Schematic diagram of the official residences of Zhejiang governors, governors and generals in the Ming Dynasty (excluding the dispatching period)
Zhenhai pingwo
The resident of Zhejiang Governor in Zhenhai was formed by his unique status as a tribute to all Tibetans. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the invasion of South Japan and North China, that is, the harassment of Japanese pirates in the southeast coast and Mongolian in the northern border, were two major problems that plagued the Ming Dynasty for a long time and endangered society. The Ming court stipulated that Ningbo was the only port where Japanese tribute ships landed in China. When Japanese tribute ships come to China, they must first visit Zhenhai, then land in Fucheng by water, and then go to Beijing through the Grand Canal. Not only that, Zhenhai, as the only ice-free port connected with the Grand Canal in ancient China, was also the first stop for tributes from East and Southeast Asian countries. History is the first stop to send envoys to the Tang and Song Dynasties. The earliest Japanese monograph in China, Textual Research on Japan compiled by local authorities, clearly put forward the status of Zhenhai: "All contributions will be attributed to Ding (Hai), second only to Ning (Bo) county (city) and Hangzhou (state) province (city), and reach the capital. Therefore, it is designated as a megaphone. "
The route of the Ming Dynasty's mission to China and the map of Japanese harassment
In the 20th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1387), because pirates occupied the islands in Guo Chang County (now Zhoushan) as nests, Ming Taizu implemented the policy of clearing the wild, and the abandoned Guo Chang County was merged into Dinghai County, and the residents moved inward, leaving only a few guards guarding Zhoushan City. Therefore, the county territory of Dinghai County in Ming Dynasty is also quite large, and its territory is equivalent to most of zhenhai district, Beilun District and Zhoushan City.
Ningbo Mansion after Sixteen Years of Yongle in Ming Dynasty
In the late Jiajing period, the Japanese invasion broke out. In July of the 26th year (1547), a governor was set up for the first time in Zhejiang. Zhu Wan paid tribute to Zhejiang with the title of right deputy commander-in-chief, and was also in charge of the sea and military affairs of Fujian Fuxing Jianning Zhang Quan, and was stationed in Hangzhou. The following year, in Zhenhai, he commanded Lu Tang, the governor of Fujian, and Wei Yigong, the deputy envoy of Haidao, to conquer Shuangyu Port, the largest maritime smuggling trade base in Asia, and defeated the Japanese and Portuguese. In May of thirty-three years, Zhang Jing, the minister of Nanjing Ministry of War, was ordered to be "the former minister and the right deputy governor of Douchayuan, including South Zhili, Zhejiang, Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian" ("Records of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty"). Since then, the Governor of Zhejiang Province has become a permanent official position. At that time, the governor was a veritable royal post, so the station was constantly changing. During his tenure as governor of Zhejiang, he was stationed in Jiaxing and was governor Li Shouhang.
Guang Yu Tu, published in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty, has no clear residence of Governor Zhezhi.
In February of the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, Hu Zongxian, the first famous anti-Japanese minister of the Ming Dynasty, entered the Ministry of War as Zuo Assistant Minister and Zuo Yidu, the military governor of Zhejiang magistrate. We can also see that his residence has been changing during his tenure as the host of the Southeast Anti-Japanese War. Jiajing's "Zhejiang Tongzhi" records: "The governor of Zhejiang, the old is not permanent. If something happens, send ministers to inspect it, or ministers, or Dali Qing, or censors, officials have no quota, and governance has no fixed place. In the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing, the minister of the Ministry of War of Prince Taibao and the governor of Hu Zongxian, the right capital of Douchayuan, were transformed from the old Qing Chayuan into the Governor's Office. " In the fifth year of Wanli (1577), because the rank of governor was in Duchayuan, Governor Xu Wan was officially named Governor of Duchayuan. To the north of the Governor's Office is the Hangzhou Drum Tower, named zhenhai tower. There is a sentence in "Zhenhai Tower" written by Xu Wei on behalf of Hu Zongxian: "In September of the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing, it was on fire again. I was ordered to send the military affairs of Zhejiang and Fujian directly to the governor, open a government in Hangzhou, and then move to Jiaxing. " At that time, Hu Zongxian did temporarily stay in Jiaxing and annihilated Xu Hai, the big kou, and the surrender ceremony of that day was also held outside Pinghu County.
Hangzhou Gulou
In thirty-six years, Hu Zongxian supervised Zhenhai, in order to completely wipe out the enemy who took Zhoushan Islands as their nest. In November, Haikou leader Wang Zhi was trapped in Zhenhai. During this period, Xu Wei, as the main staff, also came with the army and wrote poems related to local place names such as Two Drifting Rocks and Mountain Sense. In the spring of thirty-seven years, I watched the sea in Zhaobaoshan and looked at Cengang to spy on the military situation. Xu Wei wrote, "Watching the sea with guests on Zhaobaoshan, and then I excitedly beat cengang to see a thief. I want to use the charm of Gong Hu to present it. ". This time, Hu Zongxian mobilized troops to surround Wang Zhi's companions in Cengang. Famous military generals, such as General Ning Shaotai and Qi Jiguang, all took part in the battle. However, the enemy in cengang is still very powerful. Until 1998 1 1 month, they were finally wiped out, and the rest fled to Fujian and Guangxi.
Governor Xu Wei of Zhezhi "went to Zhaobaoshan with the guests to see the sea and caught a glimpse of the thief base in cengang. I would like to present it with the charm of opening a blessing to Gong Hu."
At the invitation of Hu Zongxian, Zhang, a former minister of Nanjing Ministry of War from Yinxian, has been observing and participating in the war on the anti-Japanese front. After he saw Hu Zongxian defeat the enemy, he specially set up the Pingyi Monument in Zhaobaoshan. The inscription also tells us that Zhenhai at that time was the only residence of the governor of Zhejiang. "From March of Wuwu (the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing), I patrolled the sea until October, and Dinghai was actually stationed in the festival."
Governor Wu zhi
In order to resist the Japanese invaders, the Ming Dynasty not only set up Zhezhi, the highest civilian governor, but also set up Zhezhi generals in charge of Zhejiang and Nanzhili provinces. Zhu Guozhen, the first cabinet official who will take office tomorrow, said in Volume 8 of "Sketch of Mansion Governor General Camp": "Civil officials call the governor and military officers call the general camp, both of which are in name only." Company commanders, like the governor, are nominally imperial envoys sent by the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army of the Central Committee, and their salaries are linked to their ranks. "Official History of the Ming Dynasty V" records: "All the soldiers of generals and deputy generals are filled by Gong, Hou, Bo and Du Chong." Tetsuji Company Commander is the highest Wu Zhi in the Southeast Anti-Japanese Front. Founded in Jiajing thirty-four years ago, it was stationed in Linshanwei (now Linshan Town, Yuyao, Zhejiang). The following year, because Zhenhai was a tribute road for all Tibetans, Company commanders mansion was stationed in the spring.
Yu, the company commander of Zhejiang Branch of "Climbing Zhaobaoshan"
There is an interesting passage in the 42 nd year of Jiajing's Dinghai County Records: "Company commanders mansion was renamed because of the Governor's Department." The reason why Company commanders mansion changed his name was explained by a sentence in The Official History of the Ming Dynasty V: "Company commanders mansion was appointed as the commander of Zhejiang, founded in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing, and the prime minister was Zhejiang Zhihaiphong. Thirty-five years later, I changed my town to Zhezhi. " Controlling soldiers with literature has been a national policy since the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Since there is a civil servant "Zhejiang Governor is directly responsible for military affairs", it is impossible for a military attache to be "Zhejiang Prime Minister is directly responsible for military affairs".
The Map of Dinghai County in Jiajing's Annals of Ningbo
But Zhezhi's company commander is a bit special. Compared with other companies, he can control civil servants. "Records of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty" said: "General Zhezhi said that he was guarding and stationed near the mountain. The Deputy Commander-in-Chief said, "I will help you guard the Jinshan Mountain ... Zhang's" Jiajing Ningbo Annals "clearly stipulates the duties of the company commanders:" Company commanders mansion, commander-in-chief, is responsible for guarding Zhejiang, resisting Japanese invaders, and protecting the army and people ... All pirates on waterways are dispatched to the coastal areas of various provinces and arrested one by one. All important matters will be discussed and implemented with the governor and deputy commander. Below the magistrate in the territory, if you join the general, garrison or general officer, you will be bound. "As can be seen from these historical materials, although the name of Commander Zhezhi is Zhezhi, his authority is not lost to Governor Zhezhi, and he has the right to dispatch military forces in six coastal provinces and to consult with local governors. Only in this way can we fully mobilize all the forces in the jurisdiction, work together and resist the Japanese invasion more effectively.
As a complete holiday town, first, there must be an imperial envoy of Wu Zhi, that is, the guard of the general company; One is that there is a civilian imperial envoy, that is, the governor comes to supervise military affairs or the governor comes to supervise military affairs. Who will control this incredibly powerful company commander? Only Zhezhi, who is also in charge of six provinces, will be in charge (in July of the 40th year of Jiajing, Hu Zongxian also made Jiangxi). This is the reason why Hu Zongxian, the governor of Zhejiang Province, was stationed in Zhenhai during Jiajing period. During the terms of Hu Zongxian, Yu and Lu Tang, the overall situation of anti-Japanese war won a decisive victory, and the Japanese aggression in Zhejiang basically subsided. In this way, in the first month of Jiajing forty-two years, Qi Jiguang assisted Fujian in the anti-Japanese war as the deputy commander-in-chief of Zhefu.
In the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing, Don Lew, the governor of Zhejiang Province, wrote an inscription, "The six countries came to the king's place, which was the first level of peace."
Lu Tang, the general of Taoshan Zhezhi, Deng Houtao
Because the functions and powers of Zhejiang Fushuai are similar, they cooperate with each other, but they also contain each other, which often leads to contradictions. In November of the forty-first year of Jiajing, Hu Zongxian, the magistrate and governor of Zhejiang, was arrested for the case involving Yan Dang. At this time, the suffering of Zhezhi basically subsided. "So there is a shortage of governors in drepung monastery." Zhao Bingran, left deputy governor of Douchayuan, assistant minister of the right Ministry of War, and right magistrate of Douchayuan are in charge of Zhejiang military affairs. "("A Record of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty ") Since Zhao Bingran, the responsibility of the governor of Zhejiang has also been designated as" the governor of Zhejiang and other places and the military affairs prefect ". At the beginning of the second year, Lu Tang, the company commander of Zhezhi, was relieved of his position as a colleague of Hu Zongxian and was replaced by Yang Shangying. As soon as Yang Shangying took office, he was cheated by Zhao Bingran, who only managed one province. Zhao Bingran called on Zhejiang company commanders to separate. "Sue, song, zhejiang navy are unified in company commanders, in dinghai; All army divisions are under the control of the deputy commander-in-chief, and they are stationed in jinshanwei and under the control of the governor. Now that the governor's office has been reformed, two towns have been awarded, which are mutually restrictive and cannot be transferred. Please delimit the land, divide the jurisdiction, and each is for land and water military affairs. "(Biography of Zhao Bingran in the Ming Dynasty) In this way, with the post of Governor of Zhejiang Province, the highest military attache who was responsible for guarding Zhejiang and South Zhili provinces and dispatching military forces in six coastal provinces was also laid off. Zhejiang company commanders have been customized since then.
Wan Li custom made
In the eleventh year of Wanli, due to the change of military and civilian in Hangzhou, the provincial capital, Zhejiang company commanders stationed in Hangzhou. However, in view of the importance of Zhenhai's strategic position, the system of Zhejiang general troops stationed in Hangzhou Zhenhai was formulated, and they continued to stay in Zhenhai during the flood season and wartime, and stayed in Hangzhou after the flood season and still patrolled the sea.
The important duty of Zhejiang company commanders is to "patrol the sea" to prevent the enemy from coming from the east. Then, as the "military affairs of the prefect", does the Governor of Zhejiang have the responsibility to follow the general commander? The article "Military Gate Tower" in Ganlong's Zhenhai County Records records: "The Military Gate Tower is located in the east of the county seat and the west of the Chenghuang Temple. In the seventh year of Wanli (county), Zhao Siji was built as a place for the governor to patrol the sea. " The article Zhao Siji also records: "At that time, the governor was in charge of the maritime department, and later ordered the expansion of residential buildings to open a government." Because the governor's own rank belongs to the imperial history of the supervision system, all previous governors were originally stationed in the administrative office of the inspection department of the county. In the early years of Wanli, Governor Wu asked Dinghai County to demolish houses and build a governor's office, which made the county people nervous. County magistrate Zhao Siji is a good official. He found a clearing in the west of the county town God Temple and built the Governor's Office on it. In this way, the governor of Zhejiang Province also had a fixed governor's office in Zhenhai, and the people's hearts were stable. According to local chronicles, there is not only the workshop of "General Regulations of Civil and Military Affairs" showing the responsibilities of the Governor's Office, but also the workshop of "Jianghai Clarification" showing the ambition of the Governor's Office.
With the outbreak of the Wanli Korean War, the disadvantages of being stationed in Hangzhou and Zhenhai gradually emerged. In 29 years 1 1 month, the company commander was stationed in Zhenhai again and no longer in Hangzhou. "Liu Yuanlin of Zhejiang Province defended Shanghai. The first thing is to re-emphasize the right to say that Zhejiang's general troops are stationed in Zhadinghai and control Hangzhou, Jiawentai and other places ..." (A Record of Ming Shenzong) What about the governor who often consults with the company commanders about military affairs? According to historical data of cultural relics, the post-war governor of Korea also mainly lived in Ningbo. Ningbo Yuehu Yingzhou Street Dance Square is the only Ming Dynasty archway in Fucheng, which was built in Wanli period. In thirty-four years, Lu, Li Kangxian and other 17 Ningbo students took the senior high school entrance examination at the same time, which caused quite a stir in Ningbo. Gan Shizhai, governor of Zhejiang Province (Wanli1reigned from February 33 to May 36), planned to build this "Yingzhou" workshop with three rooms and four columns for them in order to wish them the reuse of the Tang Dynasty court. However, according to Ming Shenzong, Gan Shijia left his post in May of the thirty-sixth year of Wanli, and this archway was not built during his tenure. Until the thirty-ninth year of Wanli (16 1 1), Gao (in the first month of the thirty-seventh year of Wanli, until about forty-two years) built the workshop of "Yingzhou Wu Jie" in the name of Gan Shijie and them.
Ying Zhou Wu Jie Fang
The local people were very grateful for his kindness, so they asked Wu, a native of Yinxian County, to write "Loyal Public Servant" for him. From the inscription, we can not only understand the situation between then and tomorrow, but also understand the reason why the Governor of Zhejiang stayed in Zhenhai. This tablet records: "Fang is the second time, although the war (North Korea) has been resolved. And (Tokugawa) Kangshi is a country, robbing my chicken coop and fresh water. It is really tricky for nocturnal people to leave the country and trade with the sea. " After the Korean war, relations will not ease tomorrow. Tokugawa Ieyasu unified Japan and established the Edo shogunate. Then, it harassed the Ming Dynasty and its subordinate countries. The Japanese pirates in Jiajing were ronin and samurai, and their supporters were the most famous. In contrast, the enemy of Wanli has the background of Edo shogunate. The Japanese invasion was even more serious. In Zhejiang province, there are also hooligans who go to the border without authorization to engage in illegal trade with the enemy, which can be said to be internal troubles and foreign invasion. The inscription said that after he took office, he held high his clothes and food, patrolled remote islands, repaired coastal cities, checked grain depots, and joined long-term rice as a bird boat to facilitate water wars. 16 1 1 year, the Japanese army invaded Wenzhou waters and was defeated by him. "He who loses all his ugliness has no sail." The article "November 13th, the thirty-ninth year of Wanli" in the annals of Ming Shenzong also recorded this matter: "Zhejiang Fu Gaogao, Zheng Bao captured 73 foreigners, including Pei Funing." In addition, holding high and fighting high and building water conservancy projects have provided a large amount of food for the capital. "If you hold a title and a tail in Beijing, it is made by the government."
"I don't have resources in the northwest. I feel that the country has poured out Yanji, borrowed Jie Zhen from Jiusai to prevent barbarians, and borrowed Jie Zhen from Linhai to prevent Japanese pirates ... I know that officials in the northwest often admire wuyue, but Wu is getting more and more vocal. If the whale beaufort is ordered to be killed, it can be known that the ground wool is not enough to help the army, but when will it be stopped? Therefore, it is not only Zhejiang that pays attention to Zhejiang, but also six acts of reception; Not only Mingzhou, but also Zhejiang and Zhejiang have benefited. To build a war with the masses, Pi Gongde will make a declaration, and the flag will always be bright with the sun and the moon. In Haining in the Qing Dynasty, it was once a pebble on the cape and was named a fairy. If Le Gong is at the heart of Zhejiang, then Jian Min is also at the heart of the public. " This is a high praise for Wu Gaogao's political achievements at the end of the inscription. The author thinks that if Jie Zhen (Zhenhai), where the national grain tax is located, is not guaranteed, the grain of Zhejiang Province can not be supplied to Jie Zhen in the northwest, and the safety of Yanji (the capital) can not be guaranteed. Therefore, holding high the contribution of the Governor of Ningbo (Zhenhai) is to defend Jiangnan and Zhejiang provinces and the whole country. From this point of view, the status of Zhenhai Governor can be compared with that of Ming Chengzu, the "son of heaven protects the country" and the "minister of protecting the country".
Zhong Chenggong caresses the tablet of Zhejiang thinking (from Zichuan Gaojiapu, Volume 8)
On November 11th, the 40th year of Wanli, the Ming Dynasty officially confirmed Zhenhai as the residence of the governor of Zhejiang Province. It was recorded in Ming Shenzong's Record of Japan: "The official department replied: Nanzhiping stayed in Taiping House according to the topic, and Fufu stayed in Wuxian County and other counties; Governor Cao Yun left Sizhou and other counties; The crouching problem in Zhejiang stays in Dinghai and other counties ... " "Ming History Frontier Defense and Coastal Defence" said: "Since Japan invaded Sejong, there have been governors, governors, deputy governors, generals and guerrillas in major coastal cities." Zhenhai, as the first strategic place of anti-Japanese war in southeast China, has the highest military and political officials in Zhejiang, including the governor and commander-in-chief, far above Ningbo and Hangzhou, becoming a southeast metropolis next to Nanjing Yingtianfu.
From the cultural heritage left by Fu Shuai in Zhejiang, we can also see Zhenhai's position in the history of China's coastal defense and the Ming Dynasty's war against Japan. Since Lu Tang, the third commander-in-chief of Zhejiang Province, wrote an inscription for Zhaobaoshan, Weiyuan City on the mountain has become a place of calligraphy for Fu Shuai in Zhejiang Province, a national key cultural relics protection unit, a coastal defense site in Haikou, and a stone carving in Zhaobaoshan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are 40 original stone carvings and 9 existing ones, including 4 in Ming Dynasty and 5 in Qing Dynasty. For example, in the second year of the Apocalypse, Su Maoli, the governor of Zhejiang Province, made a monument of "Haitian Qingyan" to show his ambition; In the fifth year of the apocalypse, He Bin, commander-in-chief of Zhejiang Province, erected a monument to evaluate Zhenhai's historical and strategic position.
In the second year of the Apocalypse, Su Mao, the governor of Zhejiang Province, wrote an inscription "Hai Tian Qing Yan"
Inscription of Zhejiang Commander-in-Chief "Top Half the Sky" in the Five Years of the Apocalypse
Starting from 1633, Tokugawa Guang Jia, the third generation general of the edo shogunate, closed his door to the world and banned Japanese from going to sea. With the pressure of coastal defense and Japanese invasion dropping sharply, and the later Qing Dynasty and Japan did not establish a tribute trade system, Zhenhai's position in the Qing Dynasty also declined sharply, and it could not continue to be the residence of the governor of the Qing Dynasty like Wuxian County in Suzhou, and Suzhou was also identified as the residence of the governor of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the Governor's Mansion was also changed into a county school.
The headmaster's hall on the map of Zhenhai county in the Republic of China
References:
Guo Hong and Jin Runcheng: A General History of Administrative Divisions in China in Ming Dynasty, Fudan University Press, August 2007.