years, cultivated the thoughts and sentiments of several generations, and Qu Yuan has also become a model of patriots.
Besides Li Sao, Qu Yuan's important work is Nine Chapters and Nine Songs. The nine chapters are nine independent poems: Chanting, Shejiang, Mourning, Painting, Thinking, Thinking, Past, Chanting Orange, Sorrow Returning to Empty. Among them, Ode to an Orange is his early work. By praising Chenpi's style and noble character, it can be regarded as the poet's encouragement of his own works. The rest were written by the poet during his exile, and the contents were all lyrical when he was worried about his country and hurt his country, which was even more miserable than Li Sao. Nine Songs is a set of poems adapted by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk music Song of Sacrificing to the Gods. They are: Emperor Taiyi (Sacrificing to the Heaven God), Jun in the Cloud (Sacrificing to the Cloud God), Xiang Jun (Sacrificing to the Water God of Hunan), Mrs. Xiang (Sacrificing to the Water God of Hunan) and Priestess of Death (Sacrificing to the Man in Charge). Nine Songs is elegant in writing, beautiful in language and of high literary value. In particular, "National Mourning" describes the scene of thousands of troops fighting, which is vivid, tragic and touching, and is the expression of Qu Yuan's patriotic spirit.
3 Qu Yuan's position in the history of poetry
Liu Xie, a literary theorist in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, commented: "Without Qu Yuan, would you be Li See Sao?" Running away is amazing and ambitious. "("Wen Xin Diao Long Bian Sao ") Li Sao mentioned here is synonymous with Chu Ci. The style of Chu Ci was created by Qu Yuan, which broke through the four-character style of The Book of Songs, expanded the content of poetry and improved the expressive force of poetry. After Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Le Tang and Jing Ke all imitated Qu Yuan to write Chu Ci. In the Han Dynasty, Jia Yi, Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Wang Bo and others continued to create, which made Chu Ci a representative poetry genre in a period, and was later called Sao Poetry.
The consistent patriotic spirit and his own tragic fate in Qu Yuan's poems touched readers from generation to generation, and Qu Yuan became a great man admired by later generations. After Sima Qian went to prison, he devoted himself to writing historical records, inspired himself with the words "Qu Yuan was exiled, but was given Li Sao", and made a biography for Qu Yuan, saying that he "won glory with the sun and the moon". Li Bai, a poet, praised "Qu Ping's ci and fu hung on the sun and the moon, and the Chu king's pavilion stood on the hills and hills.". The remains of kings Chu Huaiwang and Qing Xiang have disappeared, while Qu Yuan's poems shine in the sky like the eternal sun and moon. Dai Shulun, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem when he passed by Quyuan Temple.
Yuan Xiang keeps flowing, why does Qu Zi complain?
Autumn wind rises at dusk, and maple trees whisper.
There are countless poems and poems of later literati mourning Qu Yuan, which shows that Qu Yuan's spiritual appeal is far-reaching.