The most appropriate word to describe Li Yu is "coarse clothes and messy head". Every time I read Li Yu's lyrics carefully, I feel like I am reading the history of an emperor's growth and blood and tears. From the original "Huanxisha" (the red sun has reached three feet high) to "Langtaosha" (the rain is gurgling outside the curtain), from a prince of a great country in the south of the Yangtze River, the emperor of a vassal state in the Southern Tang Dynasty, to a surrender who ruined his country and destroyed his family, For forty-two years, Li Yu seemed to have had a prosperous but desolate dream. In this dream, although he did not have the courage that an emperor should have, he left behind a few poems for future generations that can be said to be immortal in the world of poetry. His poems after the fall of the country, especially those after the fall of the country. do. The influence of Li Yu's lyrics in the world of poetry is no less than that of Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty. Wang Guowei commented in "Renjian Ci Hua": "When the poets came to Li Houzhu, their horizons began to expand, and their emotions became deeper, so they changed from the words of Ling Gong to the words of scholar-bureaucrats." In the late Qing Dynasty, Wang Pengyun also wrote in "Manuscripts of Old Man Bantang" Said: "The emperor in the poem is worthy of being praised by Gaijian Qi."
Li Yu's poems after the fall of the country reveal the sincere emotions and the narration of blood and tears from the lines. . Because of his sincerity, there is no pretense in his words. Therefore, even after a few words, people can forget that he is a subjugated emperor and only remember that he is a bitter person in words. In his lyrics, how does Li Yu integrate the sincerity of his temperament into his unfortunate fate, so that the emotional depth of his lyrics is deepened and the context of his lyrics is unique? This article will explore and analyze Li Yu's poetry after the fall of the country.
1. Skillful use of line drawing
Zhou Ji's "Jie Cun Zhai Lun Ci Miscellaneous Works" said: "Wang Qiang and Xi Shi are the most beautiful women in the world. "Jia, with coarse clothes and messy hair, does not hide his national beauty; Feiqing, with strict makeup; Duanji, with light makeup; Hou Zhu, with rough clothes and messy hair" is the most appropriate word to describe Li Yu. but. If you read Li Yu's words carefully, it is not difficult to find that he rarely uses allusions, but mostly uses straight line drawings. The line drawing technique did not reduce the elegance of Li Yu's lyrics at all, but rather showed his "brilliant show" (Wang Guowei), thus allowing his sincerity and blood and tears to be naturally revealed.
"Linjiang Fairy" (When the cherries fall and return in spring) is a good example of his line drawing technique.
The cherries have fallen and spring has returned, and the butterflies are turning into golden powder and flying together. Zigui cries about the moon in the west of the small building. The curtains are painted with beads and foil, and the melancholy is rolled with gold mud.
After the lonely people in Menxiang left, Wangcan Tobacco was in the doldrums. The incense lingers in the phoenix, holding the belt in the air, looking back with regret
The whole poem contains 16 kinds of images. Through the description of these 16 kinds of images, it creates a picture of emperor and prosperity. Sheng Jingzuo's final farewell is vividly described in the smoke curling up and speechless parting scene. There is not a word of gorgeous rhetoric in the whole poem, and there is no redundant wording. Everything is told eloquently, and there is no trace of artificial construction. This is what makes Li Yu outstanding. The images of "cherry", "gold powder" and "phoenix" in the poem are all familiar to Li Yu, who was born in a deep palace and was skilled in the hands of women, so he can use them like a fish in water.
From the connection of images, it is not difficult to see that this is an emperor's reluctance to let go of his past drunken and luxurious life, and his fear of becoming a prisoner from now on. Looking back, I hate Yiyi, not because I hate people, but because I hate the absence of peace from now on. At the moment when his destiny was like falling straight into hell, Li Yu didn't seem to have too many scruples. He just expressed his feelings frankly as always, followed his usual style of writing lyrics, and was extremely candid. While being sincere, one cannot ignore the inextricable sadness and bleakness in it.
If "Linjiang Fairy" is a sketch of images, then "Broken Array" (Family and Country for Forty Years) is a sketch of its emotions.
In the past forty years, our country and our country have spread over three thousand miles of mountains and rivers. Phoenix Pavilion, Dragon Tower, connecting to the sky and Han, Yushu? The branches are used as tobacco. How many times have we known war?
Once you become a captive, you will sink your waist and wear your temples. Finally, on the day when the emperor passed away in the temple, the temple still played farewell songs and cried to the palace maids.
"How many times have we ever known fighting?" How many emperors in the world dare to say such a line of defense? Only Li Yu, only he dares to do this. Faced with the destruction of the country and the family, his own inability to make a comeback can be attributed to the saying "I have never seen war before." We hate his incompetence and his failure to fully understand the nature of national subjugation, but we can only sigh in response.
Most of the later generations disagreed with these two sentences about Li Yu's temperament, "We have known each other in war" and "Weeping to the concubine", thinking that this is not the style that an emperor should have. He was born to be a poet, not an emperor. And because of his sincerity, we sighed with empathy and pity.
2. Metaphor - turning imaginary into reality
The use of metaphor can often make the conceivable and indescribable feelings and things in the poem vivid and vivid on the page. Sorrow is a human emotion, invisible and shadowless, but in Li Yu's words, we can really feel it. This is due to the metaphorical techniques used by Li Yu in his poems.
In "Happy Meeting",
I went up to the west building alone without words, the moon was like a hook. The lonely Wutong deep courtyard locks Qingqiu.
Continuous cutting and confusion are the sorrow of separation, especially the feeling in the heart.
I am afraid that even a thousand words cannot explain clearly what separation sorrow is. So Li Yu simply compared the entanglement of divorce in his heart to something sensible. It was constantly cut and confused, which became a true expression of his feelings. Li Yu did not say clearly what this worry was a metaphor for. Because there is already a different feeling in my heart. For a former emperor, what could be more humiliating than becoming a prisoner and being imprisoned alone in the Qingqiu Deep Courtyard. Ordinary, simple and expressive language expresses deep and sincere thoughts and feelings, creating a harmonious and perfect artistic whole, allowing us to see the helpless misery of an emperor. Between the lines, there is no hint of sadness in order to compose new words, and there is no need for it.
Let’s look at the portrayal of sorrow in “Poppy Poppies”, considered by most people to be Li Yu’s masterpiece.
When will the spring flowers and autumn moon come? How much do you know about the past? There was an east wind in the small building last night, and the motherland could not bear to look back at the bright moon.
The carved jade bricks should still be there, but the beauty has changed. Asking you how much sorrow you can have is like a river of spring water flowing eastward.
The pain of leaving the country, the sorrow of losing the country, and the hatred of the country's subjugation are all blended into the spring water of a river. In "Wulingchun" by Li Qingzhao, he pinned his sorrow on "I am afraid that the two rivers can't carry many sorrows." In contrast, Li Yu's sorrow came more suddenly, because it was the spring water waves of a river rolling eastward, and his emotional expression was more intense. Moreover, the spring water of a river flows eastward, which makes people feel that the past is gone and will never return, and this feeling of hatred will last forever. A few strokes of genius produced an artistic effect of shallow words and deep feelings, because he dared to reveal his true feelings candidly. As a prisoner, under the supervision of the Song Emperor, he still dared to express such unprecedented melancholy about his homeland. This was entirely due to his innocent heart.
Wang Guowei's "Human Words" said: "The words and expressions of everyone's works must be refreshing. The descriptions of scenes must be eye-catching. The words come out of the mouth without any pretense, and with their What you see is true, and what you know is profound." This is what everyone has done.
Because it is true, the love is deep; because it is true, future generations still feel heartbroken every time they read it.
3. Coexistence of virtuality and reality
Using the coexistence of virtuality and reality in poetry can make the poetry more layered and the content more substantial. For a subjugated emperor, Li Yu's life was completely different. Due to such a special fate, in the later period of Li Yu's life, he was often in a mental state where he recalled the past and grieved the reality. Therefore, from his lyrics we can see that he often uses the coexistence of fiction and reality to express his true emotions.
"Midnight Song" has been selected by many writers in the past as the most representative of Li Yu's line drawing style. But I also think that it can also well reflect Li Yu's coexistence of virtuality and reality.
How can you avoid sorrow and hatred in life, and how can you limit your ecstasy and self-love? The dream of returning to the motherland makes me shed tears.
Who can go up to the tall building? I will always remember the autumn scenery. The past has become empty, still like a dream.
The upper and lower palaces each have the word "dream", but they have different connotations. The "dream" of Shangque is the dream of revisiting the motherland due to longing for the motherland. The "dream" of Xiaque is the face of the gap in reality, which seems to have not yet reacted or accepted in the heart.
Tang Guizhang's "A Brief Interpretation of Tang and Song Ci" said: The upper and lower words "dream" are also illusory. The upper part is a dream, and the lower part is a real dream. Here, it is not the exchange of virtual scenes and real scenes, but the exchange of virtual and real emotions in the poet's inner emotions, the exchange of reality and dreams. Ye Jiaying commented on this poem, saying that the poem is about the sorrow of the country's subjugation. The poem is as clear as words, without modification, and natural in nature. However, when read, it makes people feel meaningful and ecstatic. Indeed, three thousand prosperity disappeared in an instant, making the former emperor feel like he was in a dream for a while. Although he is controlled by others, he can still express his thoughts in the dream and the uncertainty after waking up from the dream. Because this kind of frankness is not something ordinary people can do. Only Li Yu, and only Li Yu, can make us deeply feel Li Yu's pain in the overlapping coexistence of reality and dreams. We cannot but express our feelings for this true emotion and natural language. Heartfelt love.
"Langtaosha" is also a masterpiece that can embody the coexistence of reality and reality.
The rain is gurgling outside the curtain, and the mood of spring is fading. Luo quilt cannot bear the cold at midnight. In the dream, I didn't know that I was a guest, and I was greedy for pleasure.
If you are alone, you will have unlimited potential. It's easy to say goodbye but hard to see. The flowing water and falling flowers are gone in spring, and the world is in heaven and earth.
In the dream, the joy of yesterday reappears. When I wake up, I face the infinite world, but the master has changed. Naturally, it is full of sadness. The contrast between dreams and reality inevitably highlights the vast regrets of being in prison today. With this kind of contrast, "Flowing water and falling flowers, spring has passed, and the world is in heaven and on earth." This kind of emotion comes very naturally. The irreversibility of reality and the complete despair in the heart, Qing Chen Tingzhuo said, a song of mourning is like hearing a mourning ape, lingering sobs, and the paper is filled with blood and tears. "Heaven and Earth", this is obviously an outpouring of hatred of family and country. The atmosphere is so grand that it was rarely seen in ancient times.
The reason why Li Yu became the emperor of Ci through the ages is not because of his life experience, but because his sincere emotions were all invested in his Ci. As an emperor who has subjugated his country, like Li Yu, it is so painful for an emperor who cannot end his life happily, but has to live a humiliated life as a prisoner. But he is not a real emperor, so when facing humiliation, the resistance he chooses is not an imperial one, but a literary one (Ye Jiaying), which is related to his life temperament. Living a life of humiliation, using blood and tears to feed each word of his lyrics, he finally completes his own redemption in the complete liberation of his temperament - when the flowers fall and the spring passes, heaven and earth are over.