Ten: Jiang Kui
Jiang Kui (Ji ā ng kui1154-1221), whose real name is Yao Zhang, was born in Poyang, Raozhou (now Poyang County, Jiangxi Province) and was a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty. He is versatile, proficient in temperament, able to compose his own music, and clear pronunciation and mellow voice. His works, such as the songs of Taoist white stone, are famous for their ethereal implication. Jiang Kui is good at poetry, prose, calligraphy and music, and is another rare artistic all-rounder after Su Shi.
Jiang Kui's ci plays a prominent role in the history of literature. Some critics, especially those of Zhejiang West School, compare him to Lao Du in ci poetry and think that he is the first person in Song poetry. Jiang Kui's ci has the characteristics of "Sao Ya", so some poets in the Southern Song Dynasty, represented by Jiang Kui, are collectively called "Sao Ya School" by later generations.
Ceng Gong (1065438+September 30th, 2009-1April 30th, 083, August 25th, Tianxi 3rd-April 6th, Yuanfeng 6th 1 1 day) was called "Mr. Nanfeng". Han nationality, from Nanfeng, Jianchang (now Jiangxi), lives in Linchuan (now west of Fuzhou, Jiangxi). A statesman and essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty, he was one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" and one of the "Seven Zeng in Nanfeng" (Ceng Gong, Zeng Zhao, Ceng Bu, Zeng Zhu, Zeng Xie and Zeng Dun). He has made outstanding contributions to academic thought and literary career.
Although Ceng Gong admired Ouyang Xiu, his academic views were different from those of Ouyang Xiu. For example, in Xue Ji in Yunzhou, he said, "When the cycle is repeated, the trace of the former king disappears. By the Han Dynasty, the Six Arts started from the Qin Fire, and a hundred scholars contended. Moral people are noble, leaving the world behind, and political people are humble, not ancient. The art of famous military strategists is based on violence and deception, but those who know the classics are good and strive for exegesis are based on personal opinions and penetrating. Therefore, Wang Zhidao was unknown first, and scholars were addicted to it. " It's just that Yang Xiong's family may be the first to know about Wang Zhidao. "He praised Yang Xiong so much, which is similar to Han Yu, but completely opposite to Ouyang Xiu.
Ceng Gong made great achievements in prose, was an active participant in the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty, and was an important backbone of the new ancient prose movement in the Song Dynasty. As active followers and supporters of Ouyang Xiu, almost all of them accepted Ouyang Xiu's thought of ancient prose creation. In theory, he also advocated "the way first, the article later". But more emphasis on pottery than Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu. In the theory of ancient Chinese prose, it advocates the combination of literature and Taoism, and advocates that "literature is based on Ming Dow". His style of writing originated from the Six Classics and combined the strengths of Sima Qian and Han Yu. Elegant and tall, gentle and elegant, strict rules and regulations, good at reasoning, taught by contemporary and younger generations.
Ceng Gong enjoyed a high reputation for his academic and articles before his death. Down to the Southern Song Dynasty, its reputation lasted for a long time. Among the ancient literati in the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu followed alone. When Lv Zuqian compiled An Introduction to China Ancient Literature, he only chose Ceng Gong instead of Wang Anshi, which shows the fashion at that time. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the Collected Works of Mr. Ba was compiled, and it began to be juxtaposed with North Korea, Liu, Europe, Wang and Wang. Wang, Mao Kun and Gui Youguang in the Tang and Song Dynasties in the Ming Dynasty were full of praise. Ceng Gong was officially listed as one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties by Mao Kun, which further established his important position in the history of prose. Fang Bao, Liu Dakui and Yao Nai, the ancestors of Tongcheng School in Qing Dynasty, took Ouyang Xiu and Ceng Gong's articles as models and began to learn from Owen. This ethos has not changed much among several generations of Tongcheng writers from to Fang.
Ceng Gong's thought belongs to the Confucian system. He agreed with Confucius and Mencius' philosophical views, emphasizing "benevolence" and "sincerity", and believed that as long as he was open-minded and introspected and cultivated himself sincerely according to the golden mean, he could understand and dominate the world.
Ceng Gong made great achievements in prose creation, and was an active participant in the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. He learned from Sima Qian, Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu, and advocated "Ming Dow as the body of writing", which extended Ouyang Xiu's view of "keeping promises and having a proper way to speak" to historical biography literature and inscriptions. He said in the Preface to the Book of Southern Qi Dynasty: "The so-called good historian in ancient times must know his way and his things, his way must be suitable for the world, and his wisdom must be enough to know his feelings and things that are difficult to show, so he can follow his name." He emphasized that only "people with moral ability to write articles" can make a big fuss and write "Ming Dow". Most of his articles were written by Ming Dow, and his writing style is known as "quaint, upright and harmonious".
His argumentative essays analyze whispers, clarify doubts, stand on one's own feet, analyze and distinguish difficulties, and show no edge. Tang Lun is one of the representative works, which assists the argumentation of ancient things, emphasizes gains and losses, has fluent language and slow pace, and can be compared with Ouyang Xiu's "The Theory of Partisan". His narrative prose is rich in information and emotion, and his arguments are pertinent and vivid. The famous Mo Chi Ji and Yue Zhou Zhao Gong Disaster Relief Ji are profound, forceful and reasonable. His book, preface and inscription are also good articles. "Letter to Mr. Ouyang Scheeren" and "Ruling Book of Upper Fuzhou" have always been regarded as model essays. The narrative is euphemistic and profound, the language is concise and concise, and the structure is very rigorous. The Preface to the Catalogue of Warring States Policy is magnificent and highly respected by people. When Quincy's style prevailed, his prose and Ouyang Xiu's prose, a sculpted style, tended to be simple and natural.
Although Ceng Gong is not a scholar, his articles are naturally simple and unique. This is the characteristic of Ceng Gong's article. This feature is reflected in several different aspects. First of all, the article about things is more detailed and euphemistic, similar to Ouyang Xiu. Secondly, although Ceng Gong's articles are simple and few, they are sometimes swaying and opening and closing vertically and horizontally, just like Han Yu. The preface is particularly distinctive.
Eight: Huang Tingjian
Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105), whose real name is Lu Zhi, was named Fu Weng at night. Also known as Mr. Yu, Han nationality, from Fenning, Hongzhou (now Xiushui, Jiangxi). Poet, poet and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty, the founder of Jiangxi Poetry School, and Du Fu, Chen are also called "one ancestor and three schools" (Huang is one of them). In terms of poetry, he and Su Shi are also called "Su Huang"; In terms of calligraphy, he, Su Shi, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called "four great masters in Song Dynasty". In terms of lyrics, although he was once known as Qin Guan, Huang's achievements in lyrics are far less than Qin Guan's.
Good at writing, poetry, especially calligraphy. The poetic style is strange, thin and hard, and it is difficult to get rid of vulgar habits and create a generation of ethos. In his early years, he was known by Su Shi, and he was also called "Four Bachelor of Su Men" with, Chao and Qin Guan. Poetry and Su Shi are also called "Su Huang", and there is also The Collected Works of Mr. Huang. Along with Qin Guan, there are also "Guqin Interesting Tales" and "Mr. Huang's Ci". Ci is romantic and heroic, close to Su Shi, and is the ancestor of Jiangxi Poetry School.
Like his predecessor, Huang Tingjian attacked Quincy. Quincy poets pay attention to temperament, duality and rhetoric. In order to get rid of the influence of poets in art, Ouyang Xiu and Mei have made new explorations in conception, application, sentence cutting and writing. Although they tried their best to learn from poets since Du Fu and Han Yu, they failed to better inherit the realistic spirit of poets since Du Fu and Bai Juyi. They got rid of Quincy formalism and embarked on a new formalism road. This is the Jiangxi Poetry School that gradually formed from the late Northern Song Dynasty.
Huang Tingjian's calligraphy was first learned by Zhou Yue in Song Dynasty. Later, influenced by Yan Zhenqing, Huai Su, Yang Ningshi and others, and inspired by the style of Yi He Ming by Jiao Shan, Huang Tingjian developed his own cursive style. Huang Tingjian's big-character running script is concise and powerful, and its structure is peculiar. Almost every word has some exaggerated long paintings, and he tried his best to send them out, forming a brand-new method of combining Chinese palaces and diverging on all sides, which had a great influence on later generations.
Huang Tingjian's cursive script is unique in structure and creative in composition. He often uses the method of shifting to break the boundaries between words, so that lines form new combinations and the rhythm changes strongly. Therefore, it has a special charm and has become an outstanding representative of calligraphy in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is also called the pioneer of a generation of calligraphy style with Su Shi.
Huang Tingjian has made some important comments on the art of calligraphy, most of which are scattered in The Valley Collection. He opposed to living on one's laurels, emphasized the spiritual inheritance of excellent traditions and the creation of individuality; Pay attention to the influence of mind and temperament on calligraphy creation; In style, he opposes originality and emphasizes clumsiness. These ideas can be confirmed by his creation.
Song Feng Ge Tie Shi is a work of Huang Tingjian in his later years. Huang Tingjian wrote thousands of excellent running scripts in his life, the most famous of which is Song Feng Ge Tie Shi. This book is full of long waves, ups and downs, twists and turns, like a boatman rocking his oars. No matter when you receive a pen or turn it into a pen, it is a regular script. The writing style is peaceful and calm, the change is subtle, gentle and feminine, graceful and meaningful. Known as one of the top ten running scripts in the world, it ranks ninth.
Seven: Liu Yong
Liu Yong (about 987- about 1053), a famous poet in the northern song dynasty, is the most representative figure of graceful and restrained school. Han nationality, a native of Chong 'an (now Wuyishan, Fujian), was originally named Sanbian, with the word Jingzhuang, and later renamed Yong, with the word Qiqing. His poems mostly describe the city scenery and the life of geisha, and he is especially good at expressing his feelings of travel and service, and has created many slow words. Description, scene blending, popular language and harmonious melody were widely circulated at that time. It is said that "where there is well water to drink, there is Liu Ci to sing", which has a great influence on the development of Song Ci.
As the first poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Yong is a great poet in the Northern Song Dynasty and occupies an important position in the history of ci. He expanded the realm of ci and produced many excellent works, which not only opened up the theme of ci, but also wrote a lot of slow words, developed narrative skills and promoted the popularization and colloquialism of ci, which had a great influence in the history of ci. Many chapters sang the pain of some down-and-out literati in the prosperous times with sad tunes, which was really touching. He was the most accomplished poet in the early Northern Song Dynasty, and he wrote the Collection of Movements.
In the long road, long hope and loneliness, Liu Yong wrote a lot about detention. This kind of works has always been praised by scholars of all ages. Wu Zeng's "Notes on Gaizhai" was published 16 years: Wu Chao blamed the cloud: "The world says that Liu Jian is a folk song. For example, in" Klang Ganzhou ",it says:' first frost is getting cold, the river is deserted, and the residual photos are buildings. "This is really the Tang dialect, and it has not lowered the height of the Tang people." "Klang Ganzhou" is a imprisoned word. Chen Tingzhuo, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once said, "Qin wrote about landscapes and Liu wrote about staying, which are all excellent, and some of them can't be described in words." Liu Yong wrote about 60 poems about his journey, accounting for nearly a quarter of all the words.
However, if we read Liu Yong's travel poems carefully, we will find that there are still quite a few of them with secular tails, that is, on the one hand, they sing the literati's character, on the other hand, they cut off the lingering acacia and lingering memories with geisha. Look at the word "Xuemeixiang": "The scenery is bleak, and the dangerous building has its own clear sky. I feel sad about autumn, and so did Song at that time. The fishing market is lonely and cold, and the water town is full of Wu Ye's sorrow. Chu Tiankuo, the waves soak in the sunset, and thousands of miles dissolve. Miss the beauty in the breeze, don't worry about your face, and fold your eyebrows. Unfortunately, in those days, Dun was a good boy. Elegant and graceful, full of body, water flows in the west and water flows in the east. Without hatred and yearning, I will pay for it. " Autumn scenery, who wrote sad words at the beginning of his poem, aroused his own sad mood in autumn scenery, which was the same as that in Song Dynasty at that time. Song Yu, the originator of the sad autumn complex, wrote this kind of sadness, reflecting the sadness and sorrow of talented people when they are old and their wishes have not been fulfilled. Liu Yong failed many times in the imperial examination. In the end, although he was a small official, he did not open up a stage to realize his dreams. In addition, due to the twists and turns in changing officials, promotion is hopeless. Liu Yong is full of sighs about life and life. Scenery such as Dangerous Building, Lonely Smoke, Residual Leaves, Chutian, Sunset, etc. show the bleak scene at that time more deeply. But this scenery is consistent with the author's inner feelings. Liu Yong not only changed and developed the singing style of Ci from the music system, but also changed the aesthetic connotation and taste of Ci from the creative direction, that is, changed "elegance" into "vulgarity" and deliberately expressed the secular emotions of citizens' life in popular language.
Liu Yong expanded the realm of Ci, and many excellent works appeared. Many chapters sang the pain of some down-and-out literati in the prosperous times with sad tunes, which was really touching. He also described the bustling scene of the city and the scenery of the four seasons, as well as other themes such as wandering immortals, chanting history and chanting things. Liu Yong developed the style of ci and kept more than 200 words. There are as many as 150 tones used, most of which are new tones that have never been seen before, and 78 of them are long tones and slow tones, which have made great contributions to the liberation and progress of Ci. Liu Yong also enriched the expression of ci. His ci pays attention to the structure of rules, the style of ci is clear, the language is natural and fluent, and it has distinct personality characteristics. He inherited Dunhuang music, wrote a large number of "slang words" in folk spoken language, and created Jin and Yuan music. Liu Ci also uses novel and beautiful tunes, which are full of charm, close to feelings and full of musical beauty. His ci not only spread widely at that time, but also had great influence on later generations.
Liu Yong was a poet who wrote and used the most tunes in the Song Dynasty. He has 2 13 words and uses 133 tones. Of the more than 880 tones used in the Song Dynasty, more than 100 was first used by Liu Yong. Word to Liu Yong, the system began to prepare. Sequence, introduction, proximity, slowness, monotony, disyllabic, trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic are increasingly abundant. The perfection of the formal system provides a premise for the development of Song Ci and the development of its successors in content. Without Liu Yong's exploration and creation of slow words, many poets may only be able to make ends meet in the poetry circles of later generations, but it is difficult to create such brilliant chapters of slow words as "When the water turns around and the moon shines", "Nian Nujiao Nostalgia" and "Shui Long Yin Deng Healthy Yueting".
Six: Li Qingzhao
Li Qingzhao (1March 08413 ~11May 55 12) was born in Zhangqiu, Jinan, Shandong. A poetess in Song Dynasty, a representative of graceful and restrained ci school, was known as "the first talented woman in the ages". In the lyrics, he wrote more about his early leisure life, his later life experience and sentimental mood. In form, it makes good use of line drawing, forms its own school and has beautiful language. On the theory of ci, it emphasizes harmony and elegance, puts forward the theory that ci is different from one family, and opposes the method of writing ci into poetry. There are Yi 'an Jushi Collection and Yi 'an Ci, which have been lost. Later generations have a collection of Yu Shu's ci. There is a collation of Li Qingzhao's collected works today.
She does not pursue beautiful algae decoration, but extracts expressive "eight tones of common language", expresses her keen feelings about things around her by line drawing, depicts delicate psychological activities, expresses rich and varied emotional experiences, and shapes vivid artistic images. In her poems, sincere feelings and perfect forms are integrated. She developed the graceful school of "endless words and endless feelings" to the peak, thus winning the position of the "elder" of the graceful poet and becoming one of the representatives of the graceful poet.
At the same time, the bold style of her poems made her unique in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence on Xin Qiji, Lu You and later poets. Her outstanding artistic achievements won high praise from later scholars. Later generations thought that her ci "not only looked down on women, but wanted to overwhelm men". She is called "the greatest poetess in the Song Dynasty, the greatest poetess in the history of China literature" and has the reputation of "the first talented woman in history".
In her poems, she fully expressed her deep sadness in her lonely life. For example, Wu Lingchun expressed her indescribable "sadness" by writing about the feeling that "things are people, not everything" and by writing about the situation of "searching, being cold and lonely, and being miserable". Another example is the sadness of "the horizon is far away this year" in Qingpingle, and the sadness in "The Lonely Goose", all of which are based on the bitter life of the country, so her participle is an artistic summary of the suffering and personal unfortunate fate of that era.
Five: land tour
Lu You (1125—1210) is famous for his word service concept. Han nationality, Yinshan Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) people. Poets in Southern Song Dynasty.
He wrote many poems, including more than 9,000 poems, which are extremely rich in content. Express political ambitions, reflect the sufferings of the people, and be unconstrained; Describing daily life is also a new work. The amount of words is not as large as that of poems, but it runs through the patriotic spirit of swallowing the remnants like poems. Yang Shen said that the beauty of his ci was similar to that of Qin Guan and that of Su Shi. He is the author of Poems of Jiannan, Collected Works of Weinan, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes on Old Ann Studies, etc.
Lu You wrote many poems in his life, and there are more than 9,000 poems, which are extremely rich in content. Expressing political ambition, reflecting people's sufferings, criticizing the humiliation and surrender of the ruling group at that time, and his bold style showed Lu You's strong patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity.
Love. Guan Shanyue, The Storm on the 4th of November, Book Wrath, Xiuer, Travel Notes of Shanxi Village, Spring Rain Beginning in Lin 'an, Reading on a Winter Night, Xiuer, etc. It's all spoken by later generations. There are many fresh works describing daily life. Also known as Gong Ci, Yang Shen called it as beautiful as Qin Guan and as beautiful as stone. But some poems reveal negative emotions. He married the Tang family for the first time and divorced under the pressure of his mother. His pain is poured out in some poems, such as Shen Yuan and Hairpin Phoenix, which are sincere and touching. There are also Poems of Jiannan, Collected Works of Weinan, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes of Laoxue Temple, Love and Resentment, etc. His representative works include Confession, Night Tour in the Palace, Partridge Sky, Yongmei's Divine Operator, Hairpin Phoenix and so on.
Realism and romanticism are the basic tendencies of Lu You's poetry creation. The artistic expression is rich and varied. After entering Shu in middle age, it became bold and unrestrained, and the poetic style in later years tended to be desolate and sometimes resentful. Generally speaking, the artistic features are grand, bold and enthusiastic.
His artistic creation of poetry inherits the fine traditions of Qu Yuan, Tao Yuanming, Du Fu and Su Shi, and he is an outstanding poet with far-reaching influence in the history of Chinese culture.
Four: Xin Qiji
Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was a poet and military general in the Southern Song Dynasty. The original word Tanfu was later changed to You 'an, alias Jiaxuan, and was born in Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). His lyrics expressed patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity, poured out his grief and indignation, and condemned the humiliation and peace of the rulers at that time. There are also many works that praise the rivers and mountains of the motherland. He has a wide range of subjects, is good at using predecessors' allusions, and has a heroic style, but there is no lack of delicacy and gentleness. The works include Jia Xuan's long and short sentences, and the neighbors include Xin Jiaxuan's poems and notes.
Xin Qiji has more than 600 existing words. Strong patriotism and fighting spirit are the basic ideological content of his ci. He is a great bold poet, patriotic poet, strategist and politician in the history of China. In literature, he and Su Shi are called "Su Xin" and Li Qingzhao is called "Jinan Er 'an". Representative works include "Gu Bei Ting is pregnant at the wellhead of Nanxiangzi Lamp" and "Qingpingle Village Residence".
Xin Qiji has always admired the hermit who smiled proudly in the mountains. Living in the countryside is not contradictory to his outlook on life. Moreover, because of his past position, he can live a very luxurious life. But as a hot-blooded man and a man of the hour, he was forced to leave politics when he was in his prime, which made him unbearable. "Don't say that the bass is like the west wind, and the Ji Ying has not returned?" I'm afraid I should be ashamed to ask Tian about my family. Liu Lang is talented "(Shui Longyin Deng Jiankang Banquet Hall). Therefore, he often enjoys the pastoral scenery and its quiet interest, while constantly surging in his heart, sometimes excited by his own life ideal, sometimes angry and depressed by the ruthlessness of reality, and sometimes forced himself to comfort himself and make broad-minded thoughts, and spent the rest of his life in this emotional ups and downs. "But the king of what's going on in the world won the name behind him. Poor white hair! "("Fu Zi Zhuang Ci in Pozhen sends Chen Tongfu ")" However, this 10,000-word word has given a gentle policy, in exchange for the owner's tree planting book ("Partridge Sky"), in which his deep affection is buried.
Strong patriotism and fighting spirit are the basic ideological content of Xin ci, which is first manifested in his ci, and he keeps repeating his nostalgia for the north. In addition, in He Xinlang and Fishing, he satirized the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty with words such as "there is water left and mountains left" and "the sun is setting, and the willow is dark and the flowers are bright" to express his dissatisfaction with being partial and not thinking about going north. Ambition is useless, and it is expressed in unspeakable words. In his masterpiece Shui Long Yin, he is good at remembering the past and facing picturesque rivers and mountains and heroes. While inspiring his lofty aspirations, he also expresses the feeling that heroes are useless. The fierce conflict between ideal and reality constitutes the tragic tone of his ci. On the basis of Su Shi's Ci, Xin Ci has further expanded the scope of the subject matter, almost to the point where everything has to be unintentionally written. He pushed his rhetoric to a peak.
This is the sorrow of broken mountains and rivers, and the sorrow of empty ambition; Time goes by mercilessly, and it is even more shocking because of this sadness. However, even if the poet writes about his loneliness and sadness, his pain and tears, we can still see his unsinkable heroism.
Three: Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu (1007- 1072), whose real name is Yongshu, was born in Yongfeng, Jizhou (now Yongfeng County, Jiangxi Province) in posthumous title. Because Jizhou originally belonged to Luling County, he likes to call himself "Luling Ouyang Xiu". Posthumous title Wenzhong, also known as Ouyang Wenzhong, was an outstanding politician, writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, and he was also called "Four Masters through the ages" with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Su Shi. His main works are Ouyang Wenzhong's Official Documents, edited by Zhou Bida and others, with a volume of 153 and about one million words. In addition, historical works include The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, co-edited by Zhao Feng and Song Qi, and 74 volumes of the History of the New Five Dynasties, compiled by himself.
Ouyang Xiu wrote more than 500 essays in his life, each with its own characteristics, including political essays, historical essays, notes, lyric essays and notes. Most of his essays are rich in content, vigorous in momentum, simple in explanation, concise and fluent, narrative and reasoning, beautifully expressed, lyrical in description, fascinating, plain and strange, and new in literature. Many of his political works, such as Ben Lun, Original Disadvantages, Advice to Gauss, Theory of Partisans, History of the New Five Dynasties, etc. Adhering to his own ideas of "Ming Dow" and "Practicing the World", he closely linked with the political struggle at that time, criticized the malpractices of the times, had sharp thoughts and vivid language, and showed a mind to correct the current situation and save the world. He also wrote a lot of lyric and narrative prose, mostly mixed with scenes and swaying. His works, such as Mysterious Preface to Poetry, Ode to Poetry, and Preface to Selected Works of Su, mourn the old friends and recall the past, which is touching. His works "Fengle Pavilion" and "Zuiweng Pavilion" are slow, euphemistic and tortuous, with beautiful words and fresh style. In a word, whether it is satirizing the world and stabbing politics, mourning the past, or even visiting the scene in person, it fully embodies his calm, generous and frank artistic personality.
Ouyang Xiu was also a pioneer in the creation of notes in Song Dynasty. His notes include "Returning to the Field", "On Pen" and "Checking Pen". Articles are eclectic, lively and interesting, and often describe details and people. Among them, The Record of Returning to the Field describes the imperial legacy, official system, social customs and anecdotes of literati, and introduces his own writing experience, which is very valuable.
Ouyang Xiu's works are numerous, rich in content and remarkable in achievements. In addition to literature, the study of Chunqiu by Confucian classics can not only stick to the theories of predecessors, but also have unique opinions; As a pioneering work, epigraphy has compiled thousands of epigraphy artifacts and inscriptions from Zhou Dynasty to Sui and Tang Dynasties, and written more than 400 articles in ten volumes, referred to as "Collection of Ancient Records", which is the earliest extant epigraphy work. You Wei has made great achievements in historiography. He not only participated in the revision of the 250 volumes of the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, but also wrote the History of the Five Dynasties (the New History of the Five Dynasties), summarizing the historical experience of the Five Dynasties, in order to play a warning role. Ouyang Xiu's calligraphy is also world-famous, and his calligraphy is deeply influenced by Yan Zhenqing. Zhu Yue said, "Ouyang Gong works for others, and if he is a layman, he will be strong."
Create the concept of practical writing. At present, critics all believe that the word practical writing was first seen in Zhang Kan's Postscript Chen Houshan and Re-appointed School Official Qi Xie in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Four wives and six wives in parallel, especially the application of literary ears." (Selected Works of Zhuo, Volume 5) Zhang only refers to the language form of "Band 4 and Band 6" in practical writing. Strictly speaking, it cannot be said that the concept of practical writing is clear. Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty wrote in Ci Tang Fu Secrets and Letters from the two academies that in November of the fifth year of Jiayou, he was ordered to be an assistant envoy, and "learning is for the use of literature". Practical writing here refers to the style of official documents. In the same year's History of the Five Dynasties, he described himself as an era in which nothing was useful. After becoming famous, he "can't bear to forget his simple habits, and sometimes he makes mistakes and uses inappropriate words." "Word" is an article. Practical writing here refers to practical writing. It can be seen that Ouyang Xiu defined the concept of practical writing from two aspects: stylistic form and practical nature, and he has regarded practical writing as an independent article genre. The general framework of applied writing theory is constructed.
Two: Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (102 1 year1February 8 18-1May 2, 0861day), is known as the king of the world. A native of Linchuan, Fuzhou in the Northern Song Dynasty (now Dengjiaxiang, Linchuan District, Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province), he was an outstanding politician, thinker, scholar, poet, writer and reformer in the history of China, and was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Collected works handed down from ancient times include Wang Linchuan Collection and Linchuan Collection. His poems are very good in all aspects. Although there are not many words, he is also good at them, including "Cinnamomum cassia" and other famous works. And Wang's most popular poem is "Green is here, when will the bright moon shine on me?"
1 1 Wang Anshi, a great reformer in China in the 20th century, pushed forward the reform in the spirit of "the change of nature is not enough for fear, the learning of ancestors is not enough for law, and people's words are not enough for sympathy", trying to get rid of the long-standing disadvantages of the Northern Song Dynasty and implementing a series of measures to enrich Qiang Bing. He made outstanding achievements in literature and was one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
His prose is good at reasoning, concise and profound, vigorous and knowledgeable; Poetry, on the other hand, is vigorous and fresh, full of heroism, which has strongly impacted the formalistic style of writing in the early Song Dynasty and had a direct impact on uninhibited poetry.
His works are extremely rich, including Linchuan Collection, Linchuan Collection and Interpretation, New Interpretation of Three Classics (incomplete volume), Selected Poems of Hundred Schools in Tang and Song Dynasties, and Poetic Hooking.
From the literary point of view, Wang Anshi's works have made outstanding achievements in poetry, prose and ci. The poetry innovation movement in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty was vigorously promoted by him, which contributed to sweeping away the glitz and splendor that was all the rage in the early Song Dynasty. However, Wang Anshi's literary thought overemphasizes "practicality" and often underestimates the role of art forms. Many of his poems often show that the elements of argument and reasoning are too heavy, thin and stiff, and lack image and charm. There are some poems that are obscure and dry, but they are also a star in the history of China's poetry.
One: Su Shi
Su Shi (1037-1101) was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zi yue Zhan, no Dongpo lay man. Han nationality, Sichuanese. I have a bumpy career, profound knowledge, extremely high talent, and excellent poetry, calligraphy and painting. His writing style, Wang Yang, is unrestrained and fluent, and he is also called Ou Su with Ouyang Xiu, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties"; Poetry is fresh and vigorous, making good use of exaggeration and metaphor, and its artistic expression is unique. Together with Huang Tingjian, they are called Su Huang. The uninhibited school has a great influence on later generations, and it is called Su Xin with Xin Qiji. Calligraphy is good at running script and regular script, and it can be innovative. Writing with a pen is ups and downs, full of childlike interest. And Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also called Song Sijia. Painting is the same as literature. In painting, we advocate spirit likeness and "literati painting". He is the author of The Complete Works of Su Dongpo and Dongpo Yuefu.
Su Shi's literary view comes down in one continuous line with Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thoughts emphasize "doing something and not doing something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "innovating statutes and releasing wonderful ideas". He believes that composition should be "like running water, with no definite quality at first, but always do what you should do and always stop where you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, rich posture" ("Thank you for your promotion"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is concise and smooth, and it is unrestrained. Shi Dehong's "Postscript Dongpo (swimming on the left (xρn) in the pool" said: "His prose is like water, and his waves are naturally written."
Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu, and enjoyed a high reputation among the writers at that time. There was a time when many people made friends with him or accepted his guidance. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan and Chao, writers of the Northern Song Dynasty, were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him, and were called the Four Bachelor of Sumen. Four Bachelor of Su Men, Chen Shidao and Li Zhi are also called Six Gentlemen of Su Men.
First of all, in terms of subject matter, Su Shi's early works mainly reflect his "specific political worries", while his later works mainly focus on "broad life worries", with evil as their resentment. When it comes to evil, it means "spit it out like a fly in Taiwan Province". His flowing works triggered the Wutai poetry case. Huangzhou's relegation to life made his "satirical calmness, sharp writing style, tension and anger all disappear, and he was replaced by a brilliant, warm, kind, tolerant and harmonious understanding. Full-bodied, sweet, mature, thorough and thorough.
Secondly, culturally, Confucianism was advocated in the early stage and Taoism in the later stage. In the early stage, he had a sense of social responsibility advocated by Confucianism and was deeply concerned about the sufferings of the people; Later, especially after being demoted twice, he advocated Taoist culture more and returned to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of religion. Inspired by Buddhism's "normal mind is the Tao", he lived a real peasant life in Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou, and enjoyed it.
In the Song Dynasty, Su Shi made great achievements in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting, spiritual cultivation, enlightenment, nature and many other aspects. He is a rare literary genius in the history of China.
Su Shi was the best writer in the Song Dynasty. Hope to adopt.