Abstract: Su Shi's cultural character has always been regarded as broad-minded. This paper holds that, in fact, his broadmindedness comes from his truth. The core of Su Shi's personality is truth. His honesty is innate. Su Shi's career is the result of his upright personality. Su Shi's frankness also influenced his literature. Later generations spoke highly of Su Shi's frankness.
Keywords: ancient literature; Su Shi; trend
Su Shi was a famous great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. He has been reviled many times in his life, Kan? How hard it is. However, he didn't feel depressed, but went to be open-minded and open-minded. People praise Su Shi's poems and his boldness and boldness. But why are you so generous to Shi You? Learning caused it? Cultivation? Neither is right. In my words: this is nature, and this is the expression of Su Shi's true temperament. The core of Su Shi's personality is truth. From the external reasons, his repeated condemnation is the product of the party struggle in the Northern Song Dynasty. From his own reasons, it is a tragedy of character. Su Shi's "truth" made him reckless and open-minded. Although he is tired and frustrated, his optimism remains unchanged, so he is broad-minded. Mr Wang Shuizhao can best understand Su Shi's word "truth". He said: "Maintaining a person's true personality and pursuing an unadorned natural personality are the core of Su Shi's outlook on life and literature." It can be said that it is right. Mr. Wang did not elaborate on the truth of Su Shi and his influence on literature. This paper tries to explain this.
As early as childhood, Su Shi's father Su Xun noticed the personality differences between Su Shi and Su Zhe. In the article Two Sons, he explained why he named his two sons: "Wheels, spokes, covers and wheels all have jobs and cars. However, Shi is the only one who has nothing to do. Although, if I go to the stone, I don't see it as a complete car. In fact, I am afraid that you lack external decoration. Cars in the world are unique, but it doesn't matter whether they are good or bad. Although the valet is dead, suffering is not as good as road. If you are in trouble, good things are between misfortune and happiness. Well, I know it's free! " Mr. Zeng Zaozhuang's explanation of this statement is very insightful: "Stone is a crossbar used as a handrail on a car, which is exposed outside, so he said,' I'm afraid you don't dress up.' Su Shi's personality is bold, sharp-edged, and indeed' no exterior decoration'. As a result, he was repeatedly reprimanded and almost beheaded all his life. A rut is a trace of a car being run over. It has neither the advantages of a car nor the disaster of rollover, and it is' between good and bad'. Su Zhe's personality is straightforward and indifferent, which is hidden. Therefore, in the fierce party struggle in the future, although he was repeatedly denounced, he was able to avoid disaster and spend his old age safely. "②
When he was young, Su Shi was proud of the spring breeze with the support of Ouyang Xiu. However, with the implementation of Wang Anshi's political reform, Su Shi's bad luck followed, and he was repeatedly relegated and went further and further. Two months before Su Shi's death, he wrote a poem on the portrait made by the painter Li for him: his heart is as gray as a log, and his body is like a boat. Ask your occupation, Danzhou, Huizhou, Huangzhou. It's really painful
Although Su Shi was in the position of being excluded and attacked in all previous party struggles, he did not compromise. Wang Anshi's political reform, Su Shi felt that the new law was too radical, harmful to the people and opposed the political reform, so it was rejected by the new party and awarded to Hangzhou. When he left Beijing, his friend Wen Tong advised him: "Northern guests come to ask, West Lake is good, don't recite poems." (In Ye Mengde's Shi Lin Shi Hua) But Su Shi didn't listen to his friends' kind advice. During his nine years from Tongguan to Huzhou, he wrote a series of political satires against the shortcomings of the new law at that time, such as "Yanhe River in the Rain in tangcun", "Five Wonders of Mountain Villages" and "Wu Zhong Tian Cai Tan". Su Shi opposed Wang Anshi's political reform. However, during his tenure as a local official, he saw some advantages of the new law, so he changed his attitude towards the new law and dared to admit his mistakes. In a letter to a friend during Yuan Feng's reign, he said frankly: "At the beginning of our new law, we had to guard against prejudice, even having similarities and differences. Although this heart is bitter, it belongs to worrying about the country and the people, but few people make sense. Nowadays, the virtues of saints are becoming more and more popular. It is beneficial to look back at what they have. If you change your mind and stay relaxed, you dare not make progress; If you are embarrassed, you will be more worried. " (Volume IV of Dongpo Continuation, with Tengda Road attached) Reflected on his extreme attitude towards the new law, but he did not use his shortcomings to seek progress. After the dictatorship of the old party, Su Shi criticized Sima Guang for "focusing on changing the law of Xi Ning, no longer striving for profits, learning from each other's strengths." ("Dongpo Memorial Collection" Volume III "On the Career Strategy of the Debate Hall"? "Zi") and therefore excluded by the old party. No matter how hard he was hit, Su Shi always insisted on his moral integrity. Su Zhe's "Dongpo Epitaph" said Su Shi: "We must be right in the face of things and not follow the customs. "Even his political opponents have to admire his character. Liu Anshi, a figure of the Shuo Party who is opposite to Su Shi's Shu Party, said: "Dongpo's great festival of establishing the dynasty is extremely impressive, talented and far-reaching, but self-righteous. In Yuanfeng, not in Yuanfeng, people want to kill it; Although I discussed it with the old gentleman in Yuan Dynasty, there were also differences. I don't want to go up and down at any time. " (See Ma Yongqing's Quotations from Yuancheng) Su Shi said in Suiyangsu: "A gentleman's way is to be a teacher; Today's gentleman is only gentle. As the case may be, it is the same. My brother and Wen are very familiar and have always been very close, but they don't listen to each other. " (Collected Works of Su Shi, Volume 55) It can be seen from "not going up or down" and "not listening to the ear" that Su Shi always insists on maintaining his own personality. Su Shi couldn't help venting his dissatisfaction with the blow and oppression imposed on him by the outside world. "If there are flies in the food, spit them out. "(Old News of Quyi) His personality is really frank and lovely." "Dongpo Story" records: "Su Zizhan loves all over the world, and the scholars are unscrupulous and enjoy it. You can accompany the jade emperor in writing, and you can accompany beggars in the fields. Zimo, you can do something. You can choose to make friends after tasting the precepts. Zi Zhan said,' Before my eyes, there are no bad people in the world.' (3) At this point, Su Shi is closer to the true nature of Taoism. Taoist criticism of Confucian "courtesy" and "benevolence" is exactly the same as Su Shi's criticism of Cheng Yi. Zhu, a descendant of Luoxue, said Su Shi: "He is so presumptuous. He was afraid that he would behave himself when he met a gentleman, so he sneered at him. " (4) Su Shi has no intention of slandering honest people. Although his political views are different from his, Wang Anshi and Sima Guang, who are superior in knowledge and morality, admire him very much. But for those hypocrites, Su Shi showed their true colors mercilessly. The biggest difference between Shu School and Luo School is that Su Shi inherited Su Xun's viewpoint and affirmed the existence of human desire. Su Shi opposed the separation of "emotion" and "sex". In On Han Yu, he said: "The trouble of Confucian scholars lies in discussing sex, thinking that all emotions are based on feelings, not everything." (Collection of Su Shi, Volume IV) He boldly affirmed his lust. Su Shi said in "With Cai": "Love for people, such as sticky and greasy, has not been contaminated so far. Looking for it again and again is even more entangled. " Su Shi hates Cheng Yi's hypocrisy, rigidity and stubbornness. The Letter to the Cheng Family in Henan (volume 1 1) records: "When Wengong (Sima Guang) died, the court ordered Yichuan (Cheng Yi) to preside over his funeral. Isn't that right? After the ceremony of worshipping Mingtang, Er Su cried for Wen Gong, which means? Ask. Public? He said:' I cried to Wen Gong, but Mr. Cheng thought it was a different day to celebrate. Sur was disappointed and turned around and said, "My uncle and grandson are in a bad situation. Naturally, I always tease Yichuan. According to Mr. Wang Shuizhao's textual research, the word "bad" means "unclean" and is said to be "mired in mud", which is a mess; "Uncle Sun Tong in a bad place" means a fake uncle Sun Tong from a dirty place, full of humorous local color, which is in sharp contrast with the historical figure Uncle Sun Tong's formulation of court etiquette and the elimination of the court, achieving a penetrating irony effect and causing Cheng Yi's extreme jealousy. This offended Cheng Yi, who was constantly excluded and impeached by Cheng Yi and his master. However, as Chen Que, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said, "Dongpo is a gentleman. Although he doesn't practice small sections, he is honest and upright. "Yichuan is very interested in the study of saints, but he is stuck." 6. The meaning of praise and criticism is clear.
Su Shi is not ignorant of the troubles caused by this honest character. He also tried to hide his personality. Especially during the period when he was demoted to Huangzhou after Wutai Poetry Case, he lived a life of "self-seclusion, boat trips, sightseeing, mixed fishing and firewood" (Answer to Uncle Li Duan). Su Shi wants to learn Ruan Ji's "Don't hide words": "Don't you see that Ruan Sizong doesn't hide his mouth, doesn't brag and lock his teeth, but he can drink. You don't have to read more books, you don't have to write poems, you get drunk at the seaside every day, and your dreams can't reach Penglai Palace. " ("Send Liu?" Hailing) His friend Teng Dadao often writes to tell him to "keep things secret". Su Shi has a deep understanding of this, and thinks that "if you don't say a word all day, you will find great pleasure in it". He also calls it "the bizarre method" and "it is only greedy and public, and it cannot be widely spread" (the thirty-sixth letter of Su Shi to Teng Avenue in the eight volumes of A Qing Dynasty Zhou Xinru Collection and Distraction Pavilion Series). He is timid in Huangzhou. But his efforts don't seem to have much effect. As soon as he left Huangzhou, his personality was revealed again. "Jejunum is full of wine, liver, lungs and teeth are full of bamboo stones. I feel like I can't go back. I spit on your snow-colored wall. "(Guo Jia, Drunk Painting Bamboo Cliff) Once there is a complaint, Su Shi can't help but send it out:" I am not an enemy of the world, but the world is different from me. "Su Xun is right about his two sons, and he is worried that Su Shi's" no external decoration "will bring him great trouble. Su Shi can't be as mysterious as Zi You, so his life has been hit much harder than Su Zhe. He himself said: "There is a cloud in giving a taste:' Words come from the heart and rush to the mouth. If you spit, you will be against others, and if you are rude, you will be against yourself. They say it's better to go against others, so I'll just spit it out. "It coincides with the poems of the late Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, so it is recorded." ("Dongpo Inscription and Postscript", Volume III, "Yuan Qu Lu") Today, it is better to offend people than to get it off your chest. He has no bad feelings in his heart, so he doesn't care what others think of him. Qin Guan answered Fu Bin's old bamboo slips, compared the brushwork of Su Shi and Su Zhe, and said, "China's calligraphy, the sun, the moon, the stars, the latitude and longitude, the heaven and the earth, and life are all admired. That's not what filling a vacancy is like. Its way is like vitality, it is confused, and everything passes without knowing it. " This is actually a reflection of their different personalities in the article.
Su Shi paid great attention to Tao Yuanming in his later years. Apart from admiring Tao Yuanming's plain and detached poetic style, an important reason is his sincere temperament and feelings. He said: "Tao Yuanming wants to be an official, not disrespectful; If you want to be hidden, you will be hidden instead of looking for it. When you're hungry, you have to lock the door and beg for food. When you are full, the chicken welcomes you: ancient and modern sages are expensive. " (Quoted from Hu Zai's Tiaoxi Fishing and Conceiving Conghua, Volume III) Drinking with Tao Yuanming says: "Some literati often drink heavily, and they are hungry and cold to see the truth"; "Yuan Ming is a Muslim and has been talking and laughing all his life." Su Shi said in the article "After Li Jianfu's Poems": "Confucius doesn't take the height of small children, and Mencius doesn't take the son of Yuling, so he hates it. Tao Yuanming wants to be an official, not an official; If you want to be hidden, you will be hidden instead of looking for it. When you're hungry, you have to lock the door and beg for food. When you are full, you are greeted by chicken and millet. Ancient and modern sages are precious. " Tao Qian said on his deathbed, "I am small and poor. Every time I abuse my family, I wander from east to west. Sex is just embarrassing, and there are many things. " Su Shi's life is also "just clumsy and has too many things." He said: "I really have this disease, but I didn't know it early." I have been an official for half my life, and I am deeply ashamed and want to teach at night. " (Su Zhe's Poem of Chasing Tao Yuanming) In fact, Su Shi has always maintained a true and arrogant character all his life: "I refuse to be born when I pick up all the cold branches, and the lonely sandbar is cold." (Yongmei) Su Shi's Together with Li Gongze: "Although we are old and poor, our truth is in our hearts, and our loyalty is full of our bones. We really need to have a good laugh in do or die. If you see a poor servant, you will be in the city, which is a far cry from those who don't learn the Tao. " (Collected Works of Su Shi, Volume 5 1) Huang Tingjian said to Su Shi's elegiac couplet: "The article is wonderful in the world, and loyalty runs through the sun and the moon." (Huang Tingjian's Postscript Dongpo Ink) is not a compliment.
Su Shi's frankness also influenced his literary works. Like his father Su Xun, Su Shi hated writing biographies and other articles for others all his life. He said: "It is never a person's business to write an inscription, but his descendants have to trace back to their ancestors' exams, and the author has not been caught off guard." Every time people admire his name and ask him to write a composition, he refuses, and even has some commemorative words in disguise: "Recently, the scholar-bureaucrat has not written an inscription, so he has repeatedly resigned." (Continued Dongpo, Volume 6, With Kong Yiji) Su Shi's personality makes it difficult for him to write those false words about the mausoleum.
Huang Tingjian once criticized Su Shi, saying: "Dongpo's articles are wonderful in the world, but their shortcomings are easy to scold, so we should not lightly attack their traces." ("Mr. Huang in Collected Works" (Volume 19) answers to his father's letter) Chen said in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Poe is generous and sick, and there are also poems, and there are ancient satires." (Chen Geng Shi Hua) also said: "Su Shi began to learn from Liu Yuxi, so he complained a lot, so he should not be careless in learning." (Chen Shidao's poems on the back hill) Su Shi doesn't like cursing because he imitates Liu Yuxi, but because of Po Gong's nature. Once you see each other's mistakes, Dongpo can't help but criticize. "Biography of the History of Song Dynasty" said: "Or,' A scholar is small and self-sufficient, although he is not used by the handle, he should avoid disaster. "Although, if it is false to let him do what he does, it is still necessary for him to be a poet. Su Zhe's Epitaph of Late Brothers and Children Looking forward to the Late Ming Dynasty says that Su Shi: "Know his good people, but be afraid of them;" "If you don't look good, you will be afraid; Do the right thing bravely, no matter how harmful it is. I am trapped in the world of this number, but I don't hate it. " Unfortunately, since ancient times, there are too few people who tell the truth.
In a word, Su Shi, whether a man or a writer, is the natural expression of his integrity. Later generations spoke highly of Su Shi's truthfulness. Fang's "Zhao Wei Zhan Yan" says: "Dongpo ... sees the world with its true bones, and freely expresses its genus, which is naturally wonderful." Mr. Wang Shuizhao said: "In Su Shi's mind, advocating the truth and nature and opposing the imprisonment or disguise of human nature are no longer general ethical principles and moral requirements, but the fundamental pursuit of human ontology." Pet-name ruby can be regarded as the best annotation of Su Shi's generous character.