2. Overview of Grapes Vitis vinifera is the fruit of cucurbitaceae grape, which is native to tropical Asia and widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions. Indian, Japanese and Southeast Asia have a long history of cultivation, and China has a cultivation history of about 600 years. China was listed as one of the famine relief plants in the early Ming Dynasty, but it was not widely planted at that time. It was not eaten by southerners until the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and it is still cultivated in South China. Grape has a special bitter taste, but it is still loved by the public, not only because of its special taste, but also because it has a magical effect that ordinary vegetables can't match. Although bitter, bitter grapes never pass on their bitterness to others. For example, when fish is cooked with bitter grapes, the fish pieces are never bitter, so bitter grapes are also called "gentlemen's dishes".
The root system is developed, the stem is tendril-shaped, and it is easy to grow lateral tendrils. Leaves palmately parted, smooth and glabrous. Flowers unisexual, monoecious, solitary, corolla yellow. Berry, spindle-shaped, short cone-shaped or long cone-shaped, has a shiny surface and is covered with strips and tumor-like protrusions. Causal meat contains glycosides and has a bitter taste. Generally, varieties with strong fruit color have heavier bitterness. Each fruit contains 20 ~ 30 seeds. The seed is shield-shaped, yellow-brown, with thick seed coat and engraved surface. The 1000-grain weight is150 ~180g.
Grapes like temperature, heat and frost. The optimum growth temperature is 20 ~ 30℃, but it can still grow, blossom and bear fruit normally at high temperature. It is also more resistant to waterlogging. It is a short-lived plant, but most varieties are not strict about the length of sunshine. Love the light, especially in the flowering and fruiting period. China Yangtze River Basin once a year; South China can be cultivated in spring, summer and autumn. Direct seeding or seedling raising. Plant about 2000 ~ 3000 plants per mu. Stems and vines grow vigorously, mainly lateral vines, with strong fruiting ability, and are mostly cultivated in scaffolding. Because flowering and fruiting are carried out at the same time as the growth of stems and vines, there is more nutritional demand. The harm of Drosophila melanogaster and downy mildew should be prevented during flowering and fruiting period. Generally, it is harvested 12 ~ 15 days after flowering. If it is too late, the fruit will crack, revealing bright red pulp, and the taste will change from bitter to sweet. Seeds should not be exposed to the hot sun, and the germination period is only 1 ~ 2 years.
Grape roots can be used as traditional Chinese medicine. Fresh and tender fruits are rich in vitamin C, and the fresh weight per100g is about 56 ~ 84 mg. Frying after slicing and squeezing juice can reduce bitterness.
3. Bitter grapes are also called cold melons, bitter melons, brocade lychees and bitter melons.
4. Grapes are rich in nutrients. Every 500g contains 0.9g of protein, 3.2g of carbohydrate, 0/8mg of calcium/kloc-,0.6mg of iron, 0.08mg of carotene, 0.07mg of thiamine, 0.04mg of riboflavin, 0.03mg of nicotinic acid and 84mg of vitamin C [65438+].
5. Nutritional value analysis of European grape 1. Promote diet, diminish inflammation and reduce fever;
Glucosides and bitter substances in grapes can stimulate appetite, strengthen spleen and stimulate appetite. Quinine, an alkaloid substance contained in it, has the effects of promoting diuresis and blood circulation, diminishing inflammation and reducing fever, clearing away heart fire and improving eyesight;
2. Anti-cancer:
Grape protein and a large amount of vitamin C can improve the immune function of the body and make immune cells have the function of killing cancer cells; Grape juice contains a certain amount of protein, which can enhance the ability of macrophages and is effective for lymphosarcoma and leukemia in clinic. Trypsin inhibitors extracted from grape seeds can inhibit the protease secreted by cancer cells and prevent the growth of malignant tumors.
3. Reduce blood sugar:
The fresh juice of Vitis amurensis contains glucoside and substances similar to insulin, which has a good hypoglycemic effect and is an ideal food for diabetic patients.
The selection of grapes is a characteristic to judge the quality of grapes. The bigger the particle, the fuller it is, indicating that the melon meat is thicker; The smaller the particles, the thinner the melon meat. Grapes should be white and beautiful in addition to picking large fruit tumors and upright fruits, because if the grapes turn yellow, it means they are over-ripe, the pulp is soft and not crisp enough, and the taste of the grapes will be lost.
People who are suitable for eating grapes can eat grapes.
1. Patients with diabetes, cancer and prickly heat are suitable for eating prickly heat grapes;
2. Grapes are cool, and those with spleen and stomach deficiency are not suitable for eating.
8 the therapeutic effect of grapes grapes are bitter, cold and non-toxic and enter the spleen and stomach. Clearing away heat and toxic materials, relieving vexation, and treating fever, polydipsia, heatstroke, dysentery and carbuncle. For heatstroke, fever and polydipsia, use this product instead of tea for decoction; Treat dysentery with fresh grape juice and boiled water. The fruit has the function of clearing heart and improving eyesight, and the seed has the function of benefiting qi and strengthening yang. Grapes are rich in vitamin C. Generally, if you eat100g of grapes raw every day, you can get the human body's demand for vitamin C. People with deficiency of the spleen and stomach should be careful when they eat them, which will cause vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. [ 1]
Grapes are bitter, nontoxic and cold, and enter the heart, liver, spleen and lung meridians;
Grape has the effects of clearing away heat and summer heat, improving eyesight and detoxifying, diuresis and cooling blood, relieving fatigue and clearing heart, benefiting qi and strengthening yang;
Galla Chinensis is mainly used for heatstroke, summer heat, polydipsia, summer furuncle, excessive miliaria, red eyes, swelling and pain, carbuncle, erysipelas, burns and oliguria.
9. Suggestions for eating grapes 1. Don't eat too much at a time.
2. Boiling grapes and scrubbing the skin can clear away heat, relieve itching and eliminate malnutrition.
3. Eating grapes and eggs together can protect bones, teeth and blood vessels, make iron better absorbed, have the function of invigorating the stomach, and can treat stomachache, eye pain, cold, typhoid fever and diarrhea and vomiting in children.
The recommended consumption of 10 grape is fresh grape 100 ~ 500g and dry grape 50 ~ 50g g.
1 1 National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine: Grape 1 1. 1 Pinyin name Kǔ Guā.
1 1.2, another name for bitter grapes, bitter gourd.
1 1.3 is derived from Momordica charantia L., a plant of Vitis in Cucurbitaceae, and is used as medicine with melons, roots, vines and leaves. Collect in summer, treat separately, and dry in the sun.
1 1.4 melons, roots and leaves: bitter and cold.
1 1.5 function is mainly used for clearing away heat and toxic materials. Used for heatstroke, fever, toothache, enteritis, dysentery and bloody stool; Topical treatment of miliaria, boils, boils.
Usage and dosage 1 1.6 Grape: melon, root, grade: 2 ~ 3; Appropriate amount is applied externally, mashed or rubbed on the affected area.
1 1.7 from the national compilation of Chinese herbal medicines.
12 Chinese materia medica: grape 12. 1 originated from southern Yunnan materia medica.
12.2 Pinyin name Kǔ Guā
12.3 English name Balsamper, the fruit of Balsamper.
12.4 gallnut grape alias: Jinli tooth, bitter gourd, red girl, melon, gallnut and red sheep.
12.5 source: fruit of Cucurbitaceae Vitis vinifera.
Latin animal and plant mineral name: bitter gourd.
Harvest and storage: harvest in autumn, slice and dry in the sun or use for preservation.
12.6 grape prototype, annual climbing herb, multi-branched, fine hair, no branching tendrils. The leaves are large, kidney-shaped, about 5 12cm in length and width, usually 57-lobed, the lobes are oval, the base is contracted, the edges have wavy teeth, and both sides are nearly smooth or hairy; The petiole is 36 cm long. Flowers are monoecious. Male flowers are solitary, stalked, 5 15cm long, with bracts at the middle or base, and the bracts are kidney-shaped and heart-shaped, with a width of 5 15mm and the whole margin; Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed, lobes ovate-lanceolate, apex mucronate, 46 mm; Dragon; Corolla yellow, 5-lobed, lobes ovate, 1.52 cm long, apex obtuse or slightly concave; Stamens 3, adnate to calyx tube throat. Female flowers are solitary, stipitate, 5 10 cm long, with bracts at the base; Ovary spindle-shaped, spiny, beak at the top, slender style, 3 stigmas and many ovules. The fruit is oval, ovoid or narrow at both ends, 830cm long, with blunt and irregular tumor-like protrusions, which are orange when ripe and crack from the top 3 petals. The seeds are oval, flat, long 10 15mm, with horns at both ends and uneven stripes on both sides, and are wrapped by red fleshy aril. The flowering period is June. The fruiting period was 9 10 months.
12.7 habitat distribution ecological environment: widely cultivated in tropical to temperate regions of the world.
Distribution of resources: It is cultivated all over the country.
12.8 muddy characteristics of cultured organisms like warm weather. Heat and low temperature resistance, like humidity, but not resistant to stains. It is advisable to choose lowland cultivation with deep soil layer, fertile soil and convenient drainage.
Cultivation techniques include seed propagation, direct seeding or seedling transplantation. Direct seeding method: sow 34 seeds. Before sowing, the seeds are soaked to accelerate germination, and then holes are opened according to the row spacing of 1m×0.4m, with 23 seeds for each hole and 23cm of soil covering. Seedling transplanting method: spring sowing in March, seedling raising in nutrition bowl. When the seedlings grow 23 true leaves, transplant and plant them according to the above method.
In field management, light fertilizer should be applied frequently at seedling stage and full fertilizer should be applied before entering the vigorous growth period. When summer is hot and dry, timely irrigation and topdressing should be strengthened. When the seedlings begin to pull vines, insert herringbone brackets or arched sheds in time, and manually guide the vines to the shelves or sheds. Cut off the sparse side branches at the base and the excessively dense yellow leaves to facilitate ventilation and light transmission.
12.9 dried grape slices, oval or oblong, about 28mm thick, 3 15cm long and 0.42cm wide, all shriveled and bent, with light grayish brown peel, rough, longitudinal wrinkles or tumor-like protrusions. Sometimes there are holes left by seeds or seeds fall off. Fragile and easily broken. The gas is slightly bitter. It is best to have green edges, white meat, thin slices and few children.
12. 10 contains momordicin, which is an equimolecular mixture of β sitosterol β glucoside and 5,2525 stigmasterol 3β alcohol β glucoside. It also contains serotonin and various amino acids, such as glutamic acid, alanine, β-alanine, phenylalanine, proline, α -aminobutyric acid, citrulline, galacturonic acid and pectin [6]. It also contains lipids, the fatty acid of which is palmitic acid; Stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and eleostearic acid [7].
12. 1 1 Pharmacology of lowering blood sugar of grapes: Normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits can obviously lower blood sugar after taking grape juice. In rats with hyperglycemia caused by subcutaneous injection of anterior pituitary extract, grape pulp water extract can also reduce blood sugar. Oral administration of vitiligo to rabbits can reduce blood sugar, and its action mode is similar to that of tolbutamide, but its hypoglycemic effect on cats with pancreatectomy has not completely disappeared, so its hypoglycemic effect includes both pancreatic and non-pancreatic effects. Some people think that the hypoglycemic effect of grape pulp juice and dried fruit extract on normal and diabetic rabbits is not true. Oral alcohol extract of Vitex amurensis can not reduce blood sugar in diabetic patients.
12. 12 poisoned pregnant rats were fed with 6 ml/kg grape juice, which caused uterine bleeding and died within a few hours. Normal rats and alloxan diabetic rats were given 6 ml/kg daily, and 80.90% died within 523 days. Rats died within 65438±0540ml/kg/kg after intraperitoneal injection of grape juice. Giving alloxan diabetic rabbits 10 ml/kg grape juice every day is toxic to most animals.
12. 13 tastes bitter; Sexual apathy
12. 14 meridian tropism and heart tropism; Spleen; Lung meridian
12. 15 function is mainly used for clearing away heat and relieving summer heat; Clear eyes; Detoxify. Main heat and thirst; Quench thirst; Red eye pain; Dysentery; Swelling toxin of sore and carbuncle
12. 16 Grape oral administration and dosage: decoction, 6 15g, fresh 3060g；; Or calcined grinding powder. External use: appropriate amount, freshly pounded; Or take the juice and smear it.
12. 17 pay attention to "southern Yunnan herbs": people with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold will have symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain.
12. 18 Various expositions 1. Southern Yunnan herbs: cure Dan fire poison gas, cure malignant sore poison, or suffer from sesame scabies all over the body. Purging six meridians to strengthen fire, clearing summer heat, benefiting qi and quenching thirst.
2. "Life Sutra": dispel pathogenic heat, relieve fatigue, clear heart and improve eyesight.
3. "Materia Medica Seeking Truth": In addition to pyrolysis.
4. "Life Fun Diet Spectrum": Young people will cleanse the heat, clear their eyes and clear their hearts. After cooking, nourish blood and liver, moisten spleen and kidney.
5. "Quanzhou Materia Medica": Indications are upset and thirsty, drinking, wind-heat and red eyes, heatstroke and diarrhea.
12. 19 extract