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The flute is one of the woodwind instruments commonly used in China traditional music, namely China bamboo flute, which is generally divided into Qu Di in the south and Bangdi in the north. Di Zi is often used in China folk music, China traditional opera, China national orchestra, western symphony orchestra and modern music, and is one of the representative musical instruments in China. Most flutes are made of bamboo, but there are also stone flutes and flutes. However, the best material for making flutes is bamboo, because flutes made of this material have the best sound effect.
brief introduction
Another nickname: bamboo flute; Flute; "side blowing"
Application clef: treble clef, no shift notation.
Structure: It is a long tube slightly thicker than fingers, with several small holes on it.
A common six-hole bamboo flute consists of a flute head, a blowing hole (1), a membrane hole (1), a sound hole (6), a rear sound hole (2), a front sound hole (2, also called barrel sound) and a flute tail.
Material: Flute body is generally made of bamboo.
The flute membrane (a small sheet attached to the membrane hole when playing) is generally composed of the inner membrane in the tender reed stem.
The application of flute membrane is to select adhesive. At present, there are Ejiao, donkey skin cream, yellow croaker gum, resin, bletilla striata and so on. Colla Corii Asini and Rhizoma Bletillae are the most commonly used, which can be bought in general Chinese medicine shops and pharmacies. Because the flute membrane itself has certain flexibility and water absorption, the pasted flute membrane will automatically recover to a certain extent, so it can be slightly tight when pasted. After automatic recovery, the flute membrane is moderately elastic and can make a pleasant sound, but if it is to be used with paste, the flute membrane must be relaxed before it can be pasted. When pasting the film, first cut a square flute film so that the fiber of the flute film overlaps with the fiber of the flute in parallel, then dip Ejiao in water and apply it around the hole of the film, pinch both sides of the flute film with your thumb and forefinger, and pull out wrinkles perpendicular to the fiber lines of the flute film, then slowly press it downward and stick it, and then hold it for a while after adjustment. The collection of flute films should pay attention to moisture and sun protection, and it should be replaced if it becomes yellow, aging and loses elasticity. If fresh flute membranes need to be preserved for a long time, they can be wrapped in plastic bags and put into the freezer.
Musical Instrument Features: It belongs to woodwind instrument family. It is a typical national musical instrument in China.
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Flute selection
The choice of flute should be considered from the quality and category of flute. The quality of the flute depends not only on the quality of the flute tube itself, but also on the level of production. When purchasing, you should check:
1, check the bamboo quality of the flute. Flute pipes require strong bamboo (bamboo grain is old). Bamboo has a good texture. This pipe is straight and round. Generally, the head of flute body is slightly thicker than the tail, but the difference should not be too big. The flute has a medium thickness. The inner wall of flute tube is flat and smooth. There is no moth, crack and other phenomena in the whole body. Beautiful and generous appearance. These requirements can be identified by vision.
2. Check the pitch of the flute. The method is to play according to the standard flute or musical instrument (accordion, electronic organ, etc.) as far as possible. ) sound calibration instrument. After the tonic is determined, check the accuracy of all the sounds of the flute according to the interval relationship. You can also play overtones to see if it is easy to generate and clean up. Checking overtones is also a good way to check the pitch of real sounds.
3. Check the volume of the flute. Generally speaking, the loudest one is better. The loud flute is loud and vibrates strongly. Sometimes your fingers will feel numb when you play.
4. Check the timbre of the flute. The general requirements for timbre are loose, thick, round and bright, which depends on the quality of the flute itself, on the other hand, it is closely related to the film pasting technology and playing skills.
5. Check the sensitivity of the flute. Generally speaking, it is better to exhale without dull pronunciation, and the sooner you react, the better.
6. Beginners should choose the tune. The same bamboo flute has various tonality. How to choose? Generally speaking, it is more suitable for beginners to choose alto flute, e or f flute. Because this kind of flute is easy to play and has a moderate pitch, it is also often used for playing. If conditions permit, you want to choose more flutes. Then besides the flutes in E and F, you can also choose A Qu Di in D and A Band-Aid in G, which are also commonly used.
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Flute types
BAND-AID
Bangdi is used to accompany the northern Bangzi opera.
Flute body is thin and short, and its timbre is high, bright and powerful, focusing on the use of tongue skills.
In the performance, it shows a strong local color, and it is more intense in the use of breath. It adopts special skills such as fast tongue jumping, strong overlapping sound, and interesting tongue sounds.
Band-Aid is good at expressing vigorous, lively and quick feelings, and has a strong northern color, which is inseparable from the regional characteristics, living and working habits of the people in the north.
It is mostly used for accompaniment of blowing songs, Ju Ping Opera and Bangzi Opera (such as Shaanxi Opera, Hebei Bangzi, Pu Opera, etc.). ) In the north, it can also be used for solo.
[Popping]
BAND-AID
Qu Di
Qu Di, also known as "Bundhit", "Shidi" or "Tiexian (silk wrapped) Di", is used to accompany southern Kunqu opera. Because it is abundant in Suzhou, it is also called "Su Causeway".
Most of them are c or d keys.
The pipe body is thick and long, the timbre is pure and mellow, the transportation is long, and the strength changes carefully. It is often played first and then combined, with three rhymes, melodious and euphemistic, and the tunes played are beautiful, exquisite and gorgeous, with a strong Jiangnan charm.
The timbre is beautiful and clear, and the timbre can be controlled freely. The techniques of calling, playing, leaning and vibrato on the flute are widely used, which requires full and even breath and minimal staccato.
Qu Di is widely popular in southern China, suitable for solo and ensemble, and it is one of the distinctive instruments in local music such as Kunqu Opera, Jiangnan bamboo silk, southern Jiangsu percussion, Chaozhou dialect flute, Chaozhou dialect gongs and drums.
Flute is one of the most distinctive playing instruments in China. In May, 1986 and 16 vertical bone flutes (made of bird limb bones) were excavated at the early Neolithic site in Jia Hu Village, Wuyang County, Henan Province, with a history of more than 8,000 years. For vertical blowing, the sound holes range from five to eight, and most of them are seven-tone flutes, which have roughly the same scale as the China tradition we are familiar with now. Bone flute is engraved with an equal sign next to the sound hole, and some sound holes are punched, which completely conforms to the timbre of China today and can still be used to play the folk music Chinese Cabbage.
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Musical instrument characteristics
[Qu Di]
Qu Di
Flute belongs to the woodwind family. It is a typical national musical instrument in China. According to legend, the flute has a history of more than two thousand years. The flute is very expressive and can play chromatic notes such as staccato, vibrato and glide. Can also express different emotions; Whether you play a slow and peaceful melody or a fast-jumping melody, you can appreciate its uniqueness. In addition, the flute is also good at imitating all kinds of sounds in nature, bringing the audience into the artistic conception of flowers and birds or mountains and rivers.
From 197 1 year's newly-born "Koudi" (also known as Yu Dizi) to 1977' s "Gu Di" and "Gu Di" unearthed in Hemudu, Zhejiang Province, people were surprised to find that they were so similar. However, this similarity has gone through more than 7000 years. The evolution and development of the flute in this 7,000-year history cannot but amaze the world.
China's flute has strong national characteristics, and its pronunciation is touching and beautiful. The ancients called it "the sound of purity", so the original name of the flute was "purity". Japan still retains the "body-cleaning flute", which later evolved into today's flute. Di Zi is an important melody instrument in Chinese national bands, which is mostly used for solo and ensemble. Di Zi is actually the floorboard of a musical instrument. According to the classification of pitch, Di Zi can be generally divided into Qu Di (long and low, with mellow timbre, mostly distributed in southern China), Bangdi (short and high, with clear timbre, mostly used in various operas in northern China) and Zhongdi (between Qu Di and Bangdi in appearance and pronunciation).
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Flute technique
Modi's modern flute can be divided into two schools: the northern school usually uses techniques such as sounding, polishing, sliding and splitting, while the southern school often uses techniques such as vibrato, striking, overlapping and vibration.
In addition, after decades of continuous practice by a large number of musicians, a series of special techniques have been created, such as cyclic ventilation, cyclic spitting, kneading, package blowing, roaring, punching, flying fingers, seven-degree kneading, whistling and so on.
The style of Nanpai flute is elegant and beautiful, and the flute they use is mainly Qu Di. Qu Di's pipes are long and thick, with rich and soft timbre, clear and mellow, melodious and euphemistic, which are mainly popular in the south of China.
The style of the northern school flute is vigorous and rough, and the flute they use is mainly bangdi. The pipe of the bangdi is short and thin, and the timbre is high and bright. Mainly popular in northern China.
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Famous actor
Liu Sen, Wu Guozhong, Chen Yue, Feng Zicun, Liu Guanle, Lu Chunling, Zhao Songting, Wang Tiechui, Jane Guangyi, Yu Xunfa, Zeng Yongqing, Jiang Guoji, Miao Yimin (USA), Du Rusong, Zhang Weiliang, Zhang Xianghua, Zhan Yongming, Wang Ciheng, Dai Ya, Liu Haicheng, Chen Tao and Chen Zhongshen.
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Flute making
Bamboo used for flutes basically goes through cutting, painting, drilling, tuning, winding and lettering after drying in the shade. A major feature of the flute is that it is often engraved with the names of Tang poetry and its producers. Famous flute players include Zhou, Zou, Wang Yiliang, Wen Feng, Bao Miaoliang, Bao Xiangke, Ying, Fan Dizhi and Jia He.
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Flute film pasting method
First cut the membrane with a needle, cut it into rectangular pieces, and then gently knead it into a small ball with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand. Twist the film into many tiny wrinkles, and then unfold it gently. After the film is restored to its original state, gently stretch it several times with your thumb and fingers. This not only prevents the film from loosening, but also makes the lines of the film more uniform. Then dip donkey-hide gelatin (donkey-hide gelatin) in water (or garlic juice), rub around the membrane hole, make the flute lines parallel to the flute lines, and stick them on the flute membrane.
In addition, the lines on the film should not be too big. If it is too big, the sound will be sandy. Don't stick the film too tightly or too loosely. If it is too tight, there is no clear and loud timbre. If it is too loose, the sound will hiss and be unpleasant. Solution: When it is too loose, you can press both sides with your fingertips and gently pull it; When it is too tight, you can press the center of the flute membrane with your fingertips, but don't dirty the flute membrane, let alone get wet with water. When the flute membrane is stained with water, it will get old and make a bad sound. In a word, pasting film is a very meticulous and patient job. High-quality flute film, if the film pasting technology is not good; It is impossible to achieve the ideal effect. Therefore, mastering the film pasting technology is a compulsory course for beginners to play flute.
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Flute maintenance
(1) If you find that the bamboo is not too dry, you can plug all the holes in the flute, then pour some salt water into it and soak it for a day or two (depending on the humidity of the bamboo, people who are wet with bamboo will soak it for a long time), then open the holes, pour out the salt water, rinse it with clear water a little, and after one hour, apply some cooked vegetable oil to the bucket. If the bamboo used to buy the flute is dry and firm, it is best to scrub the flute tube and the periphery of the blowhole with alcohol to achieve the purpose of disinfection. In addition, a small amount of water in bamboo will be eliminated with the volatilization of alcohol.
(2) Professional flute players have a flute box. If you don't have a flute box, you can make a cloth cover (preferably made of sandwich or cotton cloth), and it is best to make a wide one, narrow one for summer and narrow one on weekdays. Put the flute in. If there is no cover or box, you can find a clean cloth to wrap it, so as to avoid wind, sun and dust.
(3) After each blow, be sure to pour out the saliva in the flute tube. It is best to make a cloth brush. After the saliva is poured out, poke it in and wipe it gently, then put it in a box or bag. In this way, saliva will not be moldy and smelly in the flute tube, which will make the flute tube rot.
(4) When the weather is too hot or too dry, it is best to make a "flute bladder" (use a small stick with the same length as the flute tube, wrap several layers of clean cloth and put some oil on it), and when it is not blowing, it can be stuffed into the flute tube to prevent the flute body from breaking. The thickness of "flute airbag" should adapt to the thickness of flute tube. If it's thick, it won't fit in. If it's thin, it won't touch the bamboo wall and won't play the role of moistening the flute.
(5) If you play the flute for a long time, there will be a lot of dust in the flute tube. Dust, combined with the infiltration of air and water, forms dirt over time, which is not only unsanitary, but also often stinks, even affecting timbre and intonation. It needs to be washed at this time. Especially comrades who don't have flute boxes and sleeves, wash their flutes once in a while. When washing, you should pay attention to it, and it is not advisable to wash it with water, so that the flute will soak and absorb too much water, and it will break easily when wet or dry. Soft cloth or absorbent cotton can be used. Tie it around a stick (the stick should be thin but not too thick) and soak it in alcohol (preferably alcohol) to scrub it.
(6) Sometimes due to the change of weather, it is too cold or too hot, or because the bamboo is too tender and there are too few knots, the flute body is easy to break. In order to prevent this kind of rupture, or after it has been ruptured, the two ends, the blow hole and the membrane hole, and the membrane hole and the sixth hole can be bound with silk thread (preferably not with flexible plastic). Or use copper (or aluminum) rings to tie the head and tail.
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Game level
Primary (1 grade ~ 4):
Level 1:
Extra test: check the playing posture.
Long term practice
In this world, only mother is good.
Spring is coming
Sing for two hours and let the cowherd go
Kangding love song
Inner Mongolia Xiaoqu
Flower drum dance
Laoliuban
The Ode to Joy
The north wind roared
Golden snake dance wildly
The second level:
A scale exercise written to master fingering.
Basic typing exercises
Homesick song
my motherland
Osmanthus fragrans blooms everywhere in August.
Shidajie
As long as mom smiles
Cai Yun chased the moon.
Pull a camel
Muyangqu
Shepherd girl
Drought lightning
The third level:
(a) all music played by five fingers
Basic practice of single vomiting
Huangshuiyao
Suwu shepherd
the laundry song
Taihu plum
Malan flowers bloom.
On the golden hill in Beijing.
The story of the yellow crane
No.6 middle school class
Man Jiang Hong
(2) all music is 2 fingering.
Comprehensive exercises of single, double and triple vomiting
Yimeng ditty
pick-tea lantern dance ［a Chinese folk song and dance］
Hongmeizan
A plum
Gao Shanqing
Turn over serfs and sing.
Nanniwan
Tibetan dance music
Level 4:
Tremolo practice
(1) Prose
Xiaohe tangshui
Mayila
jasmine
Embroidered gold plaque
(2) solo
folk song
Trolley
I am a soldier.
Tianshan dance music
Happy song
Intermediate (level 5-6):
Piati
(1) Prose
Guan Shanyue
Song of praise
xintianyou
Blue flowers
(2) solo
Gusuhang
Watertown boat song
Happy little piper
Tatars.
Xiaoniulang
Beijing Opera and other popular songs in Beijing.
Go to the countryside
College English Test Band-6
(1) Prose
Spinning cotton
Red flowers blooming all over the mountain
An Xi jump appointment
Three-mile paving
(2) solo
The train is bound for Beijing.
Shanbei No.
Raise the whip and urge the horse to transport grain.
Good news bulletin
Liu Zhonghua Ban
(early) morning
Three-section plum blossom
Spring in Ordos
Advanced (grade 7- 10)
Seven grades
close relative
Singing folk songs with a pedal waterwheel
Bangbangzi
Bainiaoyin
Yi He sings.
Memories of hometown
Miss Autumn in Dressing Stage (Bass Flute and Guzheng)
Herdsmen's new songs
Lei Feng (Concerto)
Cold Moon
Ge Xiang
Advanced (after 8 ~ 10)
Grade?Eight
Spring to Xiangjiang River
Hang a red light
The partridge flies (1)
Partridge flying (2)
357
Spring scenery in jujube garden
Grade?Nine
harvest
skylark
battlefield
Spring in Pamirs
Tingquan
Youlan Feng Chun
Ten grades
Hora dance
Qin Chuan expressed his feelings.
die
Wedding in the mountain village
Autumn lake moonlit night
After tenth grade
Symphony no.4 in g major
Langya verve
Convection (Concerto)
Peony Pavilion (Suite)
"Red Sun"
Band-Aid Concerto
Bamboo trace
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Flute history
During the period of the Yellow Emperor, that is, about 4000 years ago, a large number of bamboos grew in the Yellow River basin, and bamboo was chosen as the material for making flutes. According to historical records, "The Yellow Emperor asked Ling Lun to chop bamboo in Kunming, cut it down to make a flute and blow it to Feng Ming". Taking bamboo as village material is a great progress in flute making. Bamboo vibrates better than bones, and its pronunciation is crisp. Both kinds of bamboo are easy to process. There were seven kinds of flutes in Qin and Han Dynasties, and two kinds of flutes were invented. Cai Yong, Xunxu and Liang Wudi all made twelve flutes, that is to say, one flute is unified.
The flute was called "Qi" in ancient times. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in Han Dynasty recorded: "flute, seven holes, bamboo flute".
1978 Two bamboo flutes were unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Sui County, Hubei Province, and two bamboo flutes were unearthed from the tomb of Han Dynasty at Mawangdui No.3 in Changsha, Hunan Province. The unearthed gnats and the Chinese gnats recorded in ancient books are identical in shape except for a slight difference in length. The unearthed flute is the same as the record, and the word "pool" is written on the bamboo tube in the tomb. It's an ancient bamboo flute. Qi in ancient times was very similar to a flute. It is always said that Qi and flute are the same musical instrument, but there are differences. From the unearthed flutes and flutes, it can be seen that the flute, with 6 holes and closed mouth, can play five tones plus one tone sandhi and is covered all over; Flute, 7 holes, opening, can play seven notes plus two variations, without drawing. During the Warring States period, Qi was one of the main musical instruments for sacrificial ceremonies or banquets, and the flute was also very popular. Qu Yuan's student Song Yu also talked about the southern flute at that time, which is very similar to today's flute.
Before Han Dynasty, flute usually refers to clarinet. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the flute has become as famous as the clarinet and the flute, and it has been enduring for a long time. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian introduced the flute, also known as "transverse blowing". It plays a very important role in drum music in Han Dynasty. Two bamboo flutes unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province belong to the category of transverse flute instruments.
During the Northern Dynasties, the flute was not only very popular, but also developed, with great changes in shape, length and thickness. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasty, it began to have the name of "Hengdi". At the end of Sui Dynasty, there appeared a ten-hole flute that could play chromatic scales.
Since the Tang dynasty, flutes have been divided into large and small blows. At the same time, the vertical blowing of the pool is called Xiao, and the horizontal blowing is called flute. In the Tang Dynasty, Lv Cai made the "shakuhachi", which was introduced to Japan by vertical blowing. In the Zhengcang Courtyard of Nara, the ancient capital, there are four flutes made in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Among them, there are a carved stone flute with one tooth and two bamboo flutes with different lengths, but they all have seven oval sound holes. Liu was the first person to shoot the seven-star flute.
There was a clarinet in the Jin Dynasty, and a piece of wood was added to the blowing head to make the gas pass through the gap and shoot at the edges of the two whistle holes for pronunciation.
There are many kinds of flutes in Song Dynasty, including fork flute, dragon neck flute, eleven-hole small transverse flute, nine-hole big transverse flute and seven-hole rain flute.
After the Yuan Dynasty, flutes were almost the same as now. Due to the vigorous development of traditional Chinese opera, dizi has become an accompaniment instrument for many kinds of traditional Chinese operas, and it can be divided into two categories: Bangdi and Qu Di.
In 1960s, Zhao Songting invented Paidi, which tied two or four flutes with different tones together, and the range could be expanded by more than three octaves. The music is colorful and easy to play.
The flute is a widely circulated playing instrument in China. Because it is made of natural bamboo, it is also called "bamboo flute".
The flute is made of a bamboo tube with the inside cut off, and the tube body has a blowing hole, a membrane hole and six sound holes. The blowing hole is the first hole of the flute, and the air is blown in from this hole, which makes the air in the pipe vibrate and sound. The membrane hole is the second hole of the flute, which is specially used for sticking the membrane of the flute. Flute membranes are mostly made of reed membranes or bamboo membranes. When the flute membrane is vibrated by airflow, it will emit crisp and mellow music.
Although the flute is short and simple, it has a history of 7000 years. About 4500 years ago, the flute was changed from bone to bamboo. At the end of 1 BC, during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the flute was called "transverse blowing", which played a very important role in drum music at that time. Since the 7th century, the flute has been improved, and membrane holes have been added, so that its expressive force has been greatly developed, and its playing technology has also developed to a high level. /kloc-in the 20th century, with the rise of Yuan Qu in Song Ci, the flute became the main instrument to accompany lyrics and sing songs, and it was also an indispensable instrument in folk operas and ethnic opera bands.
The expressive force of flute is very rich. It can not only play a long and high-pitched melody, but also show a vast and broad artistic conception. At the same time, you can also play cheerful and gorgeous dance music and melodious tunes. However, the expressive force of flute lies not only in beautiful melody, but also in various sounds of nature. For example, imitating all kinds of bird calls.
Flutes are not only rich in playing skills, but also varied, including Qu Di, Bangdi, Fixed Tone, Keyed Flute, Yuping Flute, Seven-hole Flute and Eleven-hole Flute. , and formed two schools with different styles.
Come on, I hope you will succeed soon!