A sentence must be organized according to a certain pattern, which is called sentence pattern. Such as parallelism, imperative and so on. * * * There are: judgment sentences, passive sentences, prepositional objects, constituent ellipsis sentences, negative pronoun prepositional objects, interrogative pronoun prepositional objects, prepositional objects, attributive postpositions, adverbial postpositions, subject postpositions, etc.
1. True sentence:
A sentence that affirms or denies something. It can be divided into two series: "... Zhe, ... Ye" series and "Nai and Wei" series.
"Zhe, Ye" series: "Zhe, Ye" is the most common judgment sentence format in classical Chinese, which has been changed into a series.
Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also. (..., ... and.
Judgment sentences in classical Chinese are often expressed as "Nai", "Wei", "namely", "Ze", "Yes" and "No", which constitute another series.
It was childe Sue standing at that time.
2. Passive sentences:
Passive sentences can be divided into two categories: passive sentences with formal markers and passive sentences without formal markers.
Passive sentences with formal marks:
Believe and see doubt, be loyal and slander, can you have no complaints?
You are lucky to be the king of Zhao.
I'm really afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao.
If you don't leave soon today, you may be the first to go.
If you die, you will laugh at the world.
I can't afford to support the whole kingdom of Wu, hundreds of thousands of people, subject to people.
Passive sentences without formal signs. There are no characters, but from the context, the relationship between predicate and subject is dominant and dominated.
3. Omission of components.
There are some omissions in ancient and modern Chinese, but they are different. This difference is manifested in two aspects: first, there are many omissions in ancient Chinese, and second, ancient Chinese that cannot be saved in modern Chinese can be saved.
(1) Omit the subject and predicate. For example:
There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white; (snake) touches vegetation and dies; (Snakes) bite people, and (people) are unprepared. [Carry forward the previous theme]
It takes courage to fight. High spirits, and then (drum) and (gas) decline. [provincial predicate, subject]
(2) Omission of modifiers and head words. For example:
The beauty of my wife is my own, and I am also private; (I) I am beautiful, and I am afraid of me; (a) the beauty of the guest is me, what do I want from me. [omit modifier]
Do an unjust thing (thing), kill an innocent person (person), and win the world, not for it. [Omit initial]
⑶ Omit the object and the concurrent language. Classical Chinese often omits not only the verb object but also the part-time language in the part-time structure. For example:
(Zhao Kuo) Following the father's military affairs, (Zhao) luxury can't be difficult, but it doesn't mean good.
Qi Zi sued Qin from Zheng.
Minister Zheng Mu visited the guesthouse.
(4) Omission of prepositions and preposition objects. For example:
What happens when 500 gold buys a dead horse?
The minister and the general fought hard to attack Qin, the general fought (in) Henan and the minister fought (in) Hebei.
Try to fight other insects, they will be exhausted. Try again, as I said.
5. Omit clauses. For example:
However, the strength is enough, and people can laugh at it (not yet), but now they have regrets.
Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu.
inverted sentence
1, a pronoun preposition object in a negative sentence
This prepositional object must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, it must be a negative sentence, expressed by negative words such as "no", "no" and "mo". In this case, pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words. For example:
Shuoshu: "I was willing to look after you when I was three years old." "Don't care about me" should be understood as "Don't care about me".
Don't be too confident. Zou Ji satirized the remonstrance of the King of Qi and the Warring States policy.
However, if you are not the king, you will have nothing. I did it for my country, Mencius.
I don't know, I don't understand, or I don't know, or I don't (don't) know. (pre-symbolic object) "teacher's theory"
Ancient people are not easy to bully! Su Shi in Shi Zhongshan's Story
I don't know if it already exists, but if it (as long as) I am loyal (beautiful). Qu Yuan in Li Sao
Look at the east and cry, if you don't win. Li chuan
I can't bear to see the king's daughter herding sheep in the wild. Li chuan
There is no biography after that, and I have never heard of it. The History of Qi Huan's Bronze inscriptions and Mencius.
Keeping the people king is irresistible. The History of Qi Huan's Bronze inscriptions and Mencius.
And the lover doesn't know. Qi people have wives and concubines, Mencius
2. Pronouns and prepositions in interrogative sentences.
In classical Chinese, interrogative pronouns such as Who, He, Xi and An are often used before verbs.
For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Liang asked,' What is your majesty doing here?" ""fuck "should be understood as" fuck "
Who are Xu Hongmei and me? Zou Ji satirized the loyal ministers and the Warring States policy of the King of Qi.
What if the pot is too black? I did it for my country, Mencius.
What about Shi? Happy Travel "Zhuangzi"
What is he doing with evil? Happy Travel "Zhuangzi"
Pei Hongan is here? Hongmen Banquet Historical Records
Fujin, why bother? (The Progress of Symbols) Candle Defeated Qin Shi and Zuo Zhuan
I really did it. What's wrong with it? Han Yu: Sacrificing Shiro
Are you safe in Dongting? Li chuan
Ruthless lang an? Li chuan
3. Preposition object is advanced
In modern Chinese, prepositions are followed by objects to form an object-object structure, which is used to modify verb predicates. In classical Chinese, the preposition object is often placed before the preposition, forming the phenomenon of inverted sentences. For example:
Hey! Wes, who are we going home with? "Who will return" in Yueyang Tower should be understood as "Who will return".
Why do you often entrust yourself to Zhao after the landslide? Touching the dragon and telling the queen of Zhao, the warring States policy
What's the difference between not doing it and not doing it? The History of Qi Huan's Bronze inscriptions and Mencius.
My king has few diseases, how can he drum music? How can I hunt in the field? Bao Zhuang met Mencius, Mencius.
Why else would this book be here? Hongmen Banquet Historical Records
I remember. Su Shi in Shi Zhongshan's Story
There is no anger in the child, and autumn lasts. The Book of Songs Meng
Therefore, we can't waste it far. "Chen Qingbiao" Shimi
Cooking far away is a gentleman. The History of Qi Huan's Bronze inscriptions and Mencius.
What if I know? Happy Travel "Zhuangzi"
4. Special structure
Use "zhi" and "yes" to advance the object.
What was the ancient law of different religions in previous lives? Which ancient times did you imitate? )
What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? (What's the crime of Song Guo? )
Obedience is listening (idiom)
Purely seeking profit (idiom)
Follow "Feng Wanzhen"
But my brother and sister-in-law are Han Yu's works according to "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang"
Only you are asking.
5. Common prepositional objects
In general, prepositional objects, everyone should pay attention to language sense.
Preposition object summary.
In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition, but in some cases, the object will be placed in front, provided that:
First, in interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are used as objects and prepositions are used as objects. In this kind of sentence, the object of a preposition is also a preposition. Such as: "Is Pei Hongan there?" The key of this kind of sentence is interrogative pronouns (such as who, he, die, Hu, evil, An, Yan, etc. It is worth noting that the object of the preposition "one" is active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be prepositioned. For example, "the rest is to remember it and let people who observe it get it." (Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher) The word "yes" is a general pronoun, but it is also a preposition.
Second, in classical Chinese negative sentences, pronouns are used as objects and prepositions are used as objects. There are two points to pay attention to in this kind of sentence. One is negative sentences (there must be negative words such as "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "nothing" and "nothing" in general sentences); Second, pronouns are used as objects. For example, "it is impossible for people to make promises." (Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang) The normal word order should be "It is impossible for people to make promises."
Third, use "zhi" or "Shi" to bring the object before the verb in advance to emphasize the object. At this time, "zhi" is only a symbol of prepositional object, and it has no real meaning. For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I don't understand it." (Han Yu's Shi Shuo) Sometimes a range adverb "Wei" can be added before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei" ... Yes ... ". Such as: "mercenary", "obedient" and so on.
Fourthly, in addition to the first case, there is another case where preposition preposition objects are sometimes prepositioned when locative words and time words are used as objects; For example, "Ye Wen is sitting in the south." (Historical Records of Xiang Yu) means "Ye Wen sits facing south"
6. Attributive postposition
In ancient Chinese, the attribute was shifted after the head word. Attributive postposition generally has three situations:
1), head word+attribute+or head word+zhi+attribute+.
Among the Chu people, there are people involved in rivers. ("Check in")
The sound of stones is everywhere. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan)
When Wei Zhongxian rebelled, officials and people could not change their own records. How many people could there be in China? Zhang Pu's Tomb Inscription of Five People
Then, he led his three sons and daughters to bear the burden. Yu Gong Yi Shan Liezi
2), the head word+zhi+adjective (attribute)
Earthworms do not have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink the yellow land with their hearts. ("Persuade to Learn")
Cui Wei, far away from the earth with long hairpins, wears clouds on his head. ("Shejiang")
How many people are there in the four seas?
3), the head word+quantifier (attribute)
A horse can travel thousands of miles, and a stone can eat it all. (Ma Shuo)
I hold a pair of white jade and want to offer a king; Jade hits a pair and wants to be with her father. ("The Hongmen Banquet")
7. Adverbial Postposition
Adverbials in modern Chinese are placed before predicates, and if they are placed after predicates, they are complements. But in classical Chinese, the elements in complement are often understood by adverbials. For example:
Hongmen Banquet: "Generals fight against Hebei and ministers fight against Henan." "Playing Henan" means "playing (in) Henan" and should be understood as "playing Henan". Popularization of knitting: "Covering with the palm" means "covering with the palm" and should be understood as "covering (crickets) with the palm".
In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributive placed after the head word and quantifier modified noun placed after the noun.
Five acres of houses, the trees are mulberry trees, and fifty people can wear clothes and silks.
I am willing to teach for filial piety, and the winners can bear to wear it on the road.
Show the jade you admire. Hongmen Banquet Historical Records
If Zheng's death is good for you, dare to disturb the deacon. Zuo Zhuan, The Battle of Candle defeated Qin Shi.
Excerpt from Baidu Encyclopedia