Classical Chinese is an important wealth of China's culture for thousands of years. Our ancient books-including Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese-are written in classical Chinese. If you don't learn, you are as ignorant as Bonzi and others, and you don't know the history of your ancestors.
Classical Chinese is full of cadence and rhythmic beauty, especially poems and songs, which are always too straightforward to write in vernacular Chinese. Just like modern poetry, how many are famous? All you can remember is "I came softly", "Facing the sea, spring blossoms" and "The night gave me black eyes. . "Looking around, there are very few excellent works! What about China's ancient poems and songs? There are many beautiful things in Yuan Qu of Tang Poetry and Song Poetry. There are too many good ones, so I won't go into details.
The description of history in ancient Chinese is also excellent, no worse than that in modern Chinese. The landlord can read more historical records, the language inside is really meaningful, and some things are far from being conveyed by vernacular Chinese. Translation always tastes wrong.
In short, it is best to learn both well. It doesn't matter who is the best.
2. What impact does the eight-part essay have on society? You should write a typo. I think you should ask stereotyped writing. "Eight-part essay" refers to the style used in the imperial examinations in China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The style has a fixed format, which consists of eight parts: breaking the topic, picking up the topic, opening the lecture, starting to share, sharing in the middle, sharing in the later period and binding to share, so it is called eight-part essay. Eight-part essay requires that the topic must be selected from the contents of four books. Its content should be based on Zhu's Notes to the Four Books and other books in the Song Dynasty. I know nothing except the four books, and the rigidity of content and form makes the whole academic circle filled with a dead air. Eight-part essay has played a great role in restraining people's thoughts and maintaining feudal rule, but it has also further lost the free and lively vitality of ancient China society, resulting in the increasingly rigid social system and people's thoughts. The continuation of 500 years in Ming and Qing Dynasties made the tragic situation of "thousands of troops fighting for study" in the late Qing Dynasty. I hope it will help your problem.
3. Apart from classical Chinese, what is the ancient written language consistent with classical Chinese in the pre-Qin period? After the oral evolution, the written language still follows the pre-Qin style, that is, "the separation of classical Chinese."
The ancients didn't say, "What is it?"
For a long time, traditional linguistic theory holds that words are an objective reflection of language. In other words, classical Chinese should be a faithful record of the spoken language of the ancients, which is the so-called "reflection theory". However, after years of research, Meng Zhaolian became suspicious.
According to the knowledge of linguists, there were no modal particles in Chinese before the Western Zhou Dynasty, and "stop at it" only appeared in written language during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and soon reached a complete level in two or three hundred years. Starting from Shangshu, the Book of Songs, Zuo Zhuan, especially The Analects of Confucius and other works in the Warring States period have a large number of modal particles.
A whole set of modal particles unprecedented in two or three hundred years suddenly appeared in the language of a nation. What was the initial motivation? How did it spread rapidly in the national language (including spoken language) when the means of communication in ancient times were quite backward? Professor Meng Zhaolian pointed out that the sudden appearance of a whole set of modal particles does not conform to the law of language development, so it is not credible.
What's more strange is that the ancient modal particles have not all been handed down in the later spoken language, and there are no traces of "Ye", "Ye", "Hu", "Being" and "Ye". This has also become a "Millennium mystery" in the field of linguistics. Professor Meng assumes that these modal particles once existed in the spoken language of ancient people, and they are investigated in reverse order from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, then the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Southern and Northern Dynasties and finally the Qin and Han Dynasties. The result is surprising: they never existed in the spoken language of ancient people. Professor Meng quoted a large number of works and materials of ancient literati. For example, in the Song Dynasty, even the emperor was so "serious" in reading the memorial.
"What is it?" It's a writing symbol.
Since the ancients didn't say, "What is it?" What is it in their daily life?
Meng Zhaolian pointed out that it is a great misunderstanding for linguists to tell people that "ancient classical Chinese has no punctuation marks". In fact, the so-called "modal particles" such as "Hu Zhe Ye" are the earliest punctuation marks in ancient times. There are no modal particles in pre-Qin spoken language, and different tones are expressed by the tone's weight, weight and height. When spoken language was transformed into written language, the ancients borrowed a number of words that originally belonged to content words as the prompt symbols of each sentence, which not only indicated pause, but also suggested the tone of the sentence. When reading aloud, "Lian Ren" only plays a prompting role, and pronunciation is not needed.
Experts said that this conclusion is a great impact on the traditional idea that "writing is an objective reflection of language", and the development history of ancient languages in China is likely to be rewritten.
Since "Lian Ren" is only "punctuation", how did the habit of making sounds when reading come into being? Meng Zhaolian believes that the vernacular modal particles commonly known as "Ah Ma Na Ya" have begun to appear in the spoken language of the Tang and Five Dynasties, and the tone prompt symbols in the written language have gradually transformed into classic modal particles corresponding to spoken language. The main content of the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty is to examine the ability to remember and understand Confucian classics, and sometimes even test "What is it?" In other words, the tone prompt symbols in the classics have become an indispensable part of the classic content, so candidates will read the modal particles at the end of the sentence when reading and reciting the classics at ordinary times to strengthen their memory. Just like the current exam, if you take it with punctuation marks, or even fill in the blanks with punctuation marks, then students must recite punctuation marks when they recite the text.
The research value of "what is it"
Recently, Meng Zhaolian wrote his research results into a paper entitled "Deciphering the Eternal Mystery of" Hu Zhe Ye "-The Theory of Non-colloquialism of Modal Particles in Classical Chinese", which elaborated in detail the emergence, disappearance and practical function of "Hu Zhe Ye", which caused great repercussions in academic circles.
Professor Meng disagreed with the statement that "there were no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese": "The ancients invented characters to record language and express ideas. If you don't tell the reader where to stop and what the tone is, don't you set yourself up and don't want people to understand? "
So why didn't the ancients choose simple symbolic sentences? On the one hand, "borrowing characters as the standard" is to "better express words", on the other hand, it is also to maintain the beauty and consistency of square Chinese characters. Professor Meng said humorously that although classical Chinese is a tool to record language, its content and form are very different from oral Chinese in daily life. Therefore, those characters in costume movies and TV dramas who shake their heads and talk about "what's wrong with themselves" are all subjectively invented by people, not real historical features. Those "fans of Chinese quintessence" who advocate students to speak "classical Chinese" must first understand what is "classical Chinese" and what is "Chinese quintessence". When reading, "Lian Ren" sounds like "leader-colon" will become a laughing stock.
Meng Zhaolian's academic views are strongly supported by Li Jianguo, an expert in ancient literature and classical Chinese novels, a professor at Nankai University and a doctoral supervisor. Li Jianguo thinks that Professor Meng Zhaolian's anti-traditional language theory interprets the essence of modal particles in classical Chinese from a brand-new perspective and puts forward completely different views, which is commendable. This traditional view is actually produced under the influence of western language theory, which is not in line with the reality of China's ancient language development. Professor Meng Zhaolian's research literature is rich, his reasoning is rigorous, and his conclusions are reliable and convincing. He said: "In the process of sorting out ancient documents for a long time, I often feel that there are many unexplained phenomena in modal particles in classical Chinese, but it can be solved by using Meng's' non-speech'."
The influence of classical Chinese on today is that we have to learn and memorize, that is, we have to learn at school, and we don't need it at all in the future. Books are all ancient prose and the like. How can there be classical Chinese in film and television dramas?
Classical Chinese is a kind of written language in China, which mainly includes written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Commonly known as "yes."
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world.
Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
5. What impact does the eight-part essay have on society? You should write a typo. I think you should ask stereotyped writing. "Eight-part essay" refers to the style used in China's imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The style has a fixed format, which consists of eight parts: breaking the topic, picking up the topic, starting from the lecture, starting from the stock, starting from the stock, middle stock, post-stock and binding stock, so it is called eight-part essay. Eight-part essay requires that the content of four books must be selected.
What he said should be based on Zhu's Notes on Four Books and other Song Dynasty books, and the author is not allowed to play freely. Scholars who write eight-part essays in this way are rigid in thinking, narrow in vision, ignorant of things other than the four books, and the rigidity of content forms also fills the whole academic community with a lifeless atmosphere.
Eight-part essay has played a great role in binding people's thoughts and maintaining feudal rule, but it also made the ancient society in China lose its free and lively vitality, which led to the increasingly rigid social system and people's thoughts. The continuation of the five hundred years in Ming and Qing Dynasties made it a sad situation in the late Qing Dynasty. I hope it will help your problem.
6. How did classical Chinese come into being? Classical Chinese is a written language based on ancient Chinese. The earliest written language based on spoken language may have been processed. There are two main ways to deal with it. One is ellipsis. Ancient writing tools were clumsy, and writing was very laborious, so it was inevitable to omit writing and pay attention to simplicity. The other is beautification. The written language should be neat and beautiful. After omitting and beautifying the written language, there is a distance from the spoken language. Oral English changes with the times, and it changes faster. The written language also changes with the times, but the change is much slower. During the more than 3000 years from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to today, many great changes have taken place in spoken language, while the changes in written language are relatively small. The distance between written language and spoken language is getting bigger and bigger, and classical Chinese has become another language completely different from spoken language. Learning classical Chinese requires not only Chinese characters, but also written artificial ancient Chinese, which is difficult to learn.
The format of articles has been constantly created in history. Among them, Liu Siwen is the most influential one, which not only fetters language, but also fetters thought. For example, there are two sentences in the preface to Wang Teng-ting: "Yang Yi does not meet, caressing Lingyun and cherishing himself;" When the clocks meet, why bother running water? " Yang Deyi is omitted as Yang Yi and Zhong Ziqi as Zhong Period, and two allusions are also used. How can such an article be difficult to read?
Format binding "stereotyped writing" can be said to be the best. The eight-part essay divides the article into eight paragraphs: "breaking the topic, taking the topic, opening the lecture, raising shares, raising shares, middle shares, late shares and binding shares". Stereotyped writing originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and prevailed in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yuan Renzong started the imperial examination in the second year of Qing Dynasty (13 13) and stopped it in the thirty-first year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1906).
In the long 600 years, the eight-part essay is the "TOEFL" of the civil service examination in China, and it is the "dragon climbing skill" that generations of young people in China have studied hard for ten years. China culture has been stagnant for a long time, and the eight-part essay wastes the energy of young people, which is an important reason.
What is "vernacular"? Vernacular Chinese is a processed written language based on modern Chinese. Do you want to deal with the vernacular? Yes, there are two aspects. On the one hand, I wrote the same language (Mandarin), not a dialect. Dialects also have written language, not common written language. On the other hand, spoken English should be standardized in grammar and rhetoric. The function of standardization is to expand the circulation value of homophones. The vernacular is not only "written" but also "spoken". Writing is "stylistic language" and speaking is "stylistic language", and the unity of writing and speaking is "the consistency of words and writing". Vernacular writing is the modern common style of Han nationality and China.
Classical Chinese can only be understood except for a few popular articles, but it is incomprehensible after reading it. What we have in mind is modern Chinese, not ancient Chinese. China's ancient poems without subtitles are often played on TV, and the audience can't understand them. Not only can the vernacular be understood, but it can also be read. The so-called understanding, of course, is based on the same culture and major. Although the vernacular has been processed, it is based on modern spoken language, so it is easy to understand. Ordinary people's spoken language is like "rough products", and written vernacular articles are like "fine products".