2. The full text of Encouraging Learning is as follows:
Mr. Wang said: I can't learn.
Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water, but colder than water. Wood is straight in the rope, not a wheel, and its curve is in the gauge. Although there is a storm, people who no longer stand up will be forced to do so. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is sharp, the gentleman is knowledgeable, and he saves himself every day, so he knows clearly without fault.
So, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know the height of the sky. Don't face the deep stream, I don't know the thickness of the ground; You didn't know the greatness of learning until you heard the last words of the late king. The sons of Gan, Yue, Yi and Xun were born in unison, long and different, and naturally educated. The poem says, "Dear Sir, there is no constant rest. Jing * * *, good is integrity. Listen to God and you will be blessed. " God is greater than Tao, and joy is greater than harmlessness.
Think all day long, it is better to learn it in a moment; I've tasted it and I'm looking forward to it. Let's go hiking. Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, but the listener is obvious. Those who cheat horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; A man who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. The life of a gentleman is the same, and the goodness lies in personal leave. (a gentleman was born? General: sex)
In the south, there is a bird named Meng Dui, whose nest is feathers, whose hair is woven and whose reed is tied. When the wind breaks, the egg broken child dies. The nest is endless, but so are the people connected with it. There is a kind of wood in the west called Shegan. Its stem is four inches long, and it was born on a high mountain. However, in the abyss, the wooden pole can't grow out, but it stands naturally. In the bitter fleabane bitter fleabane, I can't bear to go straight; White sand is nirvana, and it is black. Lan Huaigen is a cheese, but he grows up, and the gentleman is not close, so he refuses to accept it. Its quality is not beautiful, but it is also gradual. Therefore, a gentleman must choose his hometown when he is born, and he must be a scholar when he travels. Therefore, we must also guard against evil and righteousness.
Everything has a beginning and an end. When honor or disgrace comes, it will be like virtue. Meat rots into adults, and fish withers into moths. Ignoring and forgetting your body is a disaster. Strong cultivation, soft cultivation. Evil is in the body, and resentment is in the structure. Wages are the same, the fire is dry, the ground is the same, and the water is wet. Vegetation is born, birds and animals are numerous, and things are human beings. Is a piece of nature, bows and arrows are very important; Lin, and the axe is heavy; Trees provide shade, but birds rest. Acyl acid, but Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Therefore, words are troublesome, actions are humiliating, and gentlemen are cautious about words!
Accumulated soil becomes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. Therefore, you can't take Wan Li Road without accumulating steps; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu. Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved. Earthworms do not have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink the yellow land with their hearts. The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. It's not that the snake hole has no sustenance, it's also impetuous.
Therefore, people with ulterior motives have no bright future; He made much ado about nothing, which has nothing to do with hehe. Those who follow the right path will not come, and those who follow the right path will not allow it. Eyes can't see, ears can't hear. The viper flies without feet, and the mouse is poor in five skills. "Poetry" said: "The corpse dove is in Sang, and her son is seven. A good gentleman with noble character is always a polite person. His appearance is clumsy and his heart is like a knot! " Therefore, a gentleman is bound by one.
I used to play drums, but the fish flowed out to listen; Boya Guqin, while Liu Ma raises Yuan. Therefore, the sound is not small but not heard, and the line is not hidden but not shaped. Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered. Do good without accumulating evil? Did anyone not hear?
Learn evil from scratch? Evil in the end? Yue: its number begins with chanting and ends with reading ceremony; Its significance begins with being a scholar and ends with being a saint. If you really accumulate strength for a long time, you will enter, and if you learn, you will stop. Therefore, there is an end to the number of students. If it is just, it cannot be abandoned for a moment. For it, people are also; Give up, so do animals. Therefore, this book is the discipline of political affairs; Poet, the stop of the middle voice; Etiquette, the main points of law, class discipline. Therefore, learning must stop at ceremony. Husband is called the extreme of morality. The respect of ceremony, the harmony of music, the abundance of poetry and books, the micro-spring and autumn, between heaven and earth. The learning of a gentleman is also in the ear, in the heart, in the four bodies, and in the dynamic shape. Finally, as long as you move, you can become law. The knowledge of villains is also heard, not spoken; Between the mouth and ears, four inches, seven feet of beauty! Ancient scholars were themselves, and today's scholars are people. The study of a gentleman is also for beauty; Little people learn that birds are calves. Therefore, if you don't ask, you will be proud of it, and if you ask, you will be proud of it. Proud, no, ooh, no; A gentleman is like a man.
Learn not to be close to others. Rites and music are not mentioned, poetry and books are not cut, and the Spring and Autumn Period is unhappy. If you learn from a gentleman, you will respect him all over the world. Therefore, learning ink is almost close to people.
Learning classics is not as fast as learning good people, followed by long rituals. You can't be a good person in the world, and you can't be a gift in the next life. Ante can learn miscellaneous knowledge, poetry and books. Then, in the last poor years, it is inevitable that there will be rude Confucianism. The original king, benevolence and righteousness, then courtesy is in its latitude and longitude. If you pat your collar with five fingers, there will be countless followers. If you don't respect the constitution, take the poetry book as an example, and refer to the river, the millet and the cone-shaped rice pot, you can't get it. Therefore, although Longli is unknown, he is also a lawyer; If you don't give a long gift, you will scatter Confucianism, although you will argue.
If you ask, don't sue; Don't ask if you told anyone; Don't listen to those who talk. Don't argue with people who live up to expectations. Therefore, we should learn from it and then pick it up; Avoid it unless it is the way. Therefore, return the courtesy before you can talk to the parties; Words are fluent, and then words and deeds can be consistent and justified; Therefore, color can be followed by words and actions. Therefore, it cannot be said in words that this is pride; Can have nothing to say, that is hidden; In terms of color, it is called sorrow. Therefore, a gentleman is not proud, not hiding, not jealous, let nature take its course. The poem says: "The son of heaven gave bandits a comfortable relationship." This is also called.
One shot in every shot is not good enough to shoot; A thousand miles is not enough, and good is not enough; Learning badly is because ethics has nothing to do with human nature. Those who learn well will learn well. Once in the way, once in the way, the person who draws the lane is also; There are fewer good people, more bad people, and stealing feet. All the people, and scholars.
A gentleman knows that his husband is not perfect enough to think of beauty, so he is consistent and thorough, so as to treat others and educate people. Make eyes have no desire to see, ears have no desire to listen, mouth has nothing to say, and heart has nothing to worry about. When you are good at time, your eyes are good with five colors, your ears are good with five tones, your mouth is good with five flavors, and your heart benefits the world. Therefore, rights cannot be dumped, the masses cannot be moved, and the world cannot be shaken. Life depends on reason, death depends on reason, and husband is called virtue. Fuck, then you decide, then you decide, then you respond. If a husband can respond positively, he is an adult. The sky sees its light and the earth sees its light, and the gentleman values all this.
3. Translation:
The gentleman said: learning can't stop.
For example, indigo is extracted from bluegrass, but it is bluer than bluegrass; Ice is condensed from cold water, but it is colder than water. The wood is straight and conforms to the chalk line, but if it is bent into a wheel (extracted by fire), the curvature of the wood (at that time) conforms to the general standard of compass plan. Even if it is dry, (wood) will not be straight again, and the fire will become like this. Therefore, wood will be straightened when measured with ink lines, and metal swords will be sharpened when ground on grindstones. A gentleman learns from others and introspects every day, and then he is wise and reasonable, and his behavior is innocent.
Therefore, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know how high the sky is; I don't know how thick the ground is without facing the deep stream; If you don't understand the legacy of the emperor, you won't know the breadth of knowledge. People who commit the crime of smuggling are born with the same sound of crying, but when they grow up, their customs and habits are different, which is created by education. The Book of Songs says: "Gentlemen, don't always covet comfort. Respect your work and love the virtue of integrity. The gods will give you good luck and blessings when they hear all this. " There is no greater spiritual accomplishment than being influenced by morality, and there is no greater blessing than not having a disaster.
I have been thinking hard all day, but I can't compare with the knowledge I learned in an instant. I once stood on tiptoe and looked into the distance, but I climbed too high to see widely. Climb high and wave, the arm is not lengthened, but people in the distance can see it; Shouting with the wind, the voice did not increase, but the listener heard it clearly. People who use horses and chariots can walk Wan Li Road if they don't walk fast, and people who use boats and boats can swim across the Yangtze River and the Yellow River if they are not good at swimming. A gentleman's qualifications and disposition are no different from those of ordinary people, but he is good at using foreign things.
In the south, there is a bird called "Mongolian pigeon", which takes feathers as its nest, weaves with hair and ties it to the ear of a tender reed. When the wind blows, the reed spike breaks, the bird's nest falls down and all the eggs are smashed. It's not that the nest is poorly woven, but that it shouldn't be tied to reeds. There is a kind of grass in the west called "Belamcanda". It is only four inches high, but it can overlook hundreds of miles away. Not because grass can grow tall, but because it grows on the top of the mountain. Pennisetum grows in hemp fields and can stand upright without support. White sand will not turn white when mixed into black soil. The root of Sophora japonica is called Ai Xiang. Once it is immersed in smelly water, gentlemen and servants will avoid it. It's not that Ai itself is not fragrant, but that it is soaked and stinks. Therefore, a gentleman should choose a good environment to live and a moral person to make friends, so as to prevent delay and protect his moderation and integrity.
Everything happens for a reason, and the arrival of honor and disgrace also corresponds to virtue. Rotten meat gives birth to maggots, while dead fish give birth to worms. If you slack off and forget the code of conduct, something will happen. Objects that are too hard are easily broken, and those that are too weak are easily bound. If you are not nice to people, it will cause disgust. Dry wood is flammable, low-lying and easy to wet, and there are many animals and plants. Everything is like sheep. Therefore, when the target is set, the bow and arrow will be shot. When a tree grows into a forest, it will lead to axe cutting. When the forest is lush and shady, birds will come to stay. When vinegar turns sour, it will attract mosquitoes. Therefore, words may cause trouble and actions may be humiliated. A gentleman can't help being cautious when dealing with people.
Earth and stone pile up into mountains, and the wind and rain start from here; Water flows into the abyss, and dragons are born from it; Accumulate virtue and do good deeds, cultivate noble moral character, and the natural mind will be clear and there will be a spiritual realm of saints. Therefore, without the accumulation of half a step, there is no way to reach thousands of miles away; Without the accumulation of tiny flowing water, there is no way to merge into the rivers and seas. The horse jumped less than ten paces; A rotten horse can pull a cart for ten days, and its achievement comes from constantly walking. If it stops after a while, the rotten wood will continue to be carved. Stick to carving and the stone will be carved successfully. Earthworms have no sharp claws and teeth and strong bones and muscles, but they can eat the soil and drink the water in it, because they are single-minded. A crab has six legs and two crab claws. Without the caves of snakes and eels, it has nowhere to live, because it is impetuous.
Therefore, without the will to study hard, there will be no significant academic achievements; Without hard work, there will be no great achievements in career. Neither side will tolerate a man who can't get to his destination on the wrong road and serves two monarchs at the same time. The eyes cannot see two things at the same time and see clearly, and the ears cannot hear two sounds at the same time and hear clearly. A poisonous snake can fly without feet, and a mouse has five skills, but there is still no way. The poem says: "Cuckoo nests in mulberry trees, and its young birds have seven. A good gentleman should be single-minded and impartial. Only when the behavior is single-minded and impartial will the will be rock-solid. " Therefore, a gentleman is determined and single-minded.
In ancient times, there was a harpist, and the fish in the water surfaced to listen. Boya plays the piano, and the horse pulling the cart will stop to eat and look up. Therefore, the sound will not be heard because it is weak, and the behavior will not be discovered because it is hidden. If Baoyu is buried in a deep mountain, the vegetation is moist, and if pearls fall into the abyss, the cliff shore will not dry up. Good deeds can be accumulated, and they are not widely told. How can they be accumulated into virtues?
Where should learning begin and end? A: According to its practice, it should start with reading poems and other classics and end with reading the Book of Rites. In its sense, it begins with learning and ends with becoming a saint. Sincere practice, such long-term accumulation, will certainly be able to deeply understand the fun, learn to die. Therefore, although the tutorial of learning has an end, the desire to make progress cannot be slackened for a moment. It takes a lifetime to learn to be a man, and vice versa. Shangshu is a record of political affairs; The Book of Songs is a summary of one's heart. The Book of Rites is the premise of the legal system and the general program of various regulations, so you can't finish it until you learn the Book of Rites, which is the pinnacle of morality. The Book of Rites respects the ceremony, the Book of Rites speaks in harmony, the Book of Songs and the Book of History are profound and profound, and the Spring and Autumn Annals is righteous and has covered all the university questions between heaven and earth.
A gentleman's knowledge is obvious, which is manifested in his dignified behavior and his behavior in line with etiquette. Every move, even the slightest words and deeds, can set an example for others. Little people learn from their ears and from their mouths, only four inches apart. How can they perfect their seven-foot figure? The ancients read books for their own moral cultivation, but now people read books just to show off others. Gentlemen learn to improve themselves, while villains learn to show off and grandstanding, and take knowledge as gifts such as poultry and calves to win praise. Therefore, it is impetuous to teach others without asking your advice; Asking and answering two questions is lengthy; Impetuousness and wordiness are wrong. A gentleman's question and answer should be like an empty valley, no more, no less, just right.
Nothing is more convenient than getting close to your tutor. Both the Book of Rites and the Book of Music have statutes, but they are too rough. The Book of Songs and Shangshu are simple but not close to reality. Chunqiu is implicit but not thorough enough; It is noble and comprehensive to imitate a good teacher and learn from a gentleman, and it can also reach the world. So learning is nothing more convenient than getting close to the tutor.
Respecting the tutor is the most convenient way to learn, followed by advocating etiquette. If you don't respect the teacher or salute in class, just read some miscellaneous books and explain the Book of Songs and Shangshu, then you will only be a scholar all your life. To study the wisdom of saints and seek the root of benevolence and righteousness, the shortcut to mastery is to start with etiquette. It's like bending your five fingers and lifting the collar of a fur robe. When you eat, your hair will be completely smooth Not learning manners is like measuring a river with your fingers, holding millet with your fingers, and getting something to eat in a rice cooker with an awl. Therefore, respecting etiquette, even if the knowledge is not thorough and clear, can still be regarded as a moral and cultivated person; If you have no manners, even if you can distinguish right from wrong and be eloquent, you are just a shallow Confucian scholar without real cultivation.
If someone comes to you for an impolite question, don't answer it; Talk about impolite things, don't ask questions; Say rude things in front of you, don't participate; Don't argue with savage and competitive people. Therefore, it is necessary to conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness before giving reception; Avoid people who don't conform to the principle of propriety and righteousness; Therefore, only respectful and polite people can talk about the purpose of Tao; Only those who are fluent in writing can talk about the content of Tao; Only people with sincere attitude can talk about the profound meaning of Tao. Therefore, talking to someone who can't talk is called impetuous; Don't talk to people who can talk to you, that's neglect; Talking casually without looking at the other person's reaction is called blindness. Therefore, a gentleman should not be impetuous, careless or blind. He should be careful with everyone who comes for advice. The Book of Songs says: "It is approved by the son of heaven not to be impetuous or negligent." That's the truth.
An arrow in a hundred shots is not a good arrow if it doesn't hit the target; Car Ma Qianli, only half a step away, is not a good driver; You can't master ethical norms, adhere to the principle of benevolence and righteousness, and of course you can't be considered good at learning. Learning is a matter that needs full attention. Learning for a while and stopping for a while are ordinary people in the market. There are few good behaviors and many bad behaviors. Jay, Zhou and Tuo are all such people. A scholar can only be considered if he can master the knowledge he has learned comprehensively and thoroughly.
A gentleman knows that learning is not perfect, so he reads a set of books to achieve mastery, understands through thinking and exploration, practices through imitating a tutor, and removes his wrong habitual temperament to maintain. I don't want to see if my eyes are wrong, I don't want to listen if my ears are wrong, I don't want to talk if my mouth is wrong, and I don't want to think if my heart is wrong. When you reach the ideal state of concentrating on your study, you will be as eager to have colorful eyes, good ears and good mouth as you are. If this is done, then there will be no evil thoughts in front of power and selfish desires, many people will not give in, and nothing in the world can shake their beliefs. Living is like this, and it will not change until death. This is called moral integrity. Only with virtue and integrity can we be firm, and only with perseverance can we improvise. If you can be firm and improvise, you are a mature and perfect person. At that time, the sky will be bright and the land will be wide, and the value of a gentleman lies in the perfection of virtue.
4. Appreciate:
Focusing on the central argument that "learning alone is not enough", this paper systematically and hierarchically expounds the significance, function and attitude of learning. The characteristic of this article is the extensive use of metaphors to illustrate the facts.
Xunzi's "Persuasion" is a famous article that has been talked about by people all the time, and some aphorisms and aphorisms have also become common idioms to persuade students. The following are three excerpts, which are not related in the original text, but have the same meaning and can be written independently. This article uses metaphors to illustrate the truth. These metaphors are taken from familiar things and contain rich meanings, so we can make the truth easy to understand and thought-provoking.
At the beginning of the article, I solemnly wrote: "A gentleman says: You can't learn." This is not only the first sentence of the article "Encouraging Learning", but also the first sentence of Xunzi's whole work. Why do you ask study questions first? Because Xunzi thought that human nature was "evil" and must be corrected by courtesy, he attached great importance to learning. The theory of evil nature is the starting point of Xunzi's social and political thought. In his book, he first proposed that learning should not stop, just to grasp the key and solve the fundamental problem. Because he attached great importance to this issue, he put forward his own views through the mouth of a "gentleman" to show his solemnity.
In terms of wording, he didn't say that we should persist in learning, but that we can't stop learning, and more specifically corrected people's general failure to persist in learning. Traditionally, Confucianism has always advised people to study hard. For example, the first sentence of The Analects of Confucius says: "Confucius said: If you learn from time to time, it is better to say (yue)!" Xunzi claimed to be the heir of Confucius, and the first sentence in the book also said: "You can't learn." On the surface, it only inherited the Confucian tradition of "encouraging learning", but in fact, his emphasis was obviously different. Because in Confucius' view, "those who are born with knowledge are superior, and those who learn and know are inferior." (The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi) Xunzi believes that knowledge of etiquette, morality and system can only be acquired through learning the day after tomorrow. Therefore, Xunzi developed the Confucian tradition of "encouraging learning" on the basis of new epistemology and raised the importance of learning to a new height. As far as writing is concerned, he put forward the central argument from the beginning, and his language is concise and profound, which naturally leads to the following discussion.
The article takes "green, from blue, and green is blue; Ice, water is for it, but it is colder than water ",which means that anyone can make progress by studying hard." Today, I can surpass yesterday, and students can surpass teachers. These two metaphors greatly inspire and inspire learners. However, to achieve "shine on you is better than blue" and "colder than water" is by no means "study today and drop out tomorrow". It needs continuous learning, which means "learning alone is not enough". Therefore, these two metaphors profoundly and powerfully clarify the central argument and inspire people to forge ahead.
Then, the article further sets up a metaphor to fundamentally clarify this truth: "The wood is straight in the rope, thinking it is a wheel, and its curve is in the rules. Although there are storms, those who are no longer righteous are naturally. " This, as Liang Qichao said, means that "the quality of a person's talent is not determined by nature, but by the merits of later generations" (see the quotation in Xun Zi Jie Cambodia). Xunzi believes that human nature is evil, but learning can change people from evil to good, so he emphasizes the role of "Yu". Through this metaphor, it shows that even a "bad" person can be "changed" into a completely moral person after learning. This is obviously a greater encouragement to learners.
After emphasizing the important role of learning, the article draws a conclusion by metaphor: "Therefore, if you have a rope, you will be straight, and if you have a sharp gold, you will benefit. If a gentleman saves himself with knowledge, he will know clearly without fault. " Wood will straighten when measured with chalk lines, and a metal sword will sharpen when placed on a grindstone. This is like a gentleman who reads widely and checks himself every day, so he will be well-read and have no mistakes in his behavior. It is more convincing to draw a conclusion through metaphor. The word "day" in the judgment sentence closely echoes the word "already" in the opening sentence, which highlights that if you want to "know clearly and act correctly", you must keep learning, thus effectively clarifying the central argument.
The opening is the first paragraph. This passage shows the great significance of learning in changing people's quality and improving people's intelligence. Learning is of great significance, so how to learn? Xunzi believes that learning can't just sit in the room and think hard, but must use external things to learn from reality. Therefore, the second paragraph first explains: "I have been thinking about it all day, so it is better to learn it in an instant." Xunzi compared "thinking all the time" with "learning in an instant" through personal experience, emphasizing that learning is not as good as dreaming. The word "learning" as opposed to fantasy is self-evident, that is, using external things to learn from reality. This view of learning was also put forward by Xunzi based on his epistemology.
Xunzi denied Mencius' view that people have innate "conscience" and "goodness", so he emphasized learning from external practical things. The concept of "learning" put forward by him here has materialistic factors. Then, with five metaphors, Xunzi started with his own life experience: standing on a high place can see more than standing on tiptoe; Climb up and wave, shout with the wind, the arm is not long, the voice is not big, but people can see and hear clearly from a distance; It can be seen that the utilization of high places and downwind is of great significance. By extension, people who "fake horses" and "fake boats" are not good at walking or swimming, but they can "walk Wan Li Road" and "escape rivers". Because the examples used in metaphor are very common in daily life, it feels not only kind but also credible. With the constant metaphor, the truth expounded goes deeper and deeper into the reader's mind, and it will naturally come to the conclusion that "gentlemen are the same, and good and evil are also things". That is to say, gentlemen are more talented than ordinary people because they are good at using foreign things to study hard.
It can be inferred that if a person is good at using foreign things and studies hard, he can also become a gentleman with talent and virtue. This is consistent with the first paragraph "Shine on you, ice is cooler than water, and straight wood can be used as a wheel", with the same meaning and dark structure. In addition, Xunzi linked "what he learned" with "being good and being false to things". "This means that the purpose of learning is to understand the laws of objective things and use these laws to transform the objective world." (Quoted from Yan Beiying's explanation of "encouraging learning") This is also related to his thought of "dominating fate".
At this point, the second paragraph ends. This paragraph shows that learning must be good at using foreign things. However, there are still some things that need attention when learning practical things outside, so the third paragraph makes a further explanation. Firstly, the article sets up two metaphors to lead to the argument: "Accumulated soil makes mountains, and wind and rain flourish;" The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared. "This shows that learning should focus on accumulation. Xunzi doesn't recognize the saying that "a born saint" at all. He pointed out that as long as people study hard and "accumulate good deeds", they can have the idea of saints. Sages are also constantly learning, just as he said in the chapter "On Evil Nature": "There is no end to the accumulation of goodness" and "People who paint can be found". He fully emphasized the role of "accumulating goodness", which is also in line with the "learning is impossible" proposed at the beginning.
In brushwork, metaphor leads to arguments, which strengthens the linguistic potential of arguments and makes them convincing as soon as they appear. Then, the article complained: "So, if you don't accumulate steps, you will take Wan Li Road;" If you don't accumulate small streams, you can't become rivers and seas. "This is a negative metaphor to illustrate the importance of accumulation. After a positive and a negative metaphor, the reason that learning pays attention to accumulation has been preliminarily clarified, but in order to explain it in depth, the article repeatedly compares "you can't take ten steps in one leap" with "Ma Xu pushes ten times and never gives up", and then compares "perseverance, perseverance, carving a stone". Of course, if you want to "give up" and keep accumulating, you must be single-minded and not impetuous.
Therefore, the article compares "the earthworm has no advantage of its claws and strong bones and muscles" with "the crab kneels six times and pinches twice", which means that it can "eat the earth and drink the yellow mud", but "it is not a snake's den that has no sustenance", indicating that learning must be absorbed and not sloppy. These two metaphors emphasize that learning must be persistent and take care of the above-mentioned discussions. The third paragraph ends here. Through this metaphor, we can clearly understand that learning must be persistent. At this point, the central argument of "learning can't" put forward at the beginning has been thoroughly expounded and fully proved.
The syllogism of "encouraging learning" states the importance of learning and points out the attitudes and methods that should be adopted in learning. Although Xunzi's theory of learning is based on the idealistic theory of evil nature, it has played a positive critical role in Mencius' theory of innate morality. Due to the limitation of historical conditions, Xunzi could not understand the class nature of human beings. He regards propriety and righteousness as the morality that everyone should have, and calls the behavior that conforms to the feudal ethical norms "good" and the behavior that does not conform to it "evil". In fact, the purpose of his persuasion is to cultivate talents who meet the moral standards of the feudal ruling class, which is essentially different from our learning purpose today. However, it is of progressive significance in the historical period when the emerging landlord class stepped onto the political stage and the whole country moved towards reunification. As for paying attention to learning, the view that learning must be "good at fraud", accumulate gradually and persevere, even today, it still has certain enlightenment and reference significance for us.
Except for a few places that directly explain the truth, they are almost all metaphors. Explaining the truth and proving arguments through metaphor is a major feature of this article. Because of the high skill of creating metaphors, these metaphors are alert and moving. For example, "green" comes from blue, and green is blue "(shining on you is better than blue) and" no accumulation, no miles; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be able to make rivers and seas. ""Perseverance, rotten wood can't be folded; Perseverance, the stone can be engraved ". , are cited as the motto to guide learning. At the same time, the ways and means of using metaphor are also flexible and diverse, expounding a layer of meaning, some alone and some continuous; Some are positive metaphors, some are back metaphors; Some use metaphors to compare with each other, and some use metaphors to compare. This step by step, up and down echo, so that their expressive metaphor, more fully play a role, so as to explain the truth very thoroughly. In addition, due to the use of metaphor, the language of the article appears concrete and concise. Moreover, with the continuous use of Bi Xing and the change of techniques, neat and changeable sentence patterns have been formed, resulting in a sonorous rhythm, which shows Xunzi's exhortation passion. Therefore, this is not only an excellent paper on ancient education, but also a literary work.
5. Introduction to Xunzi:
Xunzi (about 365438 BC+03 BC-238 BC) was named Zhouyi (now Linyi County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province) and was awarded the title of Qing. In the Western Han Dynasty, it was also called Sun Qing, because it was a taboo to avoid Liu Xun and Emperor Xuan Di, because the two words Xun and Sun had the same archaic sound. Huaxia (Han nationality) was a native of Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period. A famous thinker, writer, politician and one of the representatives of Confucianism, he is known as "Xun Qing". He went to Gong Xue, Xia Ji, the State of Qi for three times, and was later ordered by Lan Ling of Chu (now Lan Ling of Shandong). Xunzi developed Confucianism and advocated the theory of evil nature His theory is often compared with Mencius' theory of good nature by later generations, and Xunzi has also made considerable contributions to sorting out Confucian classics.