Vision and hearing
In the literature of China's traditional philosophy, we can easily find the place where the ear (hearing), the eye (seeing) and the heart (thinking) are combined, with special emphasis on not confining ourselves to the obvious things in front of us, but also preventing being blocked. (1) The best way is to use the eyes, ears and thoughts of the world or a country. Relying on indirect or subtle information to draw accurate conclusions is especially respected. Dongguo Cliff was called a "saint" by Guan Zhong according to its manner and gestures, and Lv Chunqiu Shen Ying also spoke highly of it: "Every time you hear it, you hear it. I can't hear its voice today, but with its capacity and arms, Dongguo Tooth can't hear it with his ears. Although Huan Gong and Guan Zhong are good at hiding, Fu can hide. Therefore, the sage listens to it silently and regards it as invisible. Zhan He, Tian Zifang, Lao Dan also. " "Listening to the invisible" can be said to be the highest realm of knowledge and experience.
Nevertheless, people usually have special trust and care about what they see with their own eyes. Heidegger pointed out that the wisdom of listening still corresponds to the wisdom of seeing, and listening should not be completely reduced to seeing, just as time should not be completely reduced to space. He thinks that the nature of things is not clear. Comments by Mr. Ye Xiushan (2):
We can see that the development of the meaning of "listening" is of great significance to the western philosophical tradition. This is not to say that westerners never pay attention to the problem of "listening", but that "listening" has not been developed enough in the philosophical sense, and "listening" is limited to the tools and means of "seeing"-the description of "seeing", and what "listening" has to be restored to "seeing".
Introducing "listening" into philosophy has opened a vertical world. People no longer "only care about the present", but should take into account the past and future of things. People realize that everything in front of them has its past and future. Facing us, everything is complaining about its past and revealing its design for the future. The question is whether we can understand what it says.
According to Mr. Ye Xiushan's reminder, we have also benefited from the emphasis on "listening" and "seeing and knowing" and "hearing and knowing" in recent years. We will also find with interest that the emphasis on "listening" or "listening" in China's traditional philosophy is also worthy of attention.
Listen, Shuo Wen Jie Zi says, "Listen, listen." Duan Yucai's Note: "If you are deaf, you will get something in your ear." There are many sentences about "God listens" and "then" in The Book of Songs, such as Xiaoming's "God listens, the valley is like a woman" and "God listens, which is a blessing". It can be seen that "listening" is God's ability and a way for people to know God.
In ancient China, politics, fate, prison litigation, human feelings, etc. Everyone is the object of listening, and "listening to unpleasant things" is highly respected. (3) "What I heard" can be seen everywhere. Sometimes "listening" even becomes synonymous with all means of trial: "Listening to prison proceedings with five voices, asking for people's feelings: one listening to words, two listening to color, three listening to gas, four listening to ears and five listening to eyes." (Zhou Li Qiu Guan Four Mouths) Guan Jiu Zhu Shou's listening ability also put forward the method of "listening", thinking that it can neither be blocked nor "lost": "The art of listening says: Don't look elsewhere, don't look at it. If it is built, it will fall, and if it is left, it will be blocked. " It can be seen that "listening" has gone far beyond the function of the ear and become synonymous with understanding and judgment.
Listen attentively, and listen with God.
Wen Zi paid special attention to "listening" and emphasized listening with "God".
2482, the cultivation of virtue is not a matter of listening, so people who listen with their ears learn from skins; Listen attentively
0756 learning in muscle moon [meat]; For the audience,
2500 is not deep, he knows it is not far, but he can't do his best, he can't.
-Bamboo Slips "Wen Zi"
Wen Zi asked, Lao tze said, you are not proficient in learning, also don't listen deeply. All listeners will be wise, successful, famous, neither refined nor deep. Therefore, listen to God in school, listen attentively in middle school, and listen with your ears in school; Listen with ears, with dermatology, with heart, with muscle, with spirit, with bone marrow. So, if you don't listen deeply, you know it is unknown, you know it is unknown, you can't do your best, you can't do it. Anyone who listens to the truth, with an open mind and a quiet mind, is not worried, has no troubles, has no artificial eyes and ears, and is full of meaning. If you get it, you will stick to it for a long time.
-This edition of "Wen Zi Morality"
Comparing the bamboo slips with the present Wen Zi, we can see that people think that the mastery of Tao should start with "listening", and the purpose of "listening" is to gain wisdom, conduct and reputation; The ability of "listening" depends on whether "learning" is "detailed" and "deep"; Different organs of "hearing" have different learning levels. This paper uses metaphors such as "skin", "muscle" and "bone marrow" to illustrate the depth of knowledge, points out the consequences of "not listening deeply", puts forward the "listening theory", and emphasizes that you must "stick to it" and "stick to it for a long time" after you get the goal of listening. There is a similar content in "Zhuangzi Human World":
He replied, "I dare ask my heart." Zhong Ni said, "If you make up your mind, you won't listen with your ears, but listen with your heart. Listening stops at the ear, and the heart stops at the symbol. Angry people confuse the real with the fake. Only the Tao is empty. If you are empty, your heart will fast. "
In contrast, Wen Zi is richer in content, which is obviously the development of Zhuangzi's life thought. Lu Chunqiu: "If you smell what you have learned, you will get what you have heard, what you have done, and what you have earned." On the issue of the effect of "listening", it is similar to Wen Zi. A comparative study in this respect will be carried out in the next article. There is a passage in Liezi Zhong Ni that is related to the theory of listening in Zhuangzi and bamboo slips Wen Zi, but there is no clear expression of "listening with god" or "listening with heart" or "listening with spirit", which seems to be relatively primitive information:
Dr. Chen hired Lu to meet his uncle privately. Uncle Sun Shi said, "There is a saint in our country." Said, "Isn't this the evil of Kong Qiu?" Say, "Yes." "How do you know it's sacred?" Uncle Sun Shi said: "I often hear Yan Hui say,' Kong Qiu can abandon his heart and use form.' "Dr. Chen said," There are saints in our country, too. Are they wise? " Say, "Who is a saint?" He said, "Lao Dan's disciples, those who have Kang Cangzi, have learned to listen with their ears." Lv Hou was taken aback and made Shangqing give him a gift. Kang Cangzi applied for the job. Lv Hou condescending to ask. Kang Cangzi said, "The preacher is false. I can see and hear without eyes and ears, and I can't use it easily. " Lv Hou said, "This increases the difference. So what? Finally want to hear it. "Kang Cangzi said:" My body and mind are in harmony, my heart is in harmony with qi, qi is in harmony with God, and God is in harmony with nothing. Although it's far away from the Eight Wilderness and close at hand, I will know those who come to fuck me. But I don't know what it's like to have seven holes and four branches, and I know what my heart is, but I know it myself. "Lu Hou Dayue. One day, I will sue Zhong Ni, but Zhong Ni just smiled.
Although this passage in Liezi does not directly ask the question of listening or smelling, mind, qi and spirit are all related to sound and knowledge. It has something in common with Zhuangzi, Wen Zi and Lv Chunqiu. There is a passage in the Han bamboo slips No.0279 of Zhangzi that discusses the problem of "five evils in listening", which seems to be a dialogue:
Listening has five evils: the second is inside, and the third is outside. Yue: "What about the second patient?" Yue said, "Right in the eye and ears. ...
Probably discussing the obstacles of "listening" from the opposite side. Anyway, the theory of "listening" is not isolated.
The discussion about "listening" is quite influential in Wen Zi. The second part of "Golden House Yan Zili": "Confucius said:' The ear listens from the skin, the heart listens from the muscles, and the god listens from the bone marrow." Among them, "Confucius" should be "Golden House", and Liang Yuanxiao claimed to be the emperor, but the content was simplified to Wen Zi. (4)
Due to the clue of "listening to God", we will think of the content of "listening to God" in the Book of Songs mentioned above, in which "God" is not necessarily a personality god, especially "Luming Literature logging":
Cut down trees and sing songs. Transfer from the valley to the tree. Let it sing and ask for its friendly voice. I am a bird, and I want a friend. You're Iraqi. You don't want friends? God listens to it, and in the end it is peaceful.
If "God listens to his words, it will eventually be peaceful" is used to explain it, which means "the heart listens to those voices, which is both harmonious and dull". (5)
The clue of "listening to God" can also help us solve some difficult problems in Laozi. Chapter 47 of Wang Ben: "If you stay at home, you will know the world; If you don't peek, you will see heaven. In Jingfu Edition, especially Mawangdui Silk Edition, you will write "Know the world without leaving home; If you don't peek, you can know heaven. " Fu, the model is "never leave home, you can know the world, you can know the heaven", "Lv Chunqiu JUNSHOU" is quoted as "I don't know the world, but I don't know the heaven", "everything goes wrong, I am old" is "never leave home, I can know the world; If you don't peek at it, you can know the heaven. " Secondly, "it is far away, and it knows very little." Knowing that saints can't do it, they don't see it. "In every book, it is similar." "Yi" means "can" or "however" has some truth, and there seems to be little difference between "seeing heaven" and "knowing heaven".
But according to the context of Laozi, "knowledge" is the theme of the article. Since "he is far away, but he knows very little", he should "stay at home and know the world; If you don't peek, you can know heaven. " In other words, the best way is: "stay at home and know the world;" I don't know the way of heaven, because "you can't know it far away, and you know very little. "Staying at home" is the way to "know the world" and "not peeking" is the way to "know the sky". So, what is the basis of "blocking the door and closing the foreign exchange"? In Wen Zi's words, it means "listen with your heart" or "listen with your god". Only in this way can we have the effect that "a saint knows what he can't do, but he won't succeed if he doesn't see what he can't do." Therefore, it is still "knowing the world without leaving home; Knowing the sky without looking at it is more philosophical, and the word "Yi" can be directly interpreted as "Lai".
Moreover, unearthed documents tell us that the five elements of "benevolence, righteousness, reason and holiness" are all related to knowledge, especially "holiness", which is closely related to "listening" and deserves special attention.
Five meanings of sage wisdom
1, saint: the ability to listen; Wisdom, judgment.
Guo Moruo's Textual Research on Oracle Bone Inscriptions: "The word of ancient hearing, sound and holiness. Its words are ears and mouth, and it understands from mouth and ears. When the mouth speaks, the ear hears that it is sound, and its sound action is listening. Saint, sound and hearing are the languages of the future. A saint listens, but doesn't hear. It is only at the beginning of the ear that a sound symbol is attached to the text. " "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "Sheng, Cong Er." Duan Yucai's Note: "Those who are pleasing to the ear are said to be smooth." "Custom Pass" says:' A saint has a voice. Just listen to what you say. ""according to the sacred words, the ancient phase is borrowed. The so-called "sweet saint" should be like Guo Moruo's "ancient hearing, holiness and sound." What they say is the ear, what they say is the mouth, and what people realize is from the mouth and ears. The words in "Custom Pass" quoted in Duan Zhu's notes are just the words "sound" to interpret "holiness".
The "Saint" in Laozi handed down from ancient times is mostly written as "sound" in version A of silk, "ear mouth" in version B of silk, and "sound and saint" in Guodian bamboo slips. The five elements of Mawangdui, unearthed together with the silk book Laozi, are "holy" rather than "sound" like the five elements of Guodian bamboo slips. The silk book "Five Elements": "Those who have (wisdom) hide (hide) sacred things in their ears, and those who don't know Confucius will gain the Lu of Xia." Bamboo slips "Five Elements": "Jinsheng is good; Jade sound, sage also ""Jin Sheng Yu Chen (vibration). "
In Guodian bamboo slips, what should be "listening" is also written as "holy":
It is not enough to look at it, nor is it enough to be holy.
-Lao Zi Group C
Capacity, eyes also. A saint has ears.
-"Language Series 1"
It can be seen that the annotations in Shuowen Jiezi implicitly quoted words such as "sage" and "sixty years old", which deviated from the original meaning of "sage", while the word "ear mouth" in the second edition of Laozi shows that "sage" has an inherent homologous relationship with "sound" and "hearing", which can prove Guo.
Regarding wisdom, Shuo Wen Jie Zi says: "Literacy is also good." Duan Yucai's annotation thinks that "knowledge" is often used for saving, while Xu Kai's Shuowen Jiezi Zhuan explains that "knowledge" is "as fast as an arrow". We can say that wisdom is a kind of ability to know (judge)-not only can it quickly (grasp the phenomena, signs and mysteries of "intangible", "silent", "immature", "unknown" and "unheard of"), but also accurately (inaccurately called "confusion" or "stupidity"). In newly unearthed documents, knowledge and wisdom are often universal. For the convenience of discussion, according to the custom of modern Chinese, we write nouns as wisdom and verbs as cognition or judgment as knowledge.
2. Saint: I know by smell; Wisdom is known by sight.
In the unearthed documents such as Guodian Bamboo Slips Five Elements, Mawangdui Silk Slips Five Elements, Bajiaolang Bamboo Slips Wen Zi, and the handed down classics such as Dai Dai Li Ji and Shu Xin, the "sage" is explained by "knowing" and "wisdom" by "knowing". Therefore, "holiness" is not only "smell" or "hearing", but also "knowledge" or "wisdom". Because most people are "blind" and "deaf" to things around them.
In the five elements of bamboo slips and silk books, the attributes and expressions of wisdom, such as brightness, seeing the wise, jade color, etc., are all the contents of "seeing", while the attributes and expressions of holiness, such as agility, smelling the gentleman's way, jade sound, etc., are all the objects of "listening":
Wise thinking is also long, and when it grows, it will be there. If you don't forget, you will, and so will the wise. See the sage, see the jade color. Jade color means shape, and shape means wisdom.
The sage's thinking is also light, and light is the shape, and the shape is not forgotten. It is wise not to forget. If you have wisdom, you will be enlightened, and Wang Yan (jade sound) will be shaped and holy.
The Analects of Confucius: Confucius said: I know everything. Listen more, choose good and follow it, see more and know it, and know it twice. " Confucius emphasized that "knowledge" is the premise of "merit" and attached importance to the choice and judgment of knowledge and experience. What needs attention here is the difference between "hearing knowledge" and "seeing knowledge". This difference is looming in the eyes of Confucius, and "seeing more and knowing" is not as good as "knowing". Articles such as "Five Elements" have obviously developed these thoughts of Confucius.
Simply put, "what you know and see" is the so-called "perceptual knowledge" and "what you know and hear" is the so-called "rational knowledge"; Or "knowing" is the empirical proof of "being present" and "knowing" is the logical judgment of "not being present". "Seeing and knowing" needs the help of certain materials, while "hearing and knowing" depends on the wisdom of the cognitive subject itself, so it is called "holiness", which is why "listening to the Tao" is paid more attention.
In addition, there is an interesting phenomenon, which is the relationship between "Tao" and "speech". On the one hand, "saints" want to "practice" and refuse to give up, on the other hand, they want to "write books and make statements" and talk endlessly; When we read the book of the sage, we are actually "listening" to what he says, not "watching" what he does; When we study his thoughts, we are actually talking to them, not looking at their height and waist geometry. Guodian bamboo slips include a group of bamboo slips named "The Way of Saying". The explanation of "Tao" is from the perspective of saying:
No matter what you say, urgency comes first. If you are in a hurry, you must say what you want.
Words begin, but feelings last. If you don't say it, you can't get it back. If you talk, walls have ears. Words hurt people, words hurt themselves. Good words are enough for the end of life, but three generations of wealth are not enough for death.
Obviously, the sayings of "those who are in a hurry are the first" and "words begin" are based on the word "first" in the form of Tao. In this way, the relationship between "Tao" and "listening" is closer.
3, holy, know the way of heaven; Wisdom means understanding human nature.
Lao Zi, the silk book of Mawangdui, is the fourth lost book (Virtue and Sage), which links "Sage" with "Heaven" and "Wisdom" with "Man".
Holy one, sound also. The sage knows, the sage knows the sky, and it is embarrassing. The saint in his stomach absorbed all the sounds. He who knows heaven speaks, knows heaven, knows heaven.
Saint, God knows. Knowing human nature means knowing, and knowing heaven means being holy.
The five elements of Guodian bamboo slips have similar definitions of "sage" and "wise man";
Wen Shusheng said, Cong Ye. Knowledge is sacred, and saints know heaven.
The understanding of "holiness" and "knowledge" in the five elements of silk script is similar to that in Guodian bamboo slips.
Smell the gentleman's way, from also; When you hear it, you are also sacred; Saints know the way of heaven, and do what they know, holy yeah. See and know, know and know, know and be safe, and be kind to others.
A saint starts from heaven and knows people.
Sacredness is wise and widely known.
Visible "saint" is better than "wisdom". The position of "saint" in Mencius is also the highest;
Benevolence is to father and son, righteousness to monarch and minister, courtesy to guest and host, wisdom to sage, sage to heaven, life to nature, and a gentleman does not call life.
-"Mencius with all his heart"
4. saints: rhyme; Wisdom, voice.
The bamboo slips "Five Elements" take pains to discuss "sage wisdom" and put forward coherent, consistent and comprehensive questions:
A gentleman's kindness begins and ends. A gentleman's virtue also has a beginning and an end.
Golden sound and jade vibration, the sage is also. Golden sound, good also; Jade sound, holy also. Good, humane; Virtue, heaven also. Only those who are virtuous can make it sound like good words.
The usual explanation of "golden sound and jade vibration" is "sounding with bells, rhyming with bells, and playing music from beginning to end." (A Complete Collection of Idioms) Yan Shigu notes "Urgent Articles": "A clock is gold, a chime is stone". There is a fundamental consistency between "gold" and "stone": "Therefore, a saint keeps his word. Tao is still a stone, which cannot be adjusted; Things are still harps, and every string changes. " However, the voices of Zhong and Qing are different. "Clock and qing is the same. Hear the bell when you are near, and hear the sound when you are far away. Birds of a feather flock together, if it is near, it is not far, and if it is far, it is not near. " (Huai Nanzi said that good training) Their functions are also different, corresponding to "saint" (rhyme) and "wisdom" (sound) respectively.
The ancients had a special interest in jade, and thinkers also showed it exquisitely. Generally speaking, they think it is a combination of various virtues. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": "Those who are beautiful in jade have five virtues." Duan Yucai's complement is "benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage and tolerance". "Pipe, water" more put forward:
Those who are worthy of her husband's jade are rewarded with nine virtues. Fuxi is gentle and kind; Reasonable neighbors all know; Strong but not wrinkled, righteous; Cheap but not embarrassing, ok; Fresh but not dirty, clean; Brave and unyielding; All defects are suitable, and the essence is also; Hua Mao is glorious, but it is smooth and graceful. Knock it, its sound is clear and far away, clear and not confused, and the word is correct; It is people-oriented, hidden as treasure, divided into Fu Rui, showing nine virtues.
Confucius recorded in the Book of Rites explained why jade was given special attention:
Zi Gong asked Confucius, "Who dares to ask a gentleman that jade is expensive but cheap?" ? How much is the scarcity of jade? Confucius said, "It's not because there is more jade that it is cheaper, but because there is less jade. In the past, a gentleman was better than jade: gentle and kind, benevolent; Be cautious and know; Cheap but not embarrassing, righteous; Hanging like a team, courtesy also; The sound of knocking at the door is getting louder and longer, and finally it is pleasant; Defects do not cover up Yu, Yu does not cover up defects, loyalty is also; Fu Yin Pang Da, letter also; Gas is like Bai Hong, and the sky is also; The spirit is found in mountains and rivers, and the land is also; Zhang Gui TEDA, Deya. The world is expensive, and the Tao is also. "Poetry" says, "A gentleman is as gentle as jade." Therefore, a gentleman is also expensive. "
Similar to pronunciation and rhyme set, in phonology, "rhyme set" is also considered to be the most important thing, so we should pay special attention to:
Madam, to understand rhyme, we must first understand the three theories of phonology. Cover a word, there must be a beginning, a belly and a tail. Sound, sound, is the first word Meng Ziyun: "Golden sound makes jade sound." The sound name covers the beginning. Tone, the degree of tone, is the belly of the word. When the word becomes a sound, its word begins to be correct. Rhyme, rhyme also, is the suffix, so it is called residual rhyme. However, among the three, rhyme is the most important. Every word with rhyme, like water rushing into the sea, is bound to be decided. If you make the finishing touch, it's finished. Therefore, people who have studied dharma from ancient times to the present have never focused on the sound, but only carefully examined the sound and rhyme.
-"Ci, Cui Yuan's Discrimination, Phonology, Phonology, Three Treatises to Be Clear"
5. Saint: the last organizer; Wisdom: organizer. Jin Shengyu Zhen is a masterpiece.
"Sima Faren Ben" mentioned: "Knowing the end and knowing the beginning is to be wise." Pronunciation and rhyme are also closely related to the problem all the time.
A gentleman's kindness begins and ends. A gentleman's virtue also has a beginning and an end.
—— "Five Elements" of Bamboo Silk
"A good gentleman has a beginning and an end". Speech begins with the body and ends with the body.
"A gentleman's virtue also has a beginning and no end". There is a beginning, and words begin with their bodies; People who have nothing to do with the ending say what they think.
Five elements in silk
A gentleman is the master. If you can enter, you will be a gentleman, and if you can enter, you will stop there.
—— "Five Elements" of Bamboo Silk
"A gentleman is the master." If you succeed, you will succeed, or you will have it. It is also a great achievement, and it is also a golden sound. Those who only listen to the golden sound and jade vibration will treat others with kindness and righteousness. Great achievement, God's ear! People think that everything can be unreasonable, but it is not.
Five elements in silk
Mencius used the word "golden voice and jade vibration", (6) made a systematic explanation of the wisdom of saints,
Mencius said: "Boyi is a holy spirit; Yi Yin, a saint; Liu Xiahui, holy and also; Confucius, even in the sacred time. Confucius said it was a great achievement and a great achievement. Jinyin is also the beginning; Yu Zhen was also the person who was finally organized; Those who start to be organized are also wise; Finally, the organization is also sacred. Wisdom is better than Xing, and saints are better than Xing. A hundred paces away from shooting, yes: its arrival, its strength; Among them, Li Feier also. "
-"Mencius Zhang Wan"
Also known as "Qi", unvoiced sounds can express this "Qi":
Chuanyue: Living in harmony is beautiful, eating and drinking in harmony is precious, speaking in harmony is credible, and Si Qi is successful and prosperous. Five gods, Si Qi, live in it. "Poetry" says: "Harmony and peace, according to my voice."
-"Biography of Korean Poetry" Volume 1
Mencius' "order" is of course still related to the theory of music, but it is no longer limited to music. Book Pan Geng: "The network will be orderly in key links". There are many "organizers". How many people have put forward various schemes and designed large and small regulations? But no matter in which field, people who "start from the beginning to the end" are always rare. Just like playing music, there are countless fans and many attempts, and few people can "succeed". Therefore, "integration" is really difficult to achieve, so it is highly respected.
"A gentleman is a virtue with a beginning but no end" mentioned in Bamboo Slips and Five Elements seems to be in contradiction with "a masterpiece", and the part of "saying" in the silk book "Five Elements" has an explanation: "If there is a beginning, words begin with the body; Those who have nothing to do with the end, give up and be alone. " In fact, the article emphasizes that moral cultivation should not start from the body, but end in the body, and ultimately make one's "heart" in an independent leading position, not biased towards benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom, and not "served" by eyes, ears, nose and mouth. In Records of the Historian Biographies of Fan Sui and Cai Ze, the sage is regarded as the attribute of "heart":
Cai Ze said, "Well, why don't you watch it later? The order of the four seasons, the winner goes. Isn't it the wish of a gentleman to have a strong wife, convenient hands and feet, smart eyes and ears, and a holy heart? " Ying Houdao: "Of course."
It is not difficult to find that the five meanings of virtue and wisdom can actually be divided into two categories, one is from the perspective of "seeing" and the other is from the perspective of "being constant", and the word "making" is the communication between the two. The ultimate direction of sage wisdom is "the unity of man and nature". In other documents, "sage wisdom" is directly used as a criterion to judge people or their ability to handle affairs. Different thinkers have different attitudes towards "sage wisdom".
The role and experience of the four sages
1, the sage is virtuous.
In addition to the five elements on the bamboo slips, Liu De in Guodian Bamboo Slips also included saints in Liu De, holding that: "The father is a saint and the son is a benevolent, the husband is wise and the woman is faithful, and the monarch is loyal and loyal. The sage is benevolent, wisdom gives birth to faith, and righteousness gives birth to loyalty. " Situ, the official of Emperor Li Zhou: "Teach the masses with three things in the countryside to make them happy: First, Liu De, knowledge, benevolence, holiness, righteousness, loyalty and harmony; Two lines, filial piety, friendship, harmony, marriage, appointment and sadness; Three words and six arts, courtesy, music, shooting, imperial, writing and counting. " It also regards "sage wisdom" as a virtue. In the inscription of Qin Shihuang, he praised virtue and was "bright and glorious", but did not forget "sage wisdom": "In the twenty-eighth year of Wei Dynasty, he became emperor. Horizontal laws, the discipline of all things. Understand personnel, contract father and son. Virtue, wisdom, benevolence and righteousness reveal the truth. Help the east to save the soldiers. " (Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor) Li Jisheng, a great Dai, took Tao, morality, benevolence, holiness, righteousness and propriety as his "six strategies" and expounded the significance of governing the country and protecting the people. It can be seen that the sage is not a general compliment. However, in other contexts, "sage wisdom" is a method or ability.
2. As a saint of ability and method
Sage wisdom, as a kind of ability and method, is relatively common: for example, "you think you are sage wisdom." No questions asked. Think you are safe. There is no defense. Neighbors don't know how to quit. Five troubles. " ("Seven Diseases of Mozi") "Although there are sages, I am private and not for governing the country." Of course, sage wisdom is also a very important ability, which can become a national resource: "the treasure, equipment and use of the state." Forts, obstacles, storage, treasures also; Sage and wisdom, too; Pearl jade is useless in the end. The late king valued his treasure and neglected its final use, so he could become the best in the world. " (Guanzi Yan Shu) This ability is the function of the heart: "Isn't it the wish of a scholar to have a strong wife, convenient hands and feet, smart eyes and ears and a wise heart?" (Biography of Historical Records of Fan Ju, Biography) More correctly, the residence of the wise is the astronomical geography and the way of the world in people's minds: "Yi said,' Look up at astronomy and look down at geography', which is why we know the secret. The effect of husband's astronomy, geography and human feelings lies in the heart, and it is the house of wisdom. " (Shuo Wu). This ability can be gradually increased: "I heard what I didn't hear yesterday, and I don't know what I know. I am getting more and more wise;" You are becoming more and more stupid today. If a husband blames a fool with the Lord, you will soon suffer. " (Biographies of Historical Records of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo) As an adjective, a saint is sometimes used as a noun, meaning "a man of saints". For example, "when emperors learn from the West and have virtue, saints will be in power and make great contributions." ("New Book Fu Bao") "So, to die for the country and the family is not without saints and wisdom, so there is no need to die. "(New Preface Xieshi)" Heaven and earth should not be sin, saints should not be guilty, and ghosts should not be bullied. " ("Liezi Mo Lifeng")
These sages all mean excellent cognitive ability and accurate judgment ability, which is consistent with the explanations of "seeing and learning" and "hearing and learning".
3. The "saints" and "wisdom" who were rejected and abandoned.
The extreme admiration for saints will inevitably lead to fierce criticism of them. Laozi, a bamboo slip in Guodian, has the language of "abandoning wisdom and arguing", and the criticism of "ingenuity" can also be seen everywhere in the pre-Qin literature. Zhuangzi Human Life holds that "wisdom" and "name" are the tools of struggle and the reasons for the loss of virtue, respectively, and they are both "weapons to kill". Zhuangzi's Essays criticized the "saint" most directly and violently: "However, once Tian Chengzi killed Qi Jun and stole his country, would thieves be the only evil in other countries?" And then steal it in a divine way. Tian Chengzi has the name of a thief, but he is in the territory of Yao and Shun. Small countries dare not judge, big countries dare not punish, and the twelfth century is neat. Isn't it stealing and guarding its thief with its holy wisdom? ""the thief will be punished, the thief is a vassal, the door of the vassal, and the door of righteousness. Is it stealing righteousness and holiness and knowing evil? " "Saint, the soldiers of the world, tomorrow is not the case. Therefore, the divine abandons knowledge, and the thief is the only one. Han Feizi believes that there is self-interest from top to bottom, and it is very dangerous not to control the situation of "a group of wise men": "There is no way in the world, and wise men have private opinions, and wise men have private opinions. There are selfish interests in the world, there are selfish desires in the world, and a group of talents is perfect. Making up stories is about speech and taking illegal means to confront them. I have to be blocked, so I respect it. Is to teach me not to listen and disobey the law. Live in the name of a saint, and treacherous court officials get rich by rewarding them. Sages make a living by fame, while treacherous court officials reward wealth, even more than that. "Xunzi's criticism of Meng Si's theory of five elements was almost harsh, and he put forward some correction methods for sage wisdom. First, don't rely on the wisdom of saints to lead people to the end of the road: "Be noble, don't be proud; Smart and wise, not for the poor. " The second is stupidity: "Lutz said,' Is there a way to catch people?' Confucius said:' Wise men, wise men are foolish, and merits are preserved in the world. Help the world bravely and keep it with fear; Rich all over the world, remain modest. So is this so-called way of losing money. "("you sit down ")" Shuo Wen jing yuan Shen "also said:
Respect the virtuous, not arrogant; Smart and wise, there is no poverty. Quick endowment, no ancestors; Strong and brave