In ancient imperial examinations, what were the five stages to go through from a child to the number one scholar?
1. Tongsheng Examination
In fact, this is an entrance examination. Only by passing this exam can one obtain the qualifications of a student. The Tongsheng Examination consists of three stages, namely Only if you pass the county examination, prefecture examination and college examination can you take the real imperial examination. Moreover, in ancient times, no matter how old you were, you had to pass the child examination. Some people could not pass it in their whole life. It can be said that Very tragic.
2. Provincial Examination
This exam also has a name, which is Qiuwei. I believe anyone who has watched TV should have heard of it. This exam is a local exam. It is held every three years. Because it is held in August, it is called Qiuwei. Only those who have passed the Tongsheng Examination are eligible to participate in this exam. If they pass the exam, they can be called Juren, or called Juren. For Xiaolian, the first place in this examination is called Jieyuan, which is Tang Bohu in history, so many people call him Tang Jieyuan. Only those who pass this examination are eligible to participate in the examination.
3. General examination
This examination is a national examination. It is held in the capital and is held once every three years. It is the second in the provincial examination. It is held every year, and everyone from Juren to Imperial College can participate. Because it is held in the spring, it is called Chunwei. Three hundred of them are admitted. Those who pass the exam are considered Gong students.
4. Palace Examination
This exam is presided over by the emperor. Those who take the exam are called Gongshi, which is the highest level among all exams. All those who take the exam have no Although there will be three top picks in terms of failure, the first place will be the number one pick, the second place will be the second pick, and the third place will be the third overall pick.
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"Imperial examination" is a word with rich and complex meanings and dynamic characteristics. In the broad sense, the imperial examination refers to the division of civil servants or the setting up of examinations to select scholars, which is roughly the same as the tribute examination, and started in the Han Dynasty; in the narrow sense, the imperial examination refers to the imperial examination of Jinshi, which started in the Sui Dynasty.
Many characteristics of the imperial examination system were gradually formed after a long process, but in order to set a starting era, there must be a landmark creation, which is truly iconic and has the same significance as the "imperial examination system" in history. "The only historical event that matches this term is the establishment of the Jinshi Department by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. From the establishment of the Jinshi Department in the first year of Emperor Yang's Daye of the Sui Dynasty (605) to the abolition of the imperial examination in the 31st year of Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1905), the imperial examination The system has existed in Chinese history for 1,300 years.
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty began to use subject examinations to select officials. He ordered each state to pay tribute to three people every year, and later set up different subjects to select talents. During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the Jinshi subject was formally established to assess the candidates' views on current affairs and select talents based on examinations, that is, to select scholars based on their response. Selecting scholars by subject is the predecessor of the imperial examination.
By the Ming Dynasty, a complete system of imperial examinations had been formed: the imperial examination (i.e. the Tongsheng examination), the provincial examination, the general examination and the palace examination. The examination content was basically based on the "Four Books and Five Classics", and the text of the "Four Books" As the title, the format of the article is stipulated to be an eight-legged essay, and the explanation must refer to Zhu Xi's "Collected Commentary on the Four Books".
Baidu Encyclopedia - Number One Scholar (First Place in the Imperial Examination)
Baidu Encyclopedia - Imperial Examination System What is the corresponding relationship between the process and rankings in the ancient imperial examination?
The ancient imperial examination system was divided into six levels:
Tongsheng (the first level of county examination) - children who have just begun to study.
Xiucai (second-level government examination) - the lowest-level examination candidates are called students, also called Xiucai.
Juren (third-level college examination) - students (scholars) should participate in the rural martial arts competition held every three years. Those who pass the examination are called juren.
Gongshi (fourth-level rural examination) - a qualification obtained after passing the nationwide imperial examination (common examination), which takes place in the second year after the provincial examination.
Jinshi (fifth-level examination) - candidates take part in the imperial examination in Beijing, and those who pass are called Jinshi. Those who take the exam must be Juren. After passing the exam, they will be regarded as quasi-Jinshi. After passing the palace examination, they will be regarded as Jinshi.
Tanhua (sixth level palace examination) - The third level of the palace examination is called Tanhua.
Second Place (Sixth Level Palace Examination) - The second place in the Palace Examination is called the Second Place.
Zhuangyuan (sixth-level palace examination) - after the Southern Song Dynasty, the first person in the palace examination was named Zhuangyuan.
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Di Sanyuan in the imperial examination
1. Jieyuan
Also known as "Jie Shou". Refers to the first place in the provincial examination in the imperial examination system. In the Tang system, those who were promoted to Jinshi were all sent to Beijing from the local government. Later generations adopted this name.
2. Huiyuan
Huiyuan refers to the first place in the imperial examination (imperial examination). The examination was presided over by the Ministry of Rites and held in the capital.
3. The number one scholar
Those who pass the palace examination are called Jinshi, and the first among the Jinshi is the number one scholar.
4. Three yuan in a row
One person can combine Jie Yuan, Hui Yuan and Zhuang Yuan. Specifically, he ranked first in the provincial examination, first in the general examination, and first in the palace examination. According to statistics, there are at least 16 people in history who have won three yuan in a row.
Baidu Encyclopedia - Imperial Examination System When was the imperial examination in ancient my country?
The time is different in different dynasties.
1. The imperial examination in the Song Dynasty was initially held once a year, sometimes one or two years. It was only in the third year of Zhen Yingzong's reign that it was officially designated as once every three years. Every autumn, each state conducts examinations, and in the following spring, the Ministry of Rites conducts examinations. The palace examination will be held in the same year as the provincial examination.
2. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the rural examination was in August of the lunar calendar, the general examination was in February of the lunar calendar, and the palace examination was in March. The two examinations of the township and society are scheduled on the ninth, twelfth and fifteenth days of the month.
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The duration and content of the imperial examination system:
In ancient times, the examination time was generally divided into three days, but it was not continuous like now Take the exam, but leave two days in between.
Jiangnan rural examinations are mostly held in autumn, so it is also called "Autumn Wei". There are three games in each building, and each game lasts for three days and nights. Since there are two scene changes in the middle, it actually lasts nine days and seven nights.
The first test was the eight-legged essay, and the questions were based on materials selected from the Four Books and Five Classics.
The second test is about official documents, which are divided into two types: official documents sent up and down and judicial judgments based on provided cases.
The third policy question involves specific national economy and people's livelihood issues, requiring candidates to give countermeasures and methods.
The scientific examination was a major event for the candidates and the court at that time. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the examination, the dormitories would be locked after the examination started. No matter what happened during the period, even if a fire broke out, the candidates could not be burned to death. unlock.
Baidu Encyclopedia - Imperial Examination System
People's Daily Online - The ancient imperial examinations were divided into essays and martial arts. The examination lasted three days and the questions were large and complex. What was the examination process of the ancient imperial examinations? For example, how to arrange things such as provincial examinations and palace examinations. What do you call someone who has passed the exam? Such as Zhuangyuan
The Imperial Examination is a talent selection examination that ancient Chinese scholars took. It is a system for selecting officials through examinations in feudal dynasties of past dynasties. Because the method of selecting scholars by subject was adopted, it was called the imperial examination. The imperial examination system was implemented in the Sui Dynasty and lasted for more than 1,300 years until the final Jinshi examination was held in the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty. Sui Dynasty - The Origin of Ancient China's Imperial Examination System The ancient Chinese imperial examination system first originated in the Sui Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty unified the country, in order to adapt to the development and changes of feudal economic and political relations, to expand the requirements of the feudal ruling class to participate in political power, and to strengthen centralization, the power of selecting officials was returned to the central government and the nine-grade Zhongzheng system was replaced by the imperial examination system. In the third year of Emperor Yang's reign in the Sui Dynasty, the Jinshi Department was established, and examinations were used to select Jinshi. The word Jinshi was first seen in the "Book of Rites? Kingship" chapter, and its original meaning is that one can advance and receive a noble title. At that time, the main examination was on current policy, which was a political paper about the political life of the country at that time, called "test policy". Although this method of selecting scholars by subject and by trial and error was in its infancy at that time and did not form a system, it closely combined reading, taking exams and serving as an official, opening a new page in the history of Chinese elections. Shen Jiji, the Minister of Rites during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, made a pertinent evaluation of this historic change: "The selections made by the previous generations were all made by prefectures and counties... As for the Qi and Sui Dynasties, the disadvantages were too great... because the power of setting up state capitals was given to the Since the Sui Dynasty, people from all over the world have been recruited and gathered in the capital to live in the spring and autumn. "Tang Dynasty - After the completion of the imperial examination system in ancient China overthrew the rule of the Sui Dynasty, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty inherited it. The talent selection system handed down from the Sui Dynasty was adopted and further improved. As a result, the imperial examination system gradually became complete. In the Tang Dynasty, examination subjects were divided into two categories: regular subjects and formal subjects. The examinations held in installments every year are called regular subjects, and the examinations held temporarily by the emperor's decree are called system subjects.
There are more than 50 subjects in regular subjects, including scholar, Ming Jing, Jin Shi, Junshi, Ming Dharma, Ming Zi, Ming Suan, etc. Among them, subjects such as Mingfa, Mingsuan, and Mingzi are not valued by people. The subjects such as Junshi were not held often, and the subject of Scholars was very demanding in the early Tang Dynasty, but was gradually abandoned later. Therefore, Ming Jing and Jin Shi became the main subjects of regular subjects in the Tang Dynasty. After Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty, Jinshi subjects were particularly valued by people at that time. Many prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty were mostly Jinshi. There are two sources of candidates for regular subjects, one is a student and the other is a rural tribute. Those who came from the capital and prefecture and county schools and were sent to the Shangshu Province were called students; those who did not go to the schools but first passed the prefecture and county examinations and then were sent to the Shangshu Province to take the examination were called Xiang Gong. Those who come to Beijing as tribute from the countryside to take the examination are generally called Juren. The state and county examinations are called Jiexiao, and the examinations in Shangshu Province are generally called provincial examinations, or the Rites Examination. The examinations of the Ministry of Rites are all held in spring, so they are also called Chunwei, which means examination room. The two subjects of Ming Jing and Jin Shi were initially just tests, and the content of the examination was the meaning of classics or current affairs. Although the subjects of the two examinations changed later, the basic spirit was that the Jinshi emphasized poetry and poetry, and the Mingjing emphasized the classics and ink meanings. The so-called sutra stickers are to uncover a page of the sutra book, cover the left and right sides, leave only one line in the middle, and then cover three characters with paper stickers for the tester to fill in. Mo Yi is a simple written test on the words of the scriptures. For Tie Jing and Mo Yi, you can pass the test as long as you are familiar with the scriptures and annotations. For poetry, you need to have literary talent. It was very difficult to get a Jinshi rank, so there was a saying at that time that "thirty old Ming Jing, fifty-year-old Jinshi" was circulated. The regular examination was initially presided over by Wai Lang, an examiner from the Ministry of Personnel, and later was presided over by the Minister of Rites, which was called the "Quan Zhi Gong Ju". Those who reach the rank of Jinshi are called "Denglongmen", and the first place is called Zhuangyuan or Zhuangtou. People on the same list have to pool money to hold celebration activities, and two young people on the same list go to famous gardens to pick famous flowers and are called flower hunters. We have to go to the apricot garden collectively to attend a banquet, called the Flower Banquet. After the banquet, they both went to the Wild Goose Pagoda in Ci'en Temple to inscribe their names to show their glory, so they called the Jinshi "Inscriptions from the Wild Goose Pagoda". Mengjiao of the Tang Dynasty once wrote a poem "After Admission": "The spring breeze is proud of the horse's hoof disease, and I can see all the flowers in Chang'an in one day." Therefore, the spring breeze is triumphant and has become a synonym for Jinshi. After Chang Ke ascends the rank, he still has to pass the official examination, which is called the selection examination. Only those who pass the exam can be granted official positions. Liu Zongyuan, a great figure in the Tang Dynasty, became a Jinshi and was immediately awarded the "zhengzi of Jixian Hall" for his erudite and comprehensive poetry. If you fail the civil service examination, you can only work as a staff member to the Jiedushi Governor, and then strive to obtain an official position officially appointed by the state. After Han Yu passed the Jinshi examination, he failed three times and had to serve as an aide to the Jiedushi before he entered the officialdom. In the Tang Dynasty, the selection of scholars was based not only on examination results, but also on the recommendations of various people. Therefore, candidates rushed to the ministers' doors one after another to submit their masterpieces to them, which was called submitting papers. Those submitted to the Ministry of Rites are called Gongjuan, and those submitted to dignitaries are called Xingjuan. Submitting papers does make talented people stand out. For example, the poet Bai Juyi submitted a poem "Fu De Yuan Shang Cao" to Gu Kuang, which was highly praised by the old poet. However, there are also many people who commit fraud and deceive others. In February of the first year of Emperor Wu Zetian's reign, the Queen personally "asked the tributes in Luocheng Palace". This was the beginning of the imperial examination in our country's imperial examination system, but it did not form a system in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, martial arts also took place. The martial arts examination began in the second year of Chang'an of Wu Zetian, 702 AD. Candidates for the military examinations come from rural areas and are examined by the Ministry of War. The examination subjects include horse shooting, infantry shooting, flat shooting, carbine shooting, weight-bearing, etc. "Those with higher rank will be given official positions, and those with higher rank will be promoted by rank." Song Dynasty - the reform period of the ancient Chinese imperial examination system. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were generally the same as those in the Tang Dynasty, including regular subjects, system subjects and martial arts examinations. In contrast, the subjects of regular subjects in the Song Dynasty were much smaller than those in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the Jinshi subjects were still the most valued. Most of the first-class Jinshis could be promoted to the prime minister, so the Song people regarded the Jinshi subjects as the subjects of the prime minister. Lu Zuqian of the Song Dynasty said: "The subjects of Jinshi are often generals and ministers, and they are all very clear." At that time, there was a saying of burning incense in ceremony to Jinshi. Apart from Jinshi subjects, other subjects are collectively called Zhuke. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty underwent major reforms in both form and content. First, the imperial examination in the Song Dynasty broadened the scope of admissions and functions. Jinshi in the Song Dynasty were divided into three classes: the first class was called Jinshi and others; the second class was called Jinshi origin; the third class was called Jinshi origin. Due to the expansion of admissions, the number of places has also doubled. In the Tang Dynasty, only twenty or thirty people were admitted to Jinshi at any time, ranging from a few to a dozen people. In the Song Dynasty, as many as two or three hundred people were admitted at a time, or even five or six hundred people. For candidates who have repeatedly failed in the exam, they are allowed to sign up for the supplementary exam when the emperor decides to take the exam, and they are called special names. You can also ask the emperor to show mercy, reward him with birth qualifications, appoint officials, and set a precedent for future generations. The Song Dynasty established a three-level examination system that was held every three years. In the early Song Dynasty, there was only a two-level examination system. The first level is the examination held by each state, and the first level is the provincial examination held by the Ministry of Rites.
In order to select talented people who were truly committed to feudal rule to serve in official positions, Emperor Taizu of the Song Dynasty implemented a palace examination in the sixth year of Kaibao. Since then, the palace examination has become the highest-level examination in the imperial examination system, and a three-level imperial examination system of state examination, provincial examination and palace examination has been formally established. After the palace examination, there is no need to go through the civil service examination and the official will be awarded directly. Song Taizu also ordered that after passing the exam, one is not allowed to call the examiner a teacher or a disciple. In this way, all those who passed the exam became disciples of the emperor. After the palace examination, the results will be released into three categories. After the Southern Song Dynasty, a ceremony was held for the emperor to announce the rank of Jinshi, and a banquet was given in Qiongyuan, so it was called Qionglin Banquet. Later generations imitated it and became customized. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty were initially held once a year, sometimes every one or two years. It was only in the third year of Zhen Yingzong's reign that it was officially designated as once every three years. Every autumn, each state conducts examinations, and in the following spring, the Ministry of Rites conducts examinations. The palace examination will be held in the same year as the provincial examination. Starting from the Song Dynasty, imperial examinations began to obscure names and reputations, and established a new system to prevent favoritism. After the introduction of scholars in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the phenomenon of favoritism and malpractice became more and more serious. In this regard, the rulers of the Song Dynasty took some measures, mainly the establishment of a system of obscuring names and recording honors. Anonymous means to seal the name, place of origin, etc. on the candidate's examination paper, also known as "mifeng" or "fengmi". During the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, based on Chen Jing's suggestion, a name-blinding system was implemented for palace examinations. Later, Song Renzong issued an edict to implement the name-blinding system in both provincial and state examinations. However, after anonymity, calligraphy and painting can still be recognized. According to the suggestion of Li Yibin from Yuanzhou, the candidates' examination papers were recorded separately. When the examiner reviews the test paper, he not only knows the candidate's name, but also cannot identify the candidate's handwriting. This system is indeed very effective in preventing the examiner from making partial choices. However, by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to increasing political corruption, this system became a mere formality. The reforms in the examination format in the Song Dynasty not only failed to eliminate the chronic problems of the imperial examination, but actually worsened it. The imperial examinations in the Song Dynasty also made major reforms in the examination content. The imperial examination system in the Song Dynasty basically followed the Tang system, and the imperial examinations for Jinshi had serious drawbacks. Jinshi focused on pronunciation and rhyme, and were ignorant of the past and present. They only tried to memorize and recite the Ming Sutra, but their meaning was useless. After Wang Anshi was appointed as a political advisor, he began to reform the content of the imperial examination, canceling poems, verses, classics, and ink meanings, and focusing on classics, theory, and strategies to select scholars. The so-called meaning of the scriptures is similar to the theory. It is a short article, which is limited to using sentences in the scriptures as the title and using the meaning in the scriptures to develop. Wang Anshi's reform of the examination content was to understand the classics and apply them. In the eighth year of Xining, Emperor Shenzong ordered the abolition of poems, verses, scriptures, and Moyi to select scholars, and issued Wang Anshi's "New Meanings of the Three Classics" and treatises and strategies to select scholars. The "Yi Guanyi", "The Book of Songs", "The Book of Books", "The Rites of Zhou", and "The Book of Rites" are called the Great Classics, and the "Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" are called the Concurrent Classics, which are required for scholars taking the examination. read. It is stipulated that the Jinshi examination should be divided into four sessions: one examination on major classics, two examinations on both classics, three examinations on essays, and the last examination on strategies. The palace examination only tests strategies, with a limit of more than 1,000 words. Wang Anshi's reforms were opposed by Su Shi and others. Later, with the changes in the political struggle, the "New Meanings of the Three Classics" was cancelled. Sometimes it examines poems and poems, sometimes it examines the meaning of classics, and sometimes it is both, and the changes are uncertain. Ming Dynasty - the heyday of the imperial examination system in ancient China. Starting from the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols ruled the Central Plains, and the imperial examinations entered a period of decline. However, the use of the Four Books to test scholars was a precedent set by the Yuan Dynasty. After the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was established, and the imperial examination system entered its heyday. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the imperial examination, and the methods of the imperial examination were more rigorous than those of previous dynasties. Before the Ming Dynasty, schools were only one of the ways to transport candidates for the imperial examination. By the Ming Dynasty, entering school became the only way to take the imperial examination. Those who studied in the Imperial College during the Ming Dynasty were generally called Imperial Students. There are generally four categories of prison students: those who are born in prison to study are called tribute prison guards, those who are officials' children are called yin prison guards, those who are promoted to prison are called jiu prison guards, and those who donate money to prison are called regular prison guards. Supervisors can directly become officials. Especially in the early Ming Dynasty, there were too many people who served as central and local officials who were born as supervisors. After Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, there were fewer and fewer opportunities for supervisory students to directly serve as officials, but they could directly participate in the provincial examination and pass the imperial examination to become officials. In addition to those who participated in the provincial examinations, there were also imperial examination students. Only by entering school and becoming a student member can it be possible to study in prison or become a student member of the imperial examination. The Ming Dynasty's government studies, state studies, and county studies were called county studies or Confucianism. Anyone who has passed the examinations at all levels in the province and entered the prefectural, prefecture, or county schools is generally called a student, and is commonly known as a scholar. The entrance examination to obtain student qualifications is called the Children's Examination, also known as the quiz or quiz. The childbirth examination consists of three stages: county examination, government examination and hospital examination. The college examinations are hosted by the academic administration of each province. The academic administration is also known as the Admiral College, so this level of examination is called the college examination. Those who pass the college examination are called students, and then they are divided into prefectures, prefectures, and counties to study.
The living members are divided into three levels: growth, growth, and epiphysis. Those who are provided with meals by the government are called Linshan students, or Linsheng for short; those who are added beyond the quota are called Zengguang students, and the science is called Zengsheng; additional places added to Linsheng or Zengsheng, attached to the end of all students, are called Fusheng Members, called epiphytes. Being admitted as a student is the starting point for fame. On the one hand, students in schools in various prefectures, states, and counties select *** as tribute students, and they can directly enter the Imperial College and become supervisor students. On the one hand, the academic officials in each province hold annual examinations and scientific examinations, and they are divided into six grades according to their results. Those who rank first or second in the imperial examination are qualified to participate in the provincial examination and are called imperial examination students. Therefore, entering school is the first rung on the imperial examination ladder. The official imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty were divided into three levels: rural examination, general examination and palace examination. The rural examination is a local examination held by the southern and northern Zhili and various chief ministers. The location is in Nanjing, Beijing Mansion, and the residence of the Chief Envoy. It is held every three years in the years of Zi, Wu, Mao and You, and is also called Xiangwei. The examination room for the examination is called Gongyuan. The examination period is in August in autumn, so it is also called Qiuwei. All candidates and supervisors of the imperial examination in this province can take the examination. Those who preside over the provincial examination include two chief examiners, four co-examiners, one person promoted, and several other officials. The exam is divided into three sessions, which will be held on August 9th, 12th and 15th respectively. The person who is promoted in the rural examination is commonly known as Xiaolian, and the first person is named Jieyuan. Tang Bohu ranked first in the rural examination, so he was called Tang Jieyuan. Those who pass the provincial examination are called the B list, also called the B subjects. When the list was released, the sweet-scented osmanthus was fragrant, so it was also called Guibang. After the results are released, the governor will host the deer roaring banquet. During the banquet, the poem "Lu Ming" was sung and the Kuixing dance was performed. The National Examination is a national examination hosted by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the Rites. In the second year of the rural examination, it is held in Fengchen, Shu and Wei years. The nationwide examination for candidates is held in the capital, and the examination period is in February of spring, so it is called Chunwei. The examination is also divided into three sessions, held on the 9th, 12th and 15th of February respectively. Since the joint examination is a higher-level examination, the number of co-examiners is twice as many as that of the provincial examination. The chief examiner, fellow examiner, and promotion officer are all held by higher-ranking officials. The examiner is called the president, also known as the chairperson or chairperson. Those who pass the examination are called Gong Shi, commonly known as Gong, also known as Ming Jing, and the first one is called Hui Yuan. The palace examination was held in the year after the reunification, initially on the first day of March. Since the eighth year of Emperor Xianzong's founding in the Ming Dynasty, it has been changed to March 15th. Those who take the exam are Gongshi. None of the Gongshi failed in the palace examination, but the emperor rearranged their rankings. The palace examination was presided over by the emperor Xin himself, and only one topic, current affairs policy, was tested. After the palace examination, the papers were read the next day, and the results were released the next day. The admissions are divided into three grades: first grade and third grade, which are awarded as Jinshi. The first grade is called the number one scholar and Ding Yuan, the second grade is the second grade, and the third grade is the top prize. Together they are called the third grade grade. The second grade is given to a person with a Jinshi background, and the third grade is given to a person with the same Jinshi background. The first place finishers in the second and third place are all called Chuanlu. The first, second and third graders are collectively called Jinshi. The Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. The list of Jinshi is written on yellow paper, so it is called Huangjia, also known as the Jinbang. The title of the Jinshi is called the Jinbang. The first place in the provincial examination is called Jieyuan, the first place in the general examination is called Huiyuan, and the first place in the imperial examination is called Sanyuan. Winning three yuan in a row is a legend in the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, only two people, Xu Guan in the Hongwu period and Shang Ren in the Zhengtong period, succeeded in winning the Three Yuan Dynasty. After the imperial examination, the number one scholar was assigned to compile by the Hanlin Academy, and the second-ranked scholar was assigned to edit by the Hanlin Academy. The remaining Jinshi who pass the examination are called Hanlin Academy Shujishi. Those who pass the examination after three years will be awarded as editors, reviewers and other officers of the Hanlin Academy respectively, and the rest will be assigned to various ministries as directors or other positions, or they will be given priority by the magistrate and county, which is called Sanguan. People who were born in Shujishi were promoted very quickly. After the Yingzong period, the imperial court formed a situation where non-Jinshi could not enter the Hanlin, and non-Hanlin could not join the cabinet. In the Ming Dynasty, the eight-part essay was tested in the first examination of the rural examination and the general examination. Whether you can pass the exam mainly depends on the quality of the eight-legged essay. Therefore, ordinary scholars often spend their whole life on eight-legged essays. Eight-legged essays use passages from the Four Books and Five Classics as titles, and the meaning can only be explained based on the meaning of the title. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, which is what is called speaking on behalf of the sages. The format is also pretty dead. The structure has a certain formula, the number of words has a certain limit, and the syntax requires duality. Eight-part essay is also called Zhiyi, Zhiyi, Shiwen, Shiyi, Babiwen and Sishuwen. An eight-legged essay is an article composed of eight pairs of pairs, generally divided into six paragraphs. Break the topic with the first sentence, continue the topic with two sentences, and then explain why, which is called the origin. The main parts of the eight-legged essay are the four paragraphs: the starting part, the middle part, the back part, and the closing part. Each paragraph has two paragraphs. A large summary is used at the end of the chapter, which is called a comprehensive summary. The eight-part essay evolved from the classic meanings of the Song Dynasty. The eight-part essay was extremely harmful, seriously constrained people's thinking, and was a tool to maintain feudal autocracy. It also led the imperial examination system itself to a dead end. Gu Yanwu, a famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, said indignantly: "The Eight-legged Patterns flourished while the Six Classics declined; the Eighteen-Story Theory flourished while the Twenty-One History was abolished." He also said: "A fool thinks that stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books.
" Qing Dynasty - The demise of the imperial examination system in ancient China. The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Ming Dynasty, but it implemented a policy of ethnic discrimination. The Manchus enjoyed various privileges and did not have to go through the imperial examination route to become an official. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination system was full before Yongzheng In the Han and Han examinations, bannermen enjoyed special advantages in the provincial examination and the general examination. Only one subject, translation, was tested, which was called the translation subject. Later, although it was changed to the same examination for Manchu and ***, those who took the examination were still in the same category. *** is the most. As the imperial examination system developed into the Qing Dynasty, it gradually declined and had more and more disadvantages. Although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty punished fraud in the imperial examination very severely, the fraud became more and more serious due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself. , the imperial examination system has finally disappeared. What subjects were tested in the ancient imperial examination?
Different subjects have different emphasis on the items and contents of the imperial examination. Special emphasis is placed on the meaning of classics. The Ming Dynasty is mainly about the Five Classics. The Ming Dynasty is mainly about laws and regulations. In terms of examination methods and examination organization, the imperial examination can be said to be the culmination of ancient examinations. The experience and lessons are still of reference today. The examination methods of the imperial examination mainly include oral examination, commentaries on scriptures, essays and poems. The examiner selects a page from the scriptures, covers the whole text, and leaves only one line, and then cuts it. Paper is used as a post, and three or five characters are stamped on it, and candidates are asked to read or write these three or five characters. Tie Jing was one of the main examination methods in the imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty. All examinations required Mo Jing. A number of questions are compiled from the scriptures, and the candidates are required to answer and discuss them using the original text of the scriptures. This is the most important method of examination in the imperial examination, in which candidates are asked to answer the questions on the spot. After the first year of Kaiyao in the Tang Dynasty, it was stipulated that Jinshi subjects must test two essays (one poem and one poem), and then test the scriptures, Mo Yi, and poems in the imperial examination. The major development of the method is the origin of the current examination methods such as fill-in-the-blank, short answer, essay, and composition. The beginning of foreign language learning was during the Westernization Movement. How to rank in the ancient imperial examination
Scholars, Juren, Gongshi, Jinshi. It is the title of different levels in the ancient imperial examination. As for the top three candidates in the imperial examination, the top three are the top three. The top three are the top three. Name, also known as Sandingjia. The first place is Number One Scholar, the second place is Number Two, and the third place is Tanhua.
People account for two-thirds of those admitted, and they are given the same background as Jinshi;
Scholars, Juren, Gongshi, and Jinshi are arranged from low to high.
Different dynasties have different conditions. , take the Ming and Qing Dynasties as an example. Scholars must first pass the Tongsheng qualification. After obtaining this qualification, they can continue to take the exam. Those who pass the exam are scholars, have merit and fame, and can enjoy privileges such as being exempted from official duties and being exempted from corvee.
Students, commonly known as scholars, refer specifically to students from prefecture schools and county schools. To obtain this qualification, one must be admitted in the Xuedao or Tongzi Examination. But scholar is just an identity.
The qualification to be elected is obtained after passing the provincial examination (provincial examination). The provincial examination is held every three years, so it is also called Qiuwei because it is in autumn. Candidates who take part in the provincial examination must be scholars and take place in Gongyuan in each province. Only those who pass the examination are qualified to be officials. The first person to be elected is named Jieyuan
Gongshi is a qualification obtained after passing the national examination. The examination is held in March of the second year after the provincial examination, so it is also called Chunwei. Candidates taking the exam must be Juren. The first tribute scholar is named Huiyuan.
Jinshi, those who pass the palace examination are called Jinshi. Before the Song Dynasty, Jinshi only needed to pass the "provincial examination" held in Shangshu Province. Since the Song Dynasty, Jinshi must go through the "palace examination" presided over by the emperor to review and determine the ranking.
Extended information:
Before the Qin Dynasty, the "Shiqing Shilu" system was adopted, and later the military merit and title system was gradually introduced. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor divided the world among himself. The world is governed by the emperor, princes, ministers, and scholars. Hereditary according to blood. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, there were guests, diners, etc.
Arrived in the Han Dynasty. Promote civilian talents. At that time, the inspection system and the recruitment system were adopted. The former was to recommend talents with both ability and political integrity from local governments at all levels. Those recommended by the state are called Xiucai, and those recommended by the county are called Xiaolian.
During the reign of Emperor Wen of Wei, Chen Qun established the Nine-Rank Zhongzheng Order, in which specific officials assessed civilian talents based on their origins, moral character, etc., and divided them into nine-tier recruitment. This system was still used during the Jin and Six Dynasties. Among the nine grades, it is the improvement of Chaju, which mainly changes the responsibility of Chaju from local officials to appointed officials.
However, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the gentry was powerful and often affected the Zhongzheng officials in assessing talents. Later, the criteria were even limited to family origin. This resulted in the phenomenon that "there are no poor families in the upper class, and no noble families in the lower class". Not only did it block the collection of materials from the people, it also allowed the gentry to control the court's collection of materials.