No.23, Class 4, Grade 2, Qin Zhou (original)
Information: "How to evaluate the first feudal emperor in China history? Since the death of Qin, it is still a controversial issue. Some people praised him as "an emperor through the ages" (Li Zhi collected books? Volume II Table of Contents); Some people say that Qin Shihuang "is not as good as the dragon, although he is the fourth or sixth emperor" (Zhang Taiyan's Qin Zhengji); Some people praised Qin Shihuang's reunification cause: "Qin Wei sweeps the Lord of Liuhe and wants to see it!" (Li Zicheng's "Qin Wang Sweeps Liuhe") They all spoke highly of Qin Shihuang's achievements and affirmed his role in history. He is a great historical figure. Others cursed Qin Shihuang for being "greedy and self-motivated" and "taking tyranny as the beginning of the world" (Jia Yi's new book? On Qin); "The first emperor was tyrannical until his son died (Volume 8 of Zhenguan dignitaries); The first emperor was resolute and willing to take punishment instead of killing as a threat. He is a full-time jailer, and he is lucky. He is bored and bored at home "(Old News of Chen Guoshi). They all denounced the cruelty of Qin Shihuang's rule and were tyrants. These viewpoints all have some truth, but they are also one-sided because of the different positions and starting points of commentators. "
(excerpt from /question/20 10868.html? si=3)
Qin Shihuang did several great things in his life:
1. unified the six countries, unified writing, currency, weights and measures and laws, and established the first feudal centralized country in history.
2. The Great Wall was built, leaving a valuable cultural heritage and many poetic themes for future generations.
3. Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism
First, Qin destroyed six countries and unified China.
Data: "In the year of Qin 15 (the first 230 years), Nai Teng led the troops to destroy Korea, captured Han Wang 'an, and gained Yingchuan County, where Han died.
17 (the first 228 years), Qin Jun invaded Handan, the capital of Zhao (before that, 400,000 troops of Zhao were killed), and Zhao was forced to land in Qin and Zhaopo.
18 (the first 227 years), Prince Dan of Yan sent Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin, and the king of Qin immediately sent Wang Jian to attack Yan.
19 (the first 226 years), Wang Jian attacked Yan Dou thistle, the prince of Yan killed Taizi Dan for peace, and the state of Yan was broken.
In the 20th year of Qin Dynasty (the first 225 years), Wang Ben led 600,000 troops to attack Wei, surrounded the girders of Wei, and filled them with water from the gap of the Yellow River. Three months later, the girder was broken, Wei surrendered and Wei died.
2 1 year (in the first 224 years), Wang Jian led a hundred thousand troops to attack Chu, and An Lushan practiced martial arts and stood firm without fighting. A year later, the Chu army was demoralized and lacked food and grass, so he withdrew from the front. Wang Jian took the opportunity to pursue, wiped out the main force of the Chu army, occupied Shouchun, the capital of Chu, and captured the king of Chu alive. Wang Jian led the army to cross the river, pacify the south of the Yangtze River, destroy the state of Yue and set up Huiji County. Wu Chu.
In the 25th year of Qin Dynasty (222 BC), Wang Ben captured Liaodong and Yan. Then he captured Wang Jia and captured Dai Cheng. Yan and Zhao were wiped out.
In the 26th year of Qin Dynasty (22 1 year), Wang Ben led an army south to attack Qi, who surrendered and died.
(Excerpted from /view/6586.htm)
This should be attributed to Qin Shihuang. First of all, there was no unified measurement and currency in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In this way, although for the monarch, there is no big trouble. However, for ordinary people, only gold can circulate. Without gold and currency exchange institutions, it is difficult for countries to communicate and exchange talents. Therefore, although these people sacrificed for the construction of a unified country, they did not die in vain, and finally unified the six countries in 22 1 BC. There are also unified words, currencies, weights and measures and laws, so it is natural and convenient to communicate because we are in the same country.
Second, Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall.
Information: "Over the years, hundreds of thousands of people have been recruited to do extremely heavy work. From the following records, we can see how terrible the pain caused by the burden of swinging labor is. Yang Tinglie, a A Qing writer, wrote in Fang County Records that a hairy "hairy man" was discovered. It is said that their ancestors were migrant workers who escaped the labor of Qin Shihuang to build the Great Wall. Because they hide in the deep mountains and forests, they are covered with long hair. It is said that when they met the long-haired man, he asked you first: "Is the Great Wall finished?" "Is Qin Huang still there?" Just answer: "The Great Wall is not finished, Qin Shihuang is still there!" The hairy man will scare away. Of course, this record can only be regarded as a folk legend. However, if there is no such cruel reality in history, this terrible legend will never appear. It reflects that what Qin Shihuang did was based on the cruel exploitation and oppression of the broad masses of working people, which far exceeded the degree that society could bear, making it difficult to maintain the simple reproduction of society, so even some measures conducive to historical development caused disasters to the people at that time. "
(excerpt from /question/20 10868.html? si=3)
"After Qin destroyed the six countries, it built the Great Wall in the north and recruited more than 400,000 civilian workers every year. At that time, productivity was extremely low, men could not cover their stomachs with hard work, and women's textiles could not cover their bodies. So it is not surprising that so many people have been recruited to engage in unproductive labor, resulting in incalculable deaths, thousands of corpses lying everywhere, and rivers of blood, so it is not surprising that five out of ten households want to rebel. The folklore of "Meng Jiangnu cried down the Great Wall" also reflects the complaints of ordinary people about the construction of the Great Wall from one side. The Great Wall built at that time was not the Great Wall we see today (the Great Wall was built in the Ming Dynasty), but a rather unstable rammed earth wall. Qin Changcheng's main purpose is to mark the boundary between Xiongnu and Xiongnu, but it has no substantive defensive function. Moreover, the Xiongnu was not strong at that time, and the first emperor sent Meng Tian to send hundreds of troops to attack the Xiongnu. Later generations commented on this: "attack from afar, be greedy from outside, be broad without worrying about its harm." "Not long after Meng Tian's death, the Huns easily crossed Qin Changcheng, not only recovered the original lost territory, but also occupied Yan, Dai and other counties. To sum up, whether the Great Wall itself is meaningful in the war against nomads in later generations is still a controversial topic, but at least in the Qin Shihuang era, it had no effect except wasting national strength. "
(Excerpted from /view/2389.htm)
Qin Shihuang actually just connected the Great Wall built by other countries, repaired it and extended it appropriately. He "connected the Great Wall originally built by Qin, Zhao and Yan, and then extended it to the east and west to build the Great Wall of Wan Li, starting from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west and ending at Liaodong Yugoslav capital in the east" (excerpted from China History Learning Manual, printed by China Youth Publishing House and China Children Publishing House, and first printed in Beijing). Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall to protect the people of the Central Plains and the royal family. Many people died in this huge project, but he protected more people. Although life is precious, it is of great significance to sacrifice the above people for the lives of most people!
Third, Qin Shihuang burned books and buried Confucianism.
Data: "In 22 1 year BC, the first unified autocratic dynasty in China history-the Qin Dynasty was established. At that time, hundreds of schools of thought contended in the society, which seriously hindered Qin Shihuang's thought of unifying the people of the six countries and threatened the rule of the Qin Dynasty. In 2 13 BC, Li Si, the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty, said that a hundred schools of thought "are insincere when they enter, but talk about it when they leave, praise the Lord in the name, take the differences as high, and lead the group to slander." "Therefore, in order to unify the thoughts of the people of the original six countries, Qin Shihuang began to destroy all hundred schools of thought's works except the legalist in that year, until the demise of the Qin Dynasty in 206 BC, which was called" book burning "(Historical Records, Volume VI, Biography of Qin Shihuang: I asked historians to burn all the books except Ji Qin. If you are not a doctor, those who dare to collect poems, books and hundreds of languages in the world will burn them. Those who dare to talk about "poetry" and "books" abandon the market. Think of the past as a family that is not the present. Those who don't mention it when they see it commit the same crime. If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. Don't go, books such as medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to learn the law, take the official as the teacher. "
(from /view/ 14 125.htm)
Data: "In the second year after burning books, that is, in 2 12 BC, Qin Shihuang killed more than 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists in Xianyang, Qin Dou, in order to further repel different political ideas and opinions, which was called" pit Confucianism "in history. Another said that it was caused by the escape of several alchemists. It turned out that Qin Shihuang was very superstitious about alchemy and alchemy, thinking that he could find an immortal real person for himself and get the medicine of immortality. He even declared: "I worship real people and call myself' real people' instead of' me'. "And some alchemists, such as Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng's disciples, also like it, and strongly claim that they are connected with God and can get a wonderful medicine. But after a long time, their promises and all kinds of strange theories are always invalid, and the scam is about to be exposed. The Qin law stipulates: "You can't have two sides, you can't take an exam, and you die." So Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng conspired to escape. Before they fled, they also said that Qin Shihuang was "just violent for his own use", "full-time prison officer" and "greedy for power" and could not ask for fairy medicine. When the first emperor knew this, he was furious and said, "Lu Sheng and others have been very generous to me. Now you slander me, Jyuugo is immoral. Born in Xianyang, I let people ask questions, or pass them on. "He ordered the torture of more than 400 scholars in Xianyang to find Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng. After that, 460 scholars were buried by huge stones. Besides killing more than 460 people in Xianyang. At the same time, a group of people were transferred to the northern border. After the incident, Fu Su, the eldest son of the first emperor, remonstrated, saying, "At the beginning of the world, far-away leaders have not gathered. All the students recite the teachings of Confucius. Today, they all attach importance to the teaching of law. I'm afraid the world will be upset, so I just have a look. "The first emperor was not only angry, but also refused to listen. He also asked Fu Su to leave Xianyang, and the northern supervisor Meng Tian was in Shang Jun."
(from /view/ 14 125.htm)
Qin Shihuang, who was called a tyrant by many poetry books, finally showed his true colors. He is really a tyrant! He tried to destroy almost all literary books, but he never understood that even if it could destroy words, it could not destroy people's minds. Those hundreds of scholars did not die in vain. Their death is heavier than Mount Tai. They have no books, but they have intellectuals. Without intellectuals, there will always be some books left, and then they will resist. You can endure it the first time and the second time, but people's patience is limited and you can't just give in. So, even if the book is destroyed, that person should be destroyed!
In July of the first year of the second year (209 years ago), a group of 900 people set out for Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing) and stayed in osawa Township (now Suxian, Anhui) in case of rain, so they could not arrive at Yuyang garrison as scheduled. Qin law "when lost, when cut", the guards are facing the threat of death. So, under the leadership of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, osawa Township raised the banner of the first large-scale peasant uprising in China history.
In 207 BC, Zi Ying, king of Qin, surrendered to Liu Bang!
To sum up, Qin Shihuang's merits and demerits were offset in his life, with no fault or credit. This is my evaluation of Qin Shihuang.
Word count: 3249 Chinese characters
References:
1 、/question/20 10868.html？ si=3
2、/view/6586.htm
3、/view/2389.htm
4、/view/ 14 125.htm
5. China History Learning Manual was published by China Children's Publishing House and printed by China Youth Publishing House. 195438+0 First printing in Beijing.
6. Li Zhi's books? Table of Contents of Volume II
7. Zhang Taiyan's Qin Zhengji
8. Gigi Lai's "Qin Wang Sweeps Liuhe"
9. Jia Yi's new book? On Qin dynasty
10, Zhenguan dignitaries, Volume 8
1 1, an old story about Chen Guoshi