Cai Xiang (1012-1September 27th, 067) was born in Xianyou County, Xinghua Army (now Qingze Pavilion in Fengting Town). Famous calligrapher, politician and tea scientist in Northern Song Dynasty. Song Renzong was a scholar in the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030). He successively served as a collator of Guange, an admonition court, a history museum, a imperial edict, a bachelor of Longtuge, a bachelor of Privy Council, a bachelor of Hanlin, a third secretary and a bachelor of Duanmingtang, and served as a traffic envoy of Fujian Road to learn about Quanzhou, Fuzhou, Kaifeng and Hangzhou. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Cai Xiang died and was given to the assistant minister of the official department, and then to Shao Shi. The Southern Song Dynasty (1165-1173) was called "Cai Zhonghui". When Cai Xiang was the magistrate of Quanzhou, he presided over the construction of Luoyang Bridge in Quanzhou, which is the oldest existing cross-sea beam stone bridge in China. When he was appointed as the transshipment ambassador of Fujian Road, he advocated planting 700 miles of postal pine from Fuzhou to Zhangzhou; During the founding of the People's Republic of China, he presided over the production of the fine Wuyi tea "Little Dragon Regiment", and his "Tea Record" summarized the experience of making and tasting tea in ancient times. The book Litchi Tree is known as "the world's first book on the taxonomy of fruit trees". Cai Xiang has excellent calligraphy and poetry. Its calligraphy is vigorous and dignified, simple and beautiful, and it is one of the "Song Sijia". There is The Complete Works of Cai Zhonghui Gong.
Cai Xiang (1012-1067), born in Mo Jun, Han nationality, was originally from Dongan Village, Fengting Township, Xianyou, Fujian Province, and later moved to Cai 'an Village, Putian. 1030 (Tiansheng eight years) Jinshi, served in the Central Committee of the Song Dynasty. The pawn was given the title of assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites and sounded the bell. He presided over the construction of Quanzhou Luoyang Bridge, which is the oldest existing cross-sea beam stone bridge in China. Cai Xiang is honest, upright, trustworthy, knowledgeable and profound in calligraphy. In the history of calligraphy, he talked about the calligraphy of the Song Dynasty, and was called the four great calligraphers with Su, Huang, Mi and Cai. Cai Xiang's calligraphy is self-contained, with profound solemnity, simplicity and beauty. The block letters are correct and steady, the running script is gentle and charming, and the cursive script uses the flying white method. Handed down from ancient times, there are inscriptions on Wan 'an Bridge, and the book traces have a history of thanking books.
Cai Xiang, a former transshipment ambassador in Fujian, has reduced or exempted Dingkou tax since the Five Dynasties. Presided over the construction of Wan 'an Bridge, with a total length of 360 feet. Later, I learned that Hangzhou was a pawn. Bachelor of Science in Governing Duan Mingdian. Calligraphy, like Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan, is dignified and magnificent. For "Song Sijia". Regular script is thick, running script is gentle and charming. He is the author of Collected Works of Cai Zhong Hui. Mo Jun, a native of Xianyou County, was born in the fifth year of Song Dazhong Xiangfu (10 12). I lived in Fengtingyi, Xianyou County. I started my career as a farmer and worked as an official in Quanzhou. Mother Lu, daughter of a celebrity in Guifeng Village, Hui 'an County. Cai Xiangtong was strictly educated by his grandfather when he was young. 15-year-old after having obtained the provincial entrance examination, 18-year-old after visiting the capital, and went to imperial academy for further study. Tiansheng eight years (1030), won the first place after having obtained the provincial examination in Kaifeng. Tiansheng was the tenth scholar in the ninth year, and was awarded the judge of Zhangzhou army the following year for a period of four years. In the third year of Li Qing (1043), Cai Xiang presided over the Yushi yamen. He never evaded anything and played a loyal and sincere role, which was mostly related to the advantages and disadvantages of the world and the urgency of the moment. He believes that national security depends on personnel, and the monarch mainly knows how to be good and distinguish between good and evil. Because there are people like Cai Xiang who dare to say and do things, those who are powerful are afraid and restrained. In the fourth year of Li Qing, Cai Xiang was transferred to Fuzhou, and in the autumn of the sixth year, Li Qing was transferred to Fujian Road. In his eighth year in Li Qing, he left his job because of his father's death. In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (105 1), Cai Xiang returned to the DPRK to revise Ju Zhu and participated in the discussion of state affairs.
In the third year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (105 1), Cai Xiang returned to the DPRK to revise Ju Zhu and participated in the discussion of state affairs. For four years, he moved, studied the imperial edict and sentenced him to comments. In the first year of Jiayou (1056), Cai Xiang was also known as Fuzhou. When he was in office, he advised students to promote goodness, spread the word to cure poison, educate people to abide by the law and be good, change bad habits and supervise officials to win the hearts of the people. During the reign of Jiayou (1056-1063), Cai Xiang wrote to demand that the salaries of Zhangzhou, Quanzhou and Xing be halved, greatly reducing the burden on the people. During He Zhi and Jia You years (1054- 1063), Cai Xiang learned about Quanzhou twice, the first time was from February of He Zhi's third year to June of Jia You's first year, and the second time was from July of Jia You's second year to autumn of Jia You's fifth year. When Cai Xiang took office in Quanzhou, he first rectified the bureaucracy. At that time, Zhang Gong, the magistrate of Jinjiang County, was corrupt and perverted the law, and Cai Xiang impeached and dismissed for the people. The court decided that this was an unjust case and demoted Cai Xiang. He also built cities in coastal counties, strengthened military preparations, taught boats to memorize water potential and guard against pirates. In the eastern suburb of Quanzhou, there is Luoyang River, and the downstream estuary is five miles wide, and there is a ferry named Wan 'an Ferry. "Turn over every storm, and you can't cross the river for a few days", "It's not dead to sink a boat and drown it". In the fifth year of Jiayou (1053), Wang Juan initiated the construction of the stone bridge, and Cai Xiang presided over the project, which lasted six years and eight months and was completed in December of the fourth year of Jiayou (1059). The bridge was 360 feet long (1105.999). Therefore, "crossing the stone to support the sea and getting on the boat as a disciple is easy to be dangerous and the people are in trouble."
After the completion of Luoyang Bridge, Cai Xiang personally inscribed "Wan 'an Crossing the Stone Bridge" and carved a monument on the left bank. This monument is known as the "three wonders" because of its concise articles, vigorous calligraphy and vivid carving. Cai Xiang knows that Quanzhou has been dry for many years. He mobilized people's resources, strengthened water source management, and formulated "Guihu Pond Regulations" to stop water disputes. During his tenure as a transshipment ambassador, he also visited a spring in Xiaowushi Mountain in the south of the county seat and informed local officials in Quanzhou to manage it well for the people to drink and irrigate the fields. During the reign of Zhiping (1064- 1067), the king of Jinjiang County carved the word "Cai Gongquan" on the cliff as a memorial. In the fourth year of Jiayou (1059), Cai Xiang wrote a book "litchi spectrum" in Quanzhou, which was divided into three volumes and seven articles, including the origin, ecology, function, edible, processing, storage, transportation and marketing of litchi, and introduced 32 varieties of litchi. In the fifth year of Jiayou (1060), Cai Xiang was summoned back to Beijing, and in the sixth year of Jiayou, he paid homage to the three ambassadors of Hanlin. In the eighth year of Jiayou, Injong died, Yingzong acceded to the throne, and Cai Xiang was officially appointed as three ambassadors. This year, Cai Xiang wrote a book "Tea Record", which is divided into two parts. The first part discusses the tea ceremony, including 10 on tea tasting, stir-frying and tea tasting. The second part talks about tea sets, including nine kinds of utensils, such as tea making utensils and drinking utensils, which are vivid and detailed. Historians said: "Cai is good at distinguishing tea, which is beyond the reach of future generations." "In the second year of Zhiping (1065), Cai Xiang went out of Hangzhou and took office after receiving a bachelor's degree from Ming Temple. In October of the third year of Zhiping, his mother Lu died, and Cai Xiang went home to protect his funeral. In August of the fourth year of Zhiping,
Cai Xiang died at home at the age of 56 and was buried in Cailing, Fengting, as a gift to the assistant minister of the official department. Ouyang Xiu wrote the epitaph of Cai Gong, a bachelor of Duanming Temple. During the main road (1165-1173), I gave you loyalty. During the Qingyuan period (1 195— 1200), Caixiang Temple was built at the end of Luoyang Bridge South Street.
Ancient book records
"The Biography of Cai Xiang in Song Dynasty" said: "The word is the best in the world, and Renzong loves it." Xu Jiang's Biography of Cai Xiang said, "I feel sorry for myself and have to use calligraphy and painting. Its broken chapters and manuscripts are well known, and it has been treasured so far, and Renzong especially likes to call it. " Zhu Xushu: Cai Xiang's books are very self-respecting, and he doesn't pay much attention to them. With others, everyone hides them as treasures. Renzong loves his works deeply ... and the article "Monument to the Queen of Wencheng" written by the bachelor was written by him, but you refused to write it.
From the above three paragraphs, we can know that Cai Xiang's calligraphy was cherished by emperors and ordinary people. Because of self-pity, he didn't do anything to write a book, so there are few works handed down from generation to generation. In addition, it can be seen that the atmosphere of the book circle at that time had completely turned to poetry, while the book tablet was regarded as a matter of technical service, which was disdained by literati and even the emperor's life could not be controlled. This is fundamentally different from the situation before the Tang Dynasty. Not the master who runs the school. On the whole, his calligraphy still abides by the laws of Jin and Tang dynasties, and his sense of innovation is slightly inferior. But he is an indispensable figure in the development of calligraphy in Song Dynasty. With his complete calligraphy achievements, he built a technical bridge between the laws of Jin and Tang Dynasties and the tastes of Song people. There are many kinds of ink handed down from ancient times in Cai Xiang, such as Shu, Xie Ci, Shen Tao, Jiao Burning and Meng Hui. Inscriptions include regular script of Wan 'anqiao, Jinjitang and Gushan Guyuan Cave, such as Forgetting Stone and Passing Rock.
Art of calligraphy
In the history of calligraphy, four great calligraphers, Su, Huang, Mi and Cai, are typical representatives of the calligraphy style in Song Dynasty. Among the "Song Sijia", the top three are Su Shi (Dongpo), Huang Tingjian (Fu Weng) and Mi Fei (Xiangyang Manshi). In China, Cai Xiang should be older than Su, Huang and Mi. Judging from the style of calligraphy, Su Shi has ups and downs; Huang tingjian rose vertically and horizontally; Miffy is handsome and bold, and their writing style is unique. Su, Huang and Mi are all good at cursive and running script, but Cai Xiang likes to write regular script. Cai Xiang's calligraphy is vigorous and dignified, simple and graceful, and is unique. When I exhibited Cai Xiang's calligraphy, I suddenly felt a spring breeze on my face, full of gorgeous Wen Ya breath. His calligraphy was highly respected by his contemporaries and had a high reputation. Su Dongpo and Ouyang Xiu were the first people to appreciate his calligraphy. Su Dongpo pointed out in Dongpo's inscription: "Cai is the first in this dynasty because of his high intelligence, profound knowledge, corresponding heart and hand, and endless transformation." However, the running script is the best, the short script is the second, and the cursive script is the second ... I have also tasted the meaning of flying white, saying that there is a trend of flying dragons and dancing phoenix, and not many people know it. Ouyang Xiu's evaluation of Cai Xiang's calligraphy is really hard to find: Ouyang Xiu said, "Since Su Zimei's death, I think the brushwork is absolutely unique. In recent years, Mo Jun has been alone in the world, but he refused to lead the alliance. Huang Tingjian also said: He Cai is a hero of calligraphy. Shen Kuo, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, commented on Cai Xiang's cursive script in Meng Qian Bitan: "Taking prose as cursive script, it is called scattered grass or flying grass, and its methods are all from Bai Fei, forming its own family. The ancient rhyme of Huai Su in Zhang Xu is changeable, melodious and full of ancient meaning. "The Biography of Cai Xiang in the History of Song Dynasty called him:" Calligraphy is the best in the world, and Renzong especially loves it. "Xu Jiang's Biography of Cai Xiang said:" Public painting and calligraphy, rather self-pity, must be. It is well known for its broken chapters and manuscripts, and it has been treasured so far, and Injong especially likes to call it this. "Zhu Xushu: Cai Xiangshu is quite self-respecting and doesn't pay much attention to books. With others, everyone hides them as treasures. Renzong loves his works deeply ... and the article "Monument to the Queen of Wencheng" written by the bachelor was written by him, but you refused to write it.
From the above three paragraphs, we can know that Cai Xiang's calligraphy was cherished by emperors and ordinary people. Because of self-pity, he didn't do anything to write a book, so there are few works handed down from generation to generation. In addition, it can be seen that the atmosphere of the book circle at that time had completely turned to poetry, while the book tablet was regarded as a matter of technical service, which was disdained by literati and even the emperor's life could not be controlled. This is fundamentally different from the situation before the Tang Dynasty. Not the master who runs the school. On the whole, his calligraphy still abides by the laws of Jin and Tang dynasties, and his sense of innovation is slightly inferior. But he is an indispensable figure in the development of calligraphy in Song Dynasty. With his complete calligraphy achievements, he built a technical bridge between the laws of Jin and Tang Dynasties and the tastes of Song people. There are many kinds of ink handed down from ancient times in Cai Xiang, such as Shu, Xie Ci, Shen Tao, Jiao Burning and Meng Hui. Inscriptions include regular script of Wan 'anqiao, Jinjitang and Gushan Guyuan Cave, such as Forgetting Stone and Passing Rock. Cai Xiang is good at block letters, running script and cursive script. He is a famous calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty and one of the "Song Sijia". Cai Xiang is famous for supervising the production of Xiaolongtuan tea and writing tea notes. The Book of Tea itself is a masterpiece of calligraphy.
There is a saying in the history of calligraphy that "Cai" in "Su Huang" should be Cai Jing because of his clear pronunciation and mellow voice. Later, people replaced Cai Jing with Cai Xiang. This is debatable.
Water conservancy contribution
Cai Xiang was a Jinshi in the eighth year of Tiansheng (1030). In the Song Dynasty, he served as the central government's collator, remonstrator, history museum, imperial edict, bachelor of Longtuge, bachelor of Privy Council, bachelor of Hanlin, third secretary and bachelor of Duanming Temple, and served as the communications envoy of Fujian Road, as well as the ancient and modern knowledge of Quanzhou, Fuzhou and Kaifeng (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province). When people talk about Cai Xiang, they must first mention Wan 'anqiao (Luoyang Bridge), a national key cultural relic protection unit. It is the largest stone bridge in China Harbor, and is called "the first bridge in Fujian" (Mao Yisheng). Its completion is a great contribution of Cai Xiang and plays an important role in Fujian's economic and cultural development.
Fujian Culture Cai Xiang and Luoyang Bridge Quanzhou, Fujian Culture and Folk Protection Network, are the starting points of the ancient Maritime Silk Road. Since the late Tang Dynasty, Quanzhou has become an important foreign trade port in China. During the Northern Song Dynasty, there were many sails and many walls around Quanzhou Port, with hundreds of ships competing for current, and Chinese and foreign businessmen gathered to distribute goods everywhere. However, Wan 'an crossing has become a huge obstacle to the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of Fujian, and the traffic problem is far from meeting the needs of economic development. Therefore, building a bridge at Wan 'an intersection has become a very urgent task.
This Wan 'an Ferry is not "Wan 'an". Under the attack of storms, shipwrecks and fatal accidents often occur. People think that this phenomenon is caused by the "water monster", so it is daunting. Legend has it that Cai Xiang followed Emperor Renzong to the south of the Yangtze River, interceded for the people along the way, helped the poor and was deeply loved by the people. When he visited Quanzhou and Wan 'an Gudu in Hui 'an, he saw the rapids of the water and the raging white waves. Whenever the tide is high, even the waves are rough, the cruise ship shakes and the passing guests are drowned from time to time. He couldn't help but burst into tears and immediately planned to build a bridge. He ordered his men to buy honey and wrote on the coast: "You ordered Cai Xiang to build Luoyang Bridge". When the emperor strolled here, he saw bees foraging in droves. It's beautiful and spectacular. Looking carefully, Lang murmured, "You ordered Cai Xiang to build Luoyang Bridge". Cai Xiang got the message and knelt down immediately. The emperor was puzzled. I was obviously watching the bee typesetting. How did it become a monkey? This is another trap set by Ai Qing, let me drill, Ai Qing is playing me! Cai Xiang voldemort remonstrated, please pardon the emperor, the emperor, how can you play in the minister. Cai Xiang played a prank twice, and the emperor suffered YaBaKui. In view of Cai Xiang's eagerness to love the people, he didn't care much. Yu approved him as the magistrate of Quanzhou to collect funds and supervise the construction of Luoyang Bridge. Cai Xiang stepped forward and shouldered this unprecedented responsibility.
According to the state of science and technology more than 900 years ago, Poseidon was afraid to build a bridge over the river. Cai Xiang faced the unbridled rolling river, unable to get down, his heart ached and his hair turned white in a hurry. His love for boxing touched the dragon king who made waves. Legend has it that one day, Lv Dongbin told Cai Xiang in a dream: "You don't have to worry about this matter. I'm going to write a letter to the Dragon King of the East China Sea and ask him to stop the tide for one day so that the bridge can be built. " Cai Xiang was overjoyed. He woke up from his dream and saw a letter lying on the table, which read "The face is the Dragon King of the East China Sea". So he asked in class, "Who went to the sea?" Xia Dehai, the servant, quickly kowtowed and said, "The villain is Xia Dehai. I wonder what the adults ordered? " Hearing this, Cai Xiang said, "Since you went to sea? Then present this letter to the East China Sea Dragon King! " So this Xia Dehai is his name. He was not familiar with water and could not go into the sea, but his fate was hard to break, so he had to bite the bullet and go. Xia Dehai was ordered to return to China and told his wife about writing a book in the sea. His wife couldn't help crying, so she had to buy Xia Dehai a farewell dinner. Xia Dehai came to the seaside as drunk as a fiddler, collapsed on the beach, and was found by the shrimp soldiers and crabs on night patrol. He was arrested in the Dragon Palace and gave the letter to the Dragon King. The Dragon King of the East China Sea has a deep friendship with Lv Dongbin, so he asked Xia Dehai to bring back a letter. At dawn, Xia Dehai woke up from his lethargy and saw a letter that read: "Face accepted by Cai Xiang" and hurriedly handed it to Cai Xiang. Cai Xiang opened the letter and found that there was only one word "vinegar". He pondered for a long time and suddenly realized that he immediately ordered to start repairing the bridge foundation on 2 1 day. It turns out that the word "vinegar" can be divided into 2 1 day and unitary. That day, as expected, the tide receded, the bridge workers worked day and night, and the bridge foundation was firmly laid.
This huge project, funded by the imperial court, made Cai Xiang anxious like a cat on hot bricks. He practiced and endured the pain of family changes (the death of his son and wife). With the support of his mother, he donated 160 stones to help families with only 200 fields. Bridge * * * invested 1400 yuan, but it didn't cost the state treasury a penny. It was all raised by raising money. Legend has it that Cai Xiang's feat was discovered here in the sky, so he asked Guanyin Bodhisattva to help the lower world. Guanyin was ordered to descend to earth, and posted a notice on the shore: "One day, a girl with both talents and looks chose a spouse on the Luoyang River, with a unique style. She will marry whoever can give her money. " Cai Xiang didn't know the secret, but he could get inspiration from it. If he can find a woman to row a boat and pay for the bridge, that is a good thing. But at that time, social women never set foot in society. Who can make a fool of himself in public? In desperation, he can only "ruin his family" and take risks with his wife. He makes up his wife carefully and looks good. Buy and choose a super-large ship for careful packaging, and place magnets around the ship as arrows to stop soldiers. When Mrs Cai appeared smartly on the river, people thought it was the woman on the notice who chose her husband. At that time, Luoyang was boiling, and people from officials' children to ordinary people, as well as people on both sides of the strait, rushed to throw strings of money at her, all attracted by strong magnets. Cai Xiang has already guarded the pass to protect Mrs. Cai, the great sage, safe and sound. Guanyin Bodhisattva can see clearly in the clouds and fog, admiring that there is such a strange girl in the world. She was afraid that anything should happen to Mrs. Cai, so she immediately took off her embroidered shoes and became a big ship. People will be fascinated and throw their bags at new targets. Guanyin was full of money, sailing for Mrs. Cai to make friends, taking a boat full of money as a gift to help build the bridge, and then disappearing into the vast fog. Cai Xiang and his wife looked up at the sky and were filled with emotion. They were really helpless and got help from God.
With this money, Cai Xiang overcame difficulties and obstacles and built Luoyang Bridge. Cai Xiang brainstormed and worked with bridge builders to solve the problems of bridge construction and foundation reinforcement scientifically. At first, they threw a lot of big stones along the middle line of the bridge at the bottom of the river, forming a low stone embankment across the river as the base of the pier. Then, the piers are built with rows of horizontal and straight strips. This kind of stone foundation is a major breakthrough in the history of bridge construction, which is called "mat foundation" in modern times. He also planted oysters to fix the bridge foundation, and planted stones on the beaches on the upper and lower sides of the bridge to attach oysters, so as to slow down the flow of the river and not shake the foundations on both sides of the pier. It is considered as the precedent of biology applied to architecture in the world. After the completion of the bridge, Cai Xiang drew up the "Wan 'an Bridge Story" which was told through the ages, and carved a stone to set up a monument, which truly recorded the construction situation and scale of the bridge.
"Crossing the sea to be a disciple is easy to be in danger and the people are not happy." The full text *** 150 words, beautifully worded. At the same time, it is also a famous Cai Xiang calligraphy treasure in the history of China calligraphy. Fujian Culture and Folklore Protection Network Afforests trees, afforesting agriculture and benefiting the people. F Cai Xiang once organized troops to plant trees from Fuzhou to Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, with a total length of 700 li. It can not only prevent soil erosion, but also cover the road surface, so that the merchants in the past are not exposed to the sun in the hot summer. It became the supporting project of Luoyang Bridge, which is the story of "planting pine for 700 miles to protect the road" in the History of Song Dynasty. Nearly a thousand years ago, Cai Xiang was able to notice that maintaining ecological balance and protecting soil and water were superior to others. People at that time wrote a poem praising it: "The road is loose, the road is loose. Ask who planted me, Cai Gong. Pedestrians don't know the summer heat in June, and the wind blows through the ages. "
In Quanzhou, Cai Xiang actively organized the masses to fight drought, build water conservancy projects and save themselves by production, thus reducing the burden on the people to some extent. In the third year of Jiayou (1058), it didn't rain for a long time at the turn of spring and summer in Quanzhou. He specially led officials to pray for rain at Yangfei Temple in the whole state for three times, blaming himself for the drought, and thought it was "the reason why the county was immoral". He also wrote "Asking for rain in the West Courtyard (orderly)": "Asking for rain every year and asking the mountain gods is ashamed to see the people in Long. Taishou knows his virtue and is ashamed of what he has done to offend the people. " He advised his subordinates to care about the people and organize farmers to fight drought and save themselves. Soon it rained heavily and the drought eased. Wang praised him as "a lover is a soul mate". Guihutang in Jinjiang can irrigate thousands of acres. However, people near the pond often quarrel and fight because of the use of water and the management and maintenance of dikes. In addition, local tyrants, hooligans, good people and good deeds intervened in the spoiler, and people by the pond retaliated against each other. The problem has dragged on for a long time and has not been solved. Cai Xiang went deep into the people and made a detailed investigation. In order to better protect this water conservancy project, strengthen the role of drainage in drought resistance and facilitate farming, and correspondingly strengthen the friendship of the six surnames of Lin, Huang, Su, Zheng, Wu and Cai in neighboring villages, the Gui Hu Pond Regulation (hereinafter referred to as the Pond Regulation before Song Dynasty) was formulated, which made Gui Hu have laws to follow. The problems of water use and management and maintenance are clearly defined to ensure that farmland can be irrigated in time. When he formulated the Guihu Pond Regulations, he enforced the ban according to the regulations. If there are major violations, the county government will punish them. It is precisely because of Cai Xiang's Guihu Pond Regulation that Guihu Pond has been maintained for nearly a thousand years, and it has been a steady stream of farmers by the lake. According to the Records of Jinjiang County, "during the 500 years from the establishment of pond regulations in Cai Xiang to the Ming Dynasty, the grain output was often two or three times that of other places." This is a contribution to Quanzhou's water conservancy construction, so later generations set up a monument of virtue and politics for it. Cai Xiang died in the fourth year of Yingzong Zhiping (AD 1067) on August 16th at the age of 56. In the third year of filial piety in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 176), his great-grandson Cai Yun was a dutiful son. When his great-grandfather Cai Xiang died, the court refused to give posthumous title, so he invited him to enter the DPRK and gave Cai Xiang "loyalty", which means: loyalty and honesty; The truth of benefit lies in the legacy, and love lies in the people. Set an example for Cai Xiang's fame, which will last forever, enjoy a good reputation in ancient and modern times, show future generations and teach sages.
Develop tea industry
Cai Xiang was a famous minister in the Northern Song Dynasty. He is not only a politician, writer and calligrapher, but also a tea expert. He is honest, people-oriented, pays attention to the development of local economy, and has made certain contributions to the development of Fujian tea industry and tea culture. The famous Beiyuan Imperial Garden in history is in Jianzhou, formerly known as Jianxi and Jian 'an (now Jian 'ou County). The earliest written records about growing tea can be found in Sun Qiao's Book of Tea and Banana in Tang Dynasty. It is recorded in the book that "Late Sweet Queen" (one of the famous teas in the Tang Dynasty) was produced in "the hometown of Danshan and Bishui in Jianyang, the product of Yunxi in Yuexi". At that time, the tea produced in the valley under construction was collectively called "Jiancha" and "Mingjian". In the Five Dynasties, Wang founded Fujian, and Beiyuan Tea Garden became the official tea garden specializing in the production of tribute tea. After the demise of the country, Li Yu, queen of the Southern Tang Dynasty, sent officials to Jian 'an to set up a "Peron" to supervise the production of "building tea into the palace". Specify the autocratic "Dragon Tea". History developed to the Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, when Ding Wei was appointed as Fujian's transport ambassador and producer of imperial tea, he paid special attention to the "early, fast and new" picking and production of imperial tea. For example, "the club picked buds ten days ago, and thousands of workers made them every day, forcing tribute to the club." Beiyuan Tea, a treasure, was well-known in Ding Wei in the Song Dynasty because of its excellent collection and processing. In the Qing Dynasty (1041-1048), Cai Xiang founded Xiaolong Group and was ordered to pay tribute to it at the age of 30 ("Fan Xiongbei Garden Tribute to Tea"). Tiao Conghua also said that the Beiyuan Chalong Formation "originated in Song Dynasty and became Cai". Indeed, Cai Xiang, as the transshipment ambassador of Fujian, has developed Beiyuan tea industry to a new peak. He started with the quality and color transformation of Beiyuan tea, seeking quality and shape. The appearance of Tuancha becomes smaller, and the quality of Tuancha takes fresh tea buds as raw materials, and the production technology has been improved. For this reason, there is a cloud in Volume II of Ouyang Xiu's Return to the Field: "Tea is more expensive than dragons and phoenixes, which is called group tea. Every eight cakes weigh a catty. Cai was the transshipment ambassador of Fujian in the Qing Dynasty, which made a small piece of dragon tea enter, and its product was absolutely fine, so it was called a small group. Every twenty cakes weigh a catty and are worth two taels of gold. " Ouyang Xiu criticized Cai Xiang for making tribute tea, but he had to admit Cai Xiang's tea-making skills. Cai Tai, Cai Xiang's nephew and Cai Jing's son, wrote a famous note "Tieweishan Congtan" in Baizhou (now Bobai County, Guangxi), which recorded Cai Xiang's development of Beiyuan Royal Garden Tea in detail and objectively. It is affirmed that Beiyuan Tea, which is supervised by Cai Xiang, is exquisite in shape and extremely high in quality. The "Miyun Dragon" and "Ruiyun Xianglong" of Xiaolong Group are the most popular. As for tea production, it has reached the height of "new fame, good quality" and "new poverty, nothing to add" At the same time, it is pointed out that tea making should grasp the freshness of the season. "The germination of tea is precious because it entered the palace before society." It can be seen that "good tea competes for quality, and Cain is precious." Cai Xiang himself, for Jian 'an's tea, he also specifically discussed Jian 'an's tea in his book Tea Records. His "Tea Ordering" article says: "In the battle of Jian 'an, the water standard is negative, and the durable one wins". Fan Zhongyan of the same dynasty also mentioned in "Song of Fighting Tea with Sharla Cheung" that "Beiyuan presents the son of heaven at the right time, and the heroes under the forest compete for beauty first ... the taste of fighting tea is light and awake, and the fragrance of fighting tea is thin and blue". It can be seen that Beiyuan Royal Garden Tea enjoyed a high reputation in the Northern Song Dynasty. These glorious periods are all due to Cai Xiang's innovative technology as the producer of Fujian transshipment ambassador. The fruit of the development of this tea industry cannot be forgotten.
Su Dongpo said in the book "Litchi Tan": "Don't you see: the millet buds by Wuyi Creek have their own opinions. This year's products are all official teas. What does my king lack? What a shameful mouth! Luoyang Xiang Jun loyal family, pity also entered Yao Huanghua. " This seven-character ancient poem, as a philosopher Zong Shaosheng for two years (1095), was later than Cai Xiang's twenty-five years in Fujian, and Su Dongpo was relegated to Huizhou, Guangdong (now Huiyang County). The author tasted litchi and longan, the sweet fruits of the south, for the first time and enjoyed them very much. He almost compared "litchi" to "beauty". However, the author can draw inferences from others, and can't help but think that the tribute litchi in Han and Tang Dynasties brought disaster to the people. In the poem, the author reveals the disadvantages caused by the luxury of the royal family, the courtship of officials and the tribute of famous products from all over the world. On the other hand, he made a profound satire on Camellia in Song Dynasty. This poem has brought Su Dongpo a lot of fame, but it is wrong to label Cai Xiang as a "pet buyer".
In a word, when Cai Xiang was appointed as Fujian transshipment ambassador, the producer Beiyuan Gongcha tried to innovate on the original basis. He started with the transformation of the quality and color of Beiyuan tea, and changed the "Dragon Group" into "Xiaolong Group" to improve the quality of tribute tea, so as to realize the technological innovation of "new name and good quality" and the integration of tea and tea art. Cai Xiang made good tea, which made Su Dongpo like "Dragon and Phoenix Tea" and produced a famous sentence throughout the ages. "It's always beautiful." Su Dongpo should thank Cai Xiang for his famous words about good tea. Cai Xiang's supervision promoted the development of Beiyuan Tea. It can also promote local economic development. This technological innovation made Fujian tea ranked first in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was attributed to Cai Xiang. Cai Xiang deserves to be a tea scientist.