weiyang palace
Terrace foundation is one of the three major components of architecture in China. In the Han Dynasty, in the front hall, "Shoushan of Shulong thought it was a temple platform"; "Emphasizing the third order" is well documented. Chuankang Diaolou is also supported by terraced foundation, and several short columns and buckets are carved around the terraced foundation. In the stone relief, there are many steps under the hall and pavilion, and short columns are also used to bear the steps, and horizontal lines are carved between the columns, which almost means brick joints. Until the Tang and Five Dynasties, this method was still popular.
Column and foundation
There are many octagonal columns in Pengshanya Tomb, some of which are square, all of which are short and urgent. The height of the column is only 3.36 times the diameter under the column, and the short column is only 1.4 times. Either a bucket arch or a vat is used on the column, and the cornerstone under the column is square and the carving is extremely crude. There is also an octagonal column in the middle of the stone chamber in Xiaotangshan, which is 3. 14 times the diameter and has the same diameter up and down. Put a big bucket on it, and the bottom is based on the overlapping of identical buckets. Among the bricks unearthed from Han tombs, there are also columns or octagonal columns with bucket-shaped foundations up and down, almost all of which are bricks of this column; But it is slender and its height can be five or six times its diameter. It is difficult to judge that the column seen in the stone statue is a square circle, and the cornerstone under the column seems to protrude upward, and the bottom of the column is recessed to make it fit together. If this method is used in the Han dynasty, it can stabilize the column, but if the weight is too large or the center of gravity is off, it is easy to break the column, so this method will not be used in future generations.
Doors and windows
Style of tomb gate in Han dynasty
The only thing that exists in the door is the tomb door. The door frame of Pengshan tomb is square-headed, with two layers of lines on its upper and both sides. Shimen fans have also been unearthed, which are extremely thick and extremely short, due to the cover material. The door is carved and paved, and the design of the gluttonous ring is made. As the funerary wares show, the doorframes are multipolar and the doors are paved. When the east gate of Hanguguan is built of stone, there are waist purlins and baffles on both sides of the door, and the doors are double-folded, and each door has a first knocker. The common door system in Ming and Qing Dynasties was generally formed in Han Dynasty.
Windows are mostly rectangular in shape, with triangles, circles or other shapes in between. Window lattice is the most common, which is made into a cage and buckled outside the window. There is a window in Pengshan Cliff Tomb, which is the only example. Its window lattice is vertical lattice. Sitting on equal footing and railings, there are many pavilions in stone reliefs and funerary wares, most of which are on equal footing. On the other hand, it is supported by bucket arch or directly supported by waist eaves. The equality commonly used in later generations was indeed formed in the Han Dynasty. The railing style is the most common one consisting of short columns and cross bars, and it is also useful to use chains or other geometric shapes. What you saw on the map of the east gate of Hanguguan is close to the practices and choices of later generations.
Bracket bracket
"Five Treasures" in Han Tomb Murals in Anping, Hebei Province
The physical objects of bucket arches in Han Dynasty can be found in cliff tombs, stone que and stone chambers. There are many arches on the octagonal column of Pengshan Cliff Tomb. Put a bucket (that is, a big bucket) on the stigma, an arch on it, and a scattered bucket at each end; Above the arch center, there is a small square, such as a square head. There may be a saucer under the bucket, which has not been seen since the Tang Dynasty, but can still be seen in Yungang Grottoes and Japanese Asuka period. There are two shapes of arches, one is simply curved upward, which is a circular curve, or the other is a straight line that is inclined to kill, which is almost the initial shape of later generations, such as it is usually seen after Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties; Or bent into two opposite s-shapes, which are also found in the stone que, and have not been seen by future generations. Whether this model is a solid wood structure remains to be tested. The archways carved by Chuankang's stone archways are all short columns under the archways and attached to their foreheads. Arch also has two forms: single bending and compound bending. Xiao Fang's head still sticks out above the arch center, but it still doesn't. The plate under the bucket is missing. There is still a stone bucket arch supported by two simple curved arches in the remains of Zhubi Stone Chamber, which is similar in shape to the later bucket arches.
There are many arches in the funerary wares. Every time an arch or beam pops up from the wall to pick up the bucket, an arch is placed on it, and occasionally a bucket is placed on the post. "Three liters per barrel" is quite common. There is a long arch layer above the bucket, which is the so-called double arch system in later generations. On top of the scattered fights, there are people who are acting as substitutes. At the corner, pick out the corner, put a bucket arch on it, and wipe the corner obliquely. There is no corner arch.
The bucket arch seen in the stone relief is multipolar in style, but its basic units are clearly recorded. Its combination has two or three liters of barrels, single arch or double arch; There are three or four jumps; Its position is in the stigma or tween.
From the above examples, it can be seen that as far back as the Han Dynasty, the form of bucket arch was indeed formed, and its structure should be simpler than that of later generations. At the corner, there seems to be no satisfactory solution to how to hand over two archways. As for the standard of determining the proportion of the whole building by the size of the arch in later generations, there is no trace in the relics.
structure
High-rise Building in Han Dynasty —— Green Glazed Pottery Building
Most pavilions in Chuankang are carved with overlapping beams above the pavilion, below the eaves and at the bucket arch, so as to know the method of using materials. A stone left by Zhu Bi's tomb site is triangular, with a fork hand engraved on it and two buckets engraved on it. Its original location is the roof of the stone room. This type of structure was used in the cloister of Horyuji and Asuka in Kyoto and Beige Temple in Wutai Mountain, which is just an example of the internal structure of the Han Dynasty.
Roofs and tiles
There are four roof styles in China, namely Sijia (called Temple of Heaven in Qing Dynasty), Jiuji (called Xieshan in Qing Dynasty), Fufu at both ends (called Hanging Mountain in Qing Dynasty), Hard Mountain and Cushion Point. Five kinds of Han Dynasty have been prepared. Fourthly, many hard mountains were found in stone reliefs and funerary wares. It is more common to pile up on the top of the watchtower. Nine ridges are rare, and there is only one box of funerary wares in new york Museum, which is composed of waist eaves around the two ends of Bouchard. There is a class form between the two, unlike those who synthesized a slope before and after in later generations. This type of example still exists in the main hall of Dongfuchang Temple in Huoxian County, Shanxi Province in the Yuan Dynasty, but it is extremely rare. Double eaves system can be found in tomb bricks, and its example is Gao Yi Que in Ya 'an. In the remains of the Han dynasty, although most of the roof slopes and cornices are straight lines, those roofs that are against the sky are occasionally seen in the funerary wares. Ban Gu's "Xijing Fu" said: "Against the sky, the sun shines." It is considered that the common structural method in Han dynasty is also. The stone que of Songshan Taishi, which slightly improves the near corner tile, is the oldest example of warping.
Cornice end structure
As shown in the stone que, it is supported by angle beams and rafters; Rafters are arranged parallel to the wall, with wings spread out, and the front end of the rafters has been rolled up, which is common in later generations.
The joint where the two inclined planes of the roof intersect is covered with roofs. Most of these roofs are straight, but some of them are inclined at both ends. The end of the roof is decorated with overlapping tiles, or inclined or extended, but there is no formal tail.
There are two kinds of tiles in China, namely, pipe tile and slab tile. Stone que is used with funerary wares. As is common in later generations, China's tiles are not glazed, but painted with lime. There are many round tiles with semicircles between them. There are three kinds of tile patterns: figures, animals and plants, which should be discussed under the topic of sculpture. Examples of bricks used in Han Dynasty were all found in tombs. Tomb wall masonry method, or alternate horizontal and vertical layers, or one layer of vertical bricks and two or three layers of horizontal bricks; And between each floor, ding brick and shun brick are laid alternately to keep in touch. A brick tomb is like a modern brick method, with the portrait facing outwards. The structure of the vault at the top of the tomb is built with flat bricks layer by layer, and there are also real vouchers. The former is more common in Liaodong Koryo, while the latter is more common in Central Plains and Bashu.
Types of bricks
Restoration map of architectural halls in Han dynasty
There are ordinary bricks, which are generally used to build walls; Coupon bricks are large and small; Floor tiles are generally square, while hollow bricks are made into various shapes, such as columns, beams, rectangles, rectangles and triangles. Their use is almost also used as tombs.
carving
On the cliff tomb door, between the arch column under the eaves of the stone que and the inner wall of the stone chamber are examples of architectural sculpture, and other unearthed handicrafts, such as bronzes and lacquerware, can also be seen generally. Architectural sculpture can be divided into three categories: sculpture, painting and mosaic. The man and beast between the arches of stone grottoes in Sichuan, the four gods of grottoes, the horns of horns, and various fish and beast reliefs on the tomb door all belong to the first category. There are many historical records of painting decoration. The "portrait" on the inner wall of the stone chamber almost represents the painter by carving, and its patterns and colors can also be slightly impressed by the unearthed lacquerware. As for the third category, such as the so-called "decorated with gold ornaments, Lantian letters and pearls and jade feathers" in ancient books, gold is also an ornament.
The subject matter of sculpture can be divided into figures, animals, plants, figures, geometric patterns, clouds and so on.
The figures may be decorated with structural parts, such as the horns of the stone que, but the walls of stone chambers are mostly stylized according to historical records and portraits of Wushi Temple, while Zhu Bi Temple is very natural and lifelike. Black Dragon, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu are the most common animals, and there are also many highly sketched and powerful four dragons and tigers, which have been passed down from generation to generation. In addition, decorative patterns such as horses, deer and fish are also deeply loved by the Han people. Plant patterns include algae patterns, lotus flowers, grapes, rolling grass, fern patterns, trees and so on. Or painted walls, or printed tiles. Characters are mostly used in brick inscriptions, especially in the Han Dynasty. Geometric patterns include sawtooth pattern, ripple pattern, money pattern, rope pattern, diamond pattern, S pattern and so on. Natural clouds, found in Wushi Temple; Dong Xianfu's "column walls are painted with clouds and flowers" is similar.