When learning Shi Shuo, we should understand the basic common sense of its style. Through reading and combining with the background of the times at that time, we can understand the ideological content of this article and the author's fighting spirit. In the process of learning, we should pay attention to various writing skills used in the text, such as comparative argument, positive and negative argument and so on. At the same time, we should also understand the language characteristics and functions of this article, such as using even sentences to make the article neat, powerful and expressive; The use of Julian sentence pattern strengthens the connection between sentences, making the discussion interlocking and closely related to the theme; Rich tone expression can enhance the vividness of the article.
Second, the induction and interpretation of key knowledge
"persuasion"
1, Xunzi and Xunzi
Xunzi (about 3 13 ~ 238 BC) was born in Zhao at the end of the warring States period. Famous thinkers, writers and contemporary people are honored as "Xun Qing", and the works of the Han Dynasty were written as "Sun Qing" because they avoided the taboo of Xuan Di and Liu Xun, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty. He studied in Xia Ji, Qi State for three times, and later made the Chu Lan Order. Han Fei and Li Si are both his students. He was the last representative of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. He inherited Confucius' theory, sublated its negative elements, critically absorbed the thoughts and theories of various schools, and became the representative of simple materialism in the pre-Qin period. Xunzi's prose is thorough in reasoning, vigorous in momentum, simple in language, concise and dense in syntax, full in parallelism and brilliant in metaphor. He wrote tens of thousands of words in his life, and later generations compiled Xunzi, most of which were his own works and a few others' works, with a total of 20 volumes and 32 articles, covering philosophical thoughts, political issues, research methods, ways of living, academic debates and so on. And "encouraging learning" is the first one.
2. The idea of the article
What is the central argument of this article? From what aspects did the author elaborate this view?
Tip:
The central argument of this paper is "learning is not enough". That is, you can't stop learning, relax, or give up halfway. This central argument is discussed from three aspects: the significance of learning, the role of learning, the method and attitude of learning.
At the beginning of the text, the argument that "learning is impossible" is put forward, and then it is discussed from three angles: in the first paragraph, learning can make people "know but not act", which shows that learning is of great significance, thus proving that the argument that "learning is impossible" is correct. In the second paragraph, learning makes people who are not essentially different from ordinary people become gentlemen, which shows the important role of learning and proves that the assertion that "learning is not enough" is correct. In the third paragraph, we should adopt the methods and attitudes of focusing on accumulation, perseverance and dedication in learning. If we give up halfway, we won't learn well. Only "there is no end to learning" can succeed, thus proving that the assertion of "there is no end to learning" is correct.
3. Discussion on the problem
(1) What are the advantages of using "gentleman's words" to lead to the central argument of the text? What is the meaning of the central argument?
Using "the gentleman's words" leads to the central argument "insufficient study", which makes the point more authoritative. This view contains two meanings. First, because learning is of great significance, learning can't stop; The second is the attitude and method of learning, that is, you can't stop learning.
(2) When discussing the meaning of learning, the author used five metaphors. How many meanings do these five metaphors contain?
The metaphor of "green" and "ice" demonstrates that learning can improve people's level; The metaphors of "wheel", "wood" and "gold" show that learning can change people's character. These five metaphors discuss that the significance of learning lies in improving people's intelligence, transforming people's character, and making people smart and understanding without making mistakes. The author uses five metaphors in the first paragraph. "shine on you" and "ice is cooler than water" show that learning can improve people's level. "Wood is the wheel" and "gold is sharp" means that things can change their original state after certain changes. In this way, five metaphors discuss that the significance of learning lies in improving people's intelligence, transforming people's character, making people wise and understanding and not making mistakes.
The first paragraph discusses the central argument from the perspective of the importance of learning.
(3) In the second paragraph, the author even used five metaphors. How do these metaphors prove the important role of learning?
The metaphor of "I can't learn as well as I climb" discusses the viewpoint that "I can't learn as well as I think all day", talks about the relationship between learning and thinking, and emphasizes the role of learning.
In order to make the truth more thorough, the author used four metaphors: "Climbing high and moving", "Calling with the wind", "Fake horse" and "Fake boat". When using these four metaphors, the author especially emphasizes that the arms are not lengthened, the sound is not aggravated, the feet are not beneficial, and the water does not consume energy. The purpose is to emphasize the effect of "listening to people shine", "reaching thousands of miles" and "cutting off rivers", not because people have any special functions, but relying on external conditions. This is closely related to the inference that "gentlemen are born different, and good and evil are also in things", which strongly demonstrates the role of learning, and learning can make up for people's shortcomings. The reason why a gentleman can surpass ordinary people is not that his innate quality is different from ordinary people, but that he is good at learning through the day after tomorrow.
The second paragraph discusses the central argument from the perspective of the important role of learning.
(4) The methods and attitudes of text discussion learning can be divided into several levels. How to demonstrate the positive and negative metaphors?
It can be divided into three layers. The first layer discusses the accumulation of learning, which is discussed by metaphor from front to back. The second layer discusses that learning should be persistent. Anyway, it is discussed by metaphor. The third layer discusses that learning should be single-minded, which is discussed by metaphor before and after. In the third paragraph, the author uses ten metaphors. The first two metaphors, from "accumulating soil" and "accumulating water" to "accumulating people's virtue", positively discuss the role of accumulation, indicating that academic achievements are constantly accumulating. Then, the two metaphors of "not accumulating step" and "not accumulating trickle" are used to illustrate from the opposite side that you can't achieve your lofty goals without accumulating step. This is the first level of this paragraph, which shows that learning is to be accumulated. Next, the author uses four metaphors to compare the pros and cons: First, the comparison between "Qian Ji" and "Ma Xu" shows that subjective conditions are not the decisive factor in learning, but perseverance is the key to learning; The contrast between "perseverance" and "perseverance" shows that only perseverance and perseverance can achieve something. This is the second level of this paragraph, which shows that we should persist in accumulation. At the last level, the author uses the metaphor of earthworm and crab to illustrate that accumulation should be single-minded.
The third paragraph contains three levels, discussing the central argument from the perspective of learning methods and attitudes.
(2) "Teacher Theory"
1, author and background
Han Yu (768 ~ 824), a native of Heyang (now Mengxian County, Henan Province) in the Tang Dynasty, was a famous writer, philosopher and advocate of the ancient prose movement. Because the Han family in Changli (now Changli County, Hebei Province) is a noble family, later Han Yu was called Han Changli, and later he was called Han Wengong. When he was a child, he was poor and studied hard. At the age of 25, he was a scholar, and after the age of 29, he was appointed as Xuanwu our ambassador. Later, he was appointed as a sommelier and an assistant official in imperial academy. I was demoted several times in the middle.
Han Yu is the author of 40 volumes of Collected Works of Mr. Changli, and many excellent essays are read by people. His prose has a wide range of themes, profound contents, diverse forms, simple language and great momentum, and is the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi). Together with Liu Zongyuan, he advocated the movement of ancient Chinese prose, and put forward the viewpoints of "literature carries Taoism" and "the integration of literature and Taoism". He advocated learning the excellent prose of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and resolutely abandoned the flashy style of writing that only emphasized form but not content. Han Yu influenced the literary world with his excellent prose, and also enthusiastically encouraged and guided the younger generation to write ancient prose.
Shi Shuo is one of his representative works, which was written when he was a doctor in Chang 'an at the age of 35. Liu Zongyuan spoke highly of this article, saying in "Answering Wei Zhongli's Book of Teacher's Way": "There is no teacher in this world; Yes, laugh at it and think it's crazy. Han Yu ignored the custom and laughed and abused alone, and learned after receiving the phone call. He wrote The Teacher's Talk and became a teacher because he resisted changing his face (correcting his appearance). Many strange people in the world gathered together to point at him and add it to the text, making him more and more famous. " It can be seen that the teacher's theory is written for the disadvantages of the times. This paper expounds the role and standard of teachers, the importance of learning from teachers and the attitude that should be adopted, and advocates capable people to be teachers, be ashamed to ask questions and learn from each other. These insights have broken through the framework of Confucius' theory and are of progressive significance.
2. Content of the article
The viewpoint of this paper is that "ancient scholars must have teachers", which demonstrates the necessity and correct way of learning from teachers, and criticizes the bad atmosphere that upper-level literati are ashamed to learn from teachers.
The first paragraph puts forward the viewpoint from an empirical point of view, which lays a theoretical foundation for criticizing the "scholar-officials" who are ashamed to follow the teacher.
The second paragraph, positive and negative contrast, criticizes the "literati family".
The third paragraph, taking Confucius as an example, further demonstrates the point of view.
The fourth paragraph explains the reasons for writing and emphasizes his views when praising Li Pan.
This paper is clear in argument, rigorous in structure, positive and negative in contrast, full in facts and thorough in reason, with strong pertinence and persuasiveness.
3. Discussion on the problem
(1) What style is Shuo?
"Shuo" is a style of argumentative writing, which can be narrated before discussion, or narrated before discussion. "Say" is more casual than "say".
The story of a snake catcher, a horse, etc. What I learned in junior high school belongs to the genre of "saying" The ancient meaning of "Shuo" is statement and explanation, so this style can be understood according to the principle of "explanation …". Therefore, the "theory of teachers", that is, the "theory of teachers", is to explain the truth about "learning from teachers" As I said just now, the social atmosphere at that time did not attach importance to the way of learning from teachers, and thought it was shameful to learn from teachers. Han Yu wrote this article as a gift to his student, Li Pan, in order to attack the disadvantages of the times and promote the truth of learning from teachers.
(2) How to understand that the "teacher" mentioned in this article is what we usually call a teacher in a school?
In ancient China, school education was very developed, and there were official schools from the central government to the local government. Han Yu was thirty-five years old when he wrote this article, and was teaching in imperial academy. Then, why did Han Yu say that "ancient scholars must have teachers" and "teachers will not be handed down to the world for a long time"? It turns out that what he called "teacher" has its unique meaning. It does not refer to school teachers at all levels of government, nor does it refer to the enlightenment teachers who "read their books and learn their sentences", but refers to people who have made achievements in school in society and can "get news from their professions". Han Yu is famous for being such a self-righteous person and a good teacher. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty says that he is a "scholar after his success, and his name is often the same". After much advice, they are all called cold disciples. "
(3) In the second paragraph, what kind of argumentation method is used?
First of all, through the comparison between "modern people" and "ancient saints", the conclusion that "saints benefit saints and fools benefit fools" is drawn. Then, by comparing the choice of teachers to teach children with their own "shame on teachers", the conclusion that "primary school is a legacy" is drawn; Finally, by comparing the learning attitudes of "witch doctor musicians" and "scholar-bureaucrat families", it reveals the strange phenomenon that inferiority is inversely proportional to intelligence, which is thought-provoking, and the author's view of learning from teachers is self-evident.
(4) This article talks a lot about learning from teachers, which ones are useful for us today? What embodies the author's feudal consciousness?
The author first put forward the responsibility of teachers, which is both general and comprehensive; The author emphasizes that we should learn from teachers, be a competent teacher, be ashamed to ask questions, respect teachers, reward students for learning, etc., which still has reference significance today. However, the author's "Tao" is the way for Confucianism to maintain feudal rule, and "karma" is the "Six Arts Classics", which is essentially different from what we call "Tao" and "karma". He regarded the "scholar-bureaucrat family" as less knowledgeable than the "witch doctor musician", which exposed the prejudice that the feudal ruling class despised the working people.
(5) What are the linguistic features of this article?
The language features of this paper are as follows:
Combine whole sentences with scattered sentences. Neat even sentences and flexible loose sentences are used alternately, which is natural and patchy. For example, the second paragraph: "Ancient sages were far away from others, so they still asked questions from teachers." "Today people are far away from sages, so they are ashamed to learn from teachers." Then, "because of this, saints are good for saints, and fools are stupid." A saint is holy and a fool is stupid "is a casual remark. In this long prose sentence, "saints are good for saints, fools are stupid" and "saints are saints, fools are stupid" are exclusive sentences.
One meaning, multiple sentence patterns. In the second paragraph, three comparisons were used in succession, and the conclusion was that the bad atmosphere of criticizing scholar-officials for not paying attention to teachers' morality was aggravated, but the tone of each sentence was aggravated. The first sentence, "That's why saints are holy and fools are stupid", has a rhetorical tone; The second sentence, "I didn't see it clearly in primary school", was negatively blamed; The third sentence, "Witch doctor is a skilled musician, and a gentleman is contemptuous, but now his wisdom is beyond his reach, and he can be soft in his responsibility", with ironic tone and strong feelings. This complicated statement makes the discussion more vivid and the reasoning more profound.
The application of true rhetoric. Julian, also known as thimble and Lian Lian, is commonly known as "articulation", that is, the last word of the above sentence is the beginning of the next sentence, which is connected end to end and "vivid as a pearl". There are many such sentences in the text, such as the first few sentences: "Ancient scholars must have teachers. Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? I'm confused and don't learn from the teacher ... "The use of this sentence pattern strengthens the connection between sentences, making the discussion closely linked and closely related to the theme.
Third, the analysis of difficult knowledge
(1) What are the characteristics of the metaphorical argument in Encouraging Learning?
This paper uses a large number of metaphors that are common in life, which makes the abstract truth clear, concrete and vivid and easy for readers to accept. There are various forms of metaphor, sometimes using similar things to set metaphors, explaining problems from the same angle repeatedly and emphasizing the author's point of view. For example, climb high, call with the wind, fake horses, fake boats, accumulate soil into mountains, and water droplets merge into oceans. Sometimes two opposite situations are organized together to form a sharp contrast, so that readers can understand the truth. For example, compare Miracle to Ma Xu, and compare rotten wood to epigraphy. Sometimes the metaphor is reversed first, and sometimes it is reversed first. The content is different, the sentence patterns are diverse, and there is no sense of stagnation in reading. Some metaphors are just metaphors, which imply truth and make readers think. Such as "shine on you" and "ice is cooler than water". Some set metaphors first, and then lead to reality. For example, "climb high, see far without lengthening your arms", and "fake a boat, you can't swim, you can't reach the river". Some set metaphors first, and then further demonstrate with other metaphors. For example, the analogy of "water drops make a sea" first leads to the truth that "accumulating goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared", and then further demonstrates it with "not accumulating steps" and "not accumulating trickle".
(2) How to understand the progressiveness of Shi Shuo?
There are at least three innovations in Han Yu's Teacher's Theory: First, it breaks through the limitations of ordinary people's understanding of the role of teachers, and clearly puts forward a comprehensive and brand-new definition of the role of teachers from "receiving (teaching) to" preaching "and" dispelling doubts ". Secondly, in view of the family concept of the "scholar-officials" in the upper class, it is clearly put forward that "there is no nobility, no length, no short, and there is a way to learn from others." Learning from teachers means learning from Tao, but "Tao" means asking questions. Anyone who hears Tao can be a teacher, regardless of his position. This is a groundbreaking new concept, which has opened up a broad field for teachers. Thirdly, under the guidance of the view that "the Tao is there and the teacher is there", starting from the objective fact that "learning the Tao is specialized", a brand-new view that "the disciple is not necessarily inferior to the teacher and the teacher is not necessarily superior to the disciple" is deduced, which shows that the relationship between teachers and students is relative, and teaching and learning can learn from each other, shining with the brilliance of simple dialectical materialism.