First, the status of the Tang Dynasty in the world at that time
Because of its stable economic development, high cultural prosperity and strong national strength, the Tang Dynasty was the most advanced country in the world at that time and was in a leading position in world history. In Asia and Africa, envoys, businessmen, scholars, artists and monks from many countries are willing to come to the Tang Dynasty and Chang 'an. To learn, to trade. At that time, there were more than 70 countries, and foreign nobles sent their children to Chang 'an imperial academy to study China culture.
Secondly, the convenient transportation and management system in the Tang Dynasty facilitated international exchanges. The land extends in all directions. There are many sea routes, and there are three ways to Japan. See the textbook P78, which opens the sea traffic from Guangzhou Vietnam Sea to Southeast Asia, West Asia, Egypt and East Africa. Therefore, Tang enjoyed a high international reputation at that time and was the center of economic and cultural exchanges among countries in the world.
Second, the relationship between Tang and North Korea and Silla
At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there was still a tripartite confrontation between Korea, Silla and Baekje on the Korean peninsula, in which North Korea often joined forces with Baekje to attack Silla, so Silla turned to Tang for help many times.
At first, at the beginning of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, all three countries sent envoys to make peace with the Tang Dynasty. At this time, the Tang Dynasty was busy with the internal unification war and was willing to make friends with it. After Emperor Taizong Li Shimin ascended the throne, the civil war ended, the regime was consolidated, the economy gradually recovered, and the foreign activities gradually adopted an enterprising attitude. First of all, the Tang Dynasty destroyed the eastern Turkic in the north, subdued the Tuyuhun in the northwest, drove away the western Turkic, and restored the jurisdiction of the four towns in Anxi. Then I started to attack North Korea eastward. At this time, China hardliner Quan Gai Su Wen opposed the killing of his old king, set up a new king, established himself as a military commander-Li Zhi in the desert, United with Baekje, attacked Silla and cut off the route from Silla to Chang 'an. Silla turned to Tang for help, which provided an excuse for Emperor Taizong to send troops.
Emperor Taizong's invasion of Korea was opposed by court ministers such as Sun Chang Wuji. Emperor Taizong once said to the courtiers: Korea was already the territory of China in the Han Dynasty, and the Sui Dynasty sent troops many times, but they did not win. I am not old today, so I want to avenge the Chinese sons and daughters who died in the Sui Dynasty and the father of Gao Lijun who was killed with the help of the literati.
In order to achieve this goal, Emperor Taizong first sent a staff officer to Liaodong to spy on North Korea's military defense project. At that time, North Korea had built the Great Wall in the middle reaches of Liaohe River, from Fuyu in the north to the sea in the south. At the same time, Emperor Taizong ordered the construction of 400 warships to transport grain in Jiang, Hong and Rao States, and a large number of troops were recruited. In 644 AD, there were 500 ships on Taibai Waterway, 40,000 soldiers crossed the sea from Laizhou to attack Pyongyang, and 60,000 troops were sent to Liaodong from the northeast by land, personally leading the Sixth Army to supervise the war at the front. On land, Tang Jun captured Liaoyang City, an important town that had resisted Yang Di's expedition several times, but Tang Jun did not win Pyongyang, but was blocked for two months when attacking Anshi, an important town in the southwest of Liaoyang City. Considering that winter was coming, Taizong hastily ordered the withdrawal. On the way home, it was still a snowstorm, and thousands of people died. The expedition ended in failure.
In 647, Emperor Taizong attacked Korea again without any progress. In 648, Emperor Taizong decided to attack and destroy Korea with more troops the following year, but in 649, he cancelled the expedition before his death.
Tang Jun's failure made Su Wen's ambition even bigger. He attacked Qidan, which was attached to the Tang Dynasty, and the south still invaded Silla with Baekje, occupying more than 30 towns in Silla. Emperor Taizong's successor, Emperor Gaozong, learned a lesson from the failure of Yang Di and Emperor Taizong's expedition and adopted the minister's suggestion. In 660, he attacked Silla and captured the weaker Baekje in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Baekje royal family was sent to Chang 'an. Then take Baekje as a stronghold, plow fields and accumulate grain to deal with North Korea.
In 660, Su Wen, the faction leader of the Korean War, died, and his sons fought against each other, which provided a good opportunity for the Tang Dynasty. Tang Jun captured Pyongyang in 668, and the Tang Dynasty brought Shi Li back to the Tang Dynasty with 200,000 prisoners. Finally, korean king was sacrificed to the tomb of Emperor Taizong. During the Tang Dynasty, Korea was destroyed, and it was divided into 65,438 +000 counties in nine counties and forty-two states, while the general manager was transferred to Anton, and Xue Wei was in Andong, guarding Pyongyang. Later, due to the resistance of the old Korean army, another reason was that Tubo was a greater threat to the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Anton's capital moved to the new city. (near Fushun city today).
After Tang Jun retreated, Silla unified the Korean Peninsula in 675 (the second year of Emperor Gaozong). After the failure of Yang Di and Emperor Taizong, the weak Emperor Gaozong attacked and destroyed Korea. One of the reasons was the civil strife in Korea, and then the second battlefield was opened and Baekje was occupied for the first time. Silla continued to maintain friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty after reunification. From the early Tang Dynasty to the late Tang Dynasty, Silla had the most contacts with the Tang Dynasty, and the envoys and diplomats sent to Chang 'an to study abroad were also the most. Therefore, the economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides have had a great impact on both sides, including silk, porcelain, tea, books, block printing, political system and economic system culture. Silla handicrafts, medicinal materials, bezoar ginseng, Korean music.
Third, the development of friendly relations between Tang and Japan.
The Sui Dynasty established friendly exchanges with Japan, and in the Tang Dynasty, the friendly exchanges between the two countries reached an unprecedented period of prosperity. At this time, Japan was in the stage of the disintegration of slavery and the establishment and consolidation of feudalism, and admired the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. Japan sent 12 times to the Tang Dynasty, namely 13 times and 14 times. Welcome to the Tang Dynasty has 4 times (6 times), with a total of 16 times. At the beginning, it sent no more than 200 delegations, which was three times as many as 550 when Xuanzong opened the century. How can you send more overseas students than Zhong Ma Lu (Chinese name is Chao Heng, who has deep feelings for Li Bai and Wang Wei)?
Monks from China have been crossing the East, the most famous of which is Jian Zhen. At the invitation of the Japanese emperor, he experienced six difficult adventures and finally lost his sight. Finally, in 754 (the thirteenth year of Tianbao), I arrived in Japan with my disciples. He has brought profound influence to Japan in Buddhism and its Buddhist art, Chinese medicine and architectural art (now Zhao Ti Temple in Tang Dynasty).
Through the exchanges between the two countries, the Tang Dynasty, which was more progressive than Japan, had a wide and unprecedented influence on Japan.
(1) Political system: In 645, the reform of Bantian law, tenancy law, official system and regulations was vigorously promoted.
(2) Education: universities and medicine.
(3) Language: Japanese student Kibi No Asomi Makibi and scholar Kong Hai created Katakana and Hiragana respectively.
(4) literature: poetry
(5) Art category: music, painting, sculpture, calligraphy, arts and crafts, and fine arts.
(6) Science and technology: production technology, astronomical calendar, medicine, mathematics, printing and architecture.
(7) Living habits: sports, Go, corner kick, polo, clothes.
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