Jia Yi's talent and Wendy's trust in him caused some courtiers' dissatisfaction. They shook Wendy's trust in Jia Yi with the rumor that "Luoyang people are young and beginners, obsessed with power chaos" (Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng in Historical Records). So Wendy asked Jia Yi to leave Chang 'an and become the teacher of King Changsha. Later called Jia Yi Jia Changsha, Jia Taifu. Jia Yi has been depressed for three years in Changsha. In the seventh year of Emperor Wendi (BC 175), Jia Yi was recalled to Chang 'an to be the teacher of Liang Huaiwang. At this time, Emperor Wen still appreciated Jia Yi's erudition. However, his repeated political views were not adopted. Later, King Huai of Liang fell to his death on horseback. Jia Yi thought that she didn't fulfill her responsibility as a teacher, and often cried and blamed herself, and soon died.
Jia Yi's book Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi has 58 articles and 7 articles, and its text is an existing New Book, also known as Jia Zi, which was revised by Liu Xiang at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Although it was out of order in the circulation process, it is basically credible. The first article "On Qin" is a famous article in Jia Yi's political theory. Another famous political paper, A Record of Chen Zheng, also known as Public Security Policy, is contained in Han Shujia's Biography. According to Ban Gu, it was he who selected "those who cut into the world" from the 58 articles in the new book (Han Shujia's praise), merged and deleted them, and the title was installed by later generations. Most of Jia Yi's Ci and Fu have been lost. Besides Qu Yuan Fu and Fei niao Fu, Liu Xiang also included an Xi Poem, which was written by Jia Yi. However, when Wang Yi commented on Chu Ci in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he said that he was "suspicious" of the author. There is Jia Changsha Collection, edited by Zhang Pu in Ming Dynasty. Liu Youxin's book supplement has 2 volumes, and the lost text supplement 1 volume.
A prostrate ostrich
The age of wasabi is Xi. In April in Xia Meng, Gengzi's days are oblique, and he gathers in the house. Don't sit in the corner, it looks leisurely. Foreign bodies to extract, all blame themselves. A book was sent to seize it, predicting its degree, saying, "The wild bird has entered the room, and the Lord will go." I want to ask Yu Xixi: "Where to go? Sue me, but it's not good to say it. The speed of flooding is embarrassing, and the language has been given to it. " The owl sighed and raised its wings; Mouth can't talk, please guess:
"Everything is changing and there is no rest. Swim and move, or push back Shape and qi turn are continuous, and the change is sudden. Mu Mu is infinite, Hook wins! Misfortune depends on happiness, and happiness lies in misfortune; Sorrow and joy meet, and good and bad luck share the same domain. Peter Wu Qiang, Fuxi defeated; The longer you live, the more you learn, and Gou Jian dominates the world. When he became a monk, he was sentenced to five sentences; Fu Shuo is vain, but he looks like Wu Ding. What's the difference between a husband's misfortune and his blessing? Life is unspeakable, who knows its extreme! Drought caused by water, drought caused by media; Everything has become thinner and the oscillation has changed. The cloud is steaming and the rain is falling, and the error correction is controversial; The great king spreads things, and it is boundless. Heaven is unpredictable, and Tao is unforeseeable; If you are late, you will die. You never know when.
The world is a melting pot, and nature is a work; Yin and Yang are charcoal, and everything is copper. What are the rules if you spread the news? Ever-changing, there is a pole before the beginning, which suddenly makes people embarrassed. How to control it? If it becomes a foreign body, why bother! Xiao Zhi is selfish, cheap and expensive; People have a big picture, and everything is possible. A greedy husband is a martyr of wealth, and a martyr is a martyr of honor. The boaster dies, but the boaster lives. Afraid of being forced, or inclined to the west and the east; Adults don't bend, but the meaning becomes the same. Fools are vulgar, and if they are embarrassed, they will be arrested; For people, this is a relic, it is unique. Everyone is confused, and likes and dislikes accumulate hundreds of millions; Real people are indifferent, alone with the Tao. Interpretation of wisdom and form, detachment and self-pity; Vast and desolate, soaring with the Tao. If you take the flow, you will die, and if you get it, you will stop; I don't care about myself. If his life is floating, his death is static; If the abyss stands still, it will be a ship that is not tied. Do not cherish life, raise the air to float; Germans are not tired, but they know how to live without worrying. The details are hard to doubt! "
Diao qu fu yuan
Gongcheng Jiahui Xi, one day sin Changsha; As soon as I heard about Qu Yuan, I sank to Miluo. Create Xiang Liu, respect Mr. Diao; It is very embarrassing to suffer from this world, but it is embarrassing. Alas! It's just the right time for couples to crouch and owls to soar. I am proud, I am successful; The sage is dragging his feet and the founder is falling backwards. The world means obedience, being degraded into embarrassment and being mean; Mo Xie is a blunt object, and a lead knife is a shovel. Silent, born for no reason; I abandoned Zhou Ding, and Baokang was very happy. Teng is driving a cow, which is very awkward; A horse with two ears, a salt car. Zhang Fu recommended shoes, which won't last long; Mr. Bitter, I'm sorry I'm alone.
Xun Yue: It's over! I know nothing about this country, but who is it? The phoenix floated away, but died high, but was led away. Attack the dragon of Jiuyuan and cherish yourself; I hide in my hiding place, but does my husband follow shrimp and leeches? Your saint's god is virtuous, away from the secular, hide yourself; This can tie the horse and bind it. How can it be different? Generally speaking, it is particularly embarrassing to leave here, which is also the reason of the host. I have traveled all over Kyushu, but I am a gentleman. Why should I conceive this capital? Phoenix flies thousands of miles, overlooking Dehui; Seeing the danger of virtue, I once drove it away. He is so dirty, how can he let his husband swallow the giant fish on the boat? The killer whales in the Jianghu are really ants.
Li Shangyin (812-858), whose real name is Mountain Fan Nansheng. Born in Hanoi, Huaizhou (now Qinyang, Henan), he was a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty. Since my grandfather, I moved to Xingyang, Zhengzhou (now Henan). At the age of 9, my father died and my mother returned to Zhengzhou for mourning. In the third year of Emperor Wenzong Daiwa (829), Tian Pingjun invited Ling Huchu to enter the curtain. In the sixth year of Daiwa (832), Linghu Chu was transferred to Hedong as my ambassador and stayed in Beidu. Li Shangyin followed him to Taiyuan. After Linghu Chu died of illness, Li Shangyin lost his job and went to Jingzhou (now Jingchuan County, Gansu Province) to meet my ambassador to Jingyuan, Wang Maoyuan. At that time, the struggle between the two bureaucratic groups headed by Niu Sengru and Li Deyu in the Tang Dynasty was fierce. Linghu Chu and his son belong to the Niu school, and Yuan is closely related to Li school. Li Shangyin turned and went to Wang Maoyuan's office. Although he has no partisan views, the Niudang people think that he is "ungrateful" and "unworkable" and rejected him. Therefore, Li Shangyin became a victim of the party struggle between Niu and Li. Soon after, he took the exam of erudite macro words, which was taken by the examiner for the first time, but his name was removed by influential people in Zhongshu Province during the second interview. In the second year, Li Shangyin was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school and later transferred to Hongnong County. In the winter of five years (840), Li Shangyin resigned as county commandant and was transferred to Huichang. The following year, he won a prize for his book and re-entered the secretary province. After Xuanzong ascended the throne, Li Shangyin was suppressed again and had no choice but to settle down in the distant shogunate. From the first year of Dazhong (847) to the ninth year of Dazhong (855), he served as an adjutant in Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi), Xuzhou and Zizhou (now Santai, Sichuan) three times. Before he went to Zizhou Shogunate in the fifth year of Dazhong (85 1), his wife Wang died, which made him suffer a heavy mental blow. When I lived in Dongchuan, I was often depressed, worshiped Buddhism and even wanted to become a monk. In the winter of Dazhong nine years, the Zizhou shogunate went on strike and Li Shangyin returned to Chang 'an. The following year, he was appointed as a salt and iron official. In the 12th year of Dazhong (858), he resigned and returned to Zhengzhou to live in seclusion. He died around the end of this year.
There are about 600 poems by Li Shangyin. His poems inherited and developed the artistic skills of China's classical poems and made great achievements. As far as content is concerned, there are political poems, epic poems, landscape poems and love poems. Shi Li absorbed the strengths of predecessors, inherited the depression and frustration of Du Fu's Seven Laws, integrated the magnificence and richness of Qi Liang's poems, and imitated the ghostly fantasy of Li He's poems, forming his affectionate, lingering, aesthetic and delicate style. Shi Li is also good at using allusions and appropriate historical analogies to express hidden and unspeakable meanings.
Li Shangyin's political poems are full of emotion and satire, which are quite profound and extensive. There are many poems that directly touch the current politics, especially "Hundred Rhymes in the Western Suburb", which dates back to the ups and downs of the Tang Dynasty in 200 years, and its style is close to Du Fu's poems. His political ambition and anger are reflected in Ding An Tieta and four poems that cry about Liu Zhu. His epic satirizes the present and makes great achievements. This kind of poems often ridicule the dissoluteness of the former or current kings, and some people rely on history to express their incompetence. This kind of poems mostly use discipline, intercept specific scenes in history and spread them, which has the artistic effect of seeing the big from the small and expressing deep meaning. "Two Poems of Sui Palace and Southern Dynasties" and other masterpieces. His lyric poems are deep, delicate and sentimental, such as "The sunset is infinitely beautiful and buried by the coming night" ("Leyou Graves"). His love poems are widely read. He often named it untitled, or took two words in the poem as the title of this kind of poem, and later generations took untitled poem as another name for love poem. In fact, there are two situations in Li Shangyin's untitled poems: one is obscure love poems. At that time, the poet's object and love affair could not be made public, and it was impossible to write acacia directly, so he wrote it in a daze. The other is to express his anger and feelings through love, as he himself said: "Blame a gentleman's grandson and grass, and describe a gentleman with beauty." Take his two untitled poems "The Star Last Night and the Wind Last Night" and "It was a long time before I met her, but it was longer after we parted" as examples. The former describes the sufferings of men and women who can't get what they want, while the latter describes desperate love, and the poems are changeable and elusive. Li Shangyin wrote Li Yishan's poems, which are existing; The anthology has been lost, and later generations compiled Fan Nan Wen Ji and Fan Nan Wen Ji Bu.
Zhang Heng (AD 78-AD 139) was born in Xi, Nanyang (now stonebridge, Nanyang County, Henan Province).
He left his hometown at the age of seventeen and went to Chang 'an, the old capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and its vicinity to inspect historical sites, investigate folk customs and social and economic conditions. Later, he visited imperial academy, the capital of Luoyang, and invited his teacher to visit friends. In the twelfth year of Han Yongyuan (A.D. 100), he returned to Nanyang from Luoyang and served as the main book of Baode, the magistrate of Nanyang. During this period, he wrote "Tokyo Fu" and "Xijing Fu" which have been handed down to this day.
In the second year of Andiyong (AD 108), after Baode was transferred from Nanyang, Zhang Heng left his job and stayed in his hometown. He spent three years studying philosophy, mathematics and astronomy, accumulated a lot of knowledge and greatly enhanced his reputation. Yongchuan five years, once again to Beijing, as a doctor, assistant minister.
In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1 15), he served as an official twice and made outstanding achievements in astronomy in fourteen years.
The representative of Huntington's theory
There are three schools of thought about the structure of the universe in Han Dynasty, namely, Gaitian theory, Huntian theory and Michelle Ye theory. Zhang Heng is a representative of Huntian Theory. He thinks that the sky is like an eggshell, the earth is like an egg yolk, and the sky is small; Heaven and earth stand by and float in the water. Although this view also belongs to the category of geocentric theory, there was still progress at that time:
First, although Zhang Heng thinks that there is a hard shell in the sky, he does not think that the hard shell is the boundary of the universe, and the universe outside the hard shell is infinite in space and time.
Second, Zhang Heng tried to answer the question of the origin and evolution of heaven and earth from the beginning in the book Lingxian. His answer has simple, changing and developing dialectical ideological factors. He believes that before the world split, it was chaotic; After separation, the light rises to the sky and the heavy condenses to the ground. The sky is yang and the earth is yin. The two gases interact to create everything, and the gas overflowing from the earth is the star.
Thirdly, Zhang Heng explained how the speed of the planet changes with distance. Modern science has proved that the speed of planetary motion is related to its distance from the sun. Zhang Heng's explanation has reasonable factors.
Making instruments and observing
Zhang Heng not only pays attention to theoretical research, but also pays attention to practice. He personally designed and manufactured the armillary sphere and the waiting seismograph. The Hou Feng Seismograph made in Yangjiayuan, Shun Di (AD 132) is the first instrument to test earthquakes in the world. The armillary sphere is equivalent to the celestial sphere now, which was originally invented by Geng Shouchang of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng improved it and used it as a demonstration instrument of Huntian theory. He used a gear system to connect the elephant with a leaky kettle, and the leaky kettle dripped water to drive the elephant to rotate at a constant speed, just once a day. In this way, when people look at the elephants in the room, they can know which star is in which position. Zhang Heng also observed and analyzed many specific astronomical phenomena. He counted about 2500 stars that can be seen in the Central Plains. He basically mastered the principle of lunar eclipse. He measured that the angular diameter of the sun and the moon on Sunday is 1/736, that is, 29'24', which is close to the average angular diameters of the sun and the moon of 3 1' 59' .26 and 3 1' 5' .2, so Zhang Heng's measurement is quite accurate. Zhang Heng believes that the sun is the same size as noon in the morning and evening; It looks big in the morning and evening, but small at noon. This is just an optical effect. In the morning and evening, the observer's environment is relatively dark, which makes him look great from darkness to light. At noon, the sky and the earth are bright, and the sun in the sky looks very small. Like fire, it is big at night and small during the day. Zhang Heng's explanation is reasonable, but not comprehensive.
It was not until the Jin Dynasty that Shu Xi made a relatively perfect explanation.
Zhang Heng's academic achievements are various. In A.D. 132, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph to determine the direction of earthquakes. The seismograph is also made of copper, which looks like a wine bottle. There is a thick pillar in the middle, and there are eight cross bars around the pillar to connect with the outside. There are eight dragons outside, with their faucets facing down and arranged in eight directions. Every dragon has a small copper ball in its mouth, and there are eight open-mouthed toads squatting under it. If there is an earthquake in a certain direction, the pillar will fall to the crossbar in that direction, and the Longkou in that direction will spit out copper balls and fall into the toad's mouth. In this way, people can know which direction the earthquake happened. In A.D. 138, the seismograph accurately predicted the Longxi earthquake. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng is the first instrument to determine the direction of earthquakes in the world, which is 1700 years earlier than that in Europe.
He also invented a meteorological instrument to determine the direction and made a compass that was only in legend at that time. Mathematically, he calculated that pi is a little more than the square root of 10 (3. 16).
In geography, he draws topographic maps. In terms of literature and art, he was a famous writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was also listed as one of the six famous painters at that time.
1956, Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for him: "Such an all-round development figure is also rare in world history. It is admirable to live for thousands of years. "
At the beginning of Shun Di, Zhang Heng was transferred to Taishiling for the second time. Because he does not advocate wealth, the official position where he lives has not been promoted for several years. After leaving the post of history, I returned to this post five years later and wrote "Should Be Idle" to express my ambition. In the first year of Yang Jia (132), Zhang Heng made a seismograph to measure earthquakes. The later Longxi earthquake proved to be wonderful.