The Book of the New Tang Dynasty and Song Shiyi Wen Zhi recorded a large number of works in this period. It can be seen from the remaining works that the reform of calculation began with the simplification of calculation rather than the reform of tools, which led to the emergence of abacus.
Yun mentioned Zhu's abacus as early as the Ming Dynasty. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Luban Mu Jing had a standard for making abacus. The abacus is rectangular, surrounded by a wooden frame with small sticks fixed in it. Wooden sticks are covered with wooden beads, and a beam in the middle divides the abacus into two parts. The upper part of each stick has 1 bead, that is, 5 beads, and the lower part has 4 beads, each bead represents 1.
In the existing literature, there are some works that explain the usage of abacus in detail, such as Pan Zhu Algorithm by Xu Xinlu, a mathematician in Ming Dynasty, A New Theory of Arithmetic by Zhu Zaiyu, a legalist, historian, mathematician and artist in Ming Dynasty, and The Unity of Arithmetic by Cheng Dawei, the father of abacus in Ming Dynasty. Widely circulated by Cheng Dawei's works.