Oracle Bone Inscriptions information

Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest and most complete ancient script discovered by China. Oracle Bone Inscriptions mainly refers to the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, also known as "Yin Ruins Characters" and "Yin Qi", written on the bones of tortoise shells and beasts in Shang Dynasty. 65438+ was discovered in Yin Ruins in Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan at the end of 2009. It inherited Wen Tao's word-making method and was carved (or written) on tortoise shells and animal bones by the royal family in the late Shang Dynasty (14 ~1century) in China. After the demise of Shang Dynasty and the rise of Zhou Dynasty, Oracle Bone Inscriptions continued to be used for some time. Judging from the number and structure of fonts, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has developed into a more rigorous and systematic writing. The "six-character" principle of Chinese characters is reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. But the traces of the original picture and the original words are still obvious. Its main features: (1) From the structure of characters, some hieroglyphs only emphasize the characteristics of physical objects, but the number of strokes and the front and back are not uniform. (2) Some Oracle Bone Inscriptions's cognitive characters only require the radical to conform to a clear meaning, but not to be fixed. Therefore, there are many variants in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some words can be written in dozens or even dozens. (3) The size of Oracle Bone Inscriptions graphics is often determined by the complexity of physical objects, and some words can occupy the position of several words, either long or short. (4) Because the characters are carved on hard animal bones with knives, the strokes are thin, mostly in Fang Bi. Because Oracle Bone Inscriptions was carved with a knife, and the knife was sharp and blunt, and the bones were thin and thick, hard and soft, the strokes carved out were different in thickness, even as thin as hair, and the joints of the strokes were peeling off, thick and heavy. Structurally, the length and size are not necessarily the same, or the dispersion is uneven; Or the dense layers are stacked, which is very neat and solemn, so it can show the infinite interest of simplicity and variety. Although the structure of Oracle Bone Inscriptions is complex and varied, it has a symmetrical and stable pattern. Therefore, some people think that China's calligraphy, strictly speaking, began in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, because Oracle Bone Inscriptions has prepared three elements of calligraphy, namely, using a pen, binding words and composing a composition. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's development is named after being carved on the bones of tortoise shells, which is a book trace circulated in the Yin and Shang Dynasties. The content is an Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which records the 270-year migration from Pan Geng to Zhou Wang, and is the earliest book trace. Yin Shang has three characteristics. The tortoise shells used for divination in Wuding in Yin Dynasty were belief in history, drinking and worshipping ghosts and gods. Because of this, these tortoise shells, which decided many things such as fishing, conquest and agriculture, can be rediscovered in later generations and become important materials for studying China characters. In Shang dynasty, the pen and ink were excellent, and the calligraphy was thin and sharp because of engraving, which had the interest of a blade. Influenced by the rise and fall of writing style, it can be divided into five periods, which are introduced below. 1. Glorious period: from Pan Geng to Wuding, it lasted about a hundred years. Influenced by the flourishing age of Wuding, the calligraphy style is magnificent, which is the acme of Oracle bone calligraphy. Generally speaking, the pen is round and sharp, full of variety, regardless of fat or thin, full of vitality. 2. Sincerity: It takes about 40 years from Zu Geng to Zujia. Both of them are holy kings. Calligraphy in this period was sincere, generally inherited the style of the previous generation, stuck to the rules, and rarely made new creations, but it was not as vigorous and bold as the previous generation. 3. Decadence period: from Lixin to Kangding, about fourteen years. This period can be said to be the autumn of the decline of literary style in Yin Dynasty. Although there are still many neat books, the paragraphs are scattered and irregular, not so regular, a little childish and confused, and the number of typos is not uncommon. Fourth, the steep period: from Wuyi to Wenwu Ding, about seventeen years. Wu Wending is determined to restore the boldness of the Wuding era, and his calligraphy style has become vigorous and powerful, showing a youthful atmosphere. There is a very strong style in the slender brush strokes. 5. Strict period: from Diyi to Di Xin, about 89 years. Calligraphy style tends to be rigorous, slightly close to the second phase; Lengthened in length, cautious, not decadent, and lacking in heroic spirit. Fine print on Oracle Bone Inscriptions is also influenced by knife carving. In divination, "yes" or "no" is often engraved on both sides of the central longitudinal line of tortoise shell, written from the central line to the left and right, so the two sides are symmetrical and harmonious, with symmetrical beauty. Moreover, after engraving, all the big and small characters are filled with ink and ink, or both sides are Zhu Mo, which is more artistic and can be called a miracle in the history of books. Most of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's contents are the records of divination by the royal family in Shang Dynasty. Shang people were superstitious about ghosts and gods, and they had to ask questions about big and small issues. Some divination is about sunny and rainy days, some is about agricultural harvest, some is about diseases and seeking children, hunting, fighting, sacrifice and other big things to ask! Therefore, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's content can provide a glimpse of people's life and the historical development of Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions led the descendants of the Chinese people to the development of characters, and made graphic symbols express their meanings without restricting pronunciation. This has not only created a unified cultural consciousness for thousands of years, but also led to the weakness of Chinese language expansion. The richness of language objects and the deepening of understanding of language objects force pictographic rules to produce more words and sublimate pictographic rules (understanding), force the compilation of word dictionaries to be a method to mark the meaning of words and limit the ambiguity of words, and force Yanhuang School to become a place to learn the pronunciation of words (in contrast, based on the truth of word history, culture and tradition can be thoroughly cleaned up. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which records the historical activities of the Shang royal family, is the school equipment of the Shang Dynasty. ) Oracle Bone Inscriptions opened a window to observe people's life in the Yellow River basin 4000 years ago. Edit the first Oracle dictionary in this paragraph. In the late Qing Dynasty, Liu E's "Tieyun Hidden Turtle" was the first Oracle dictionary. 1903, lithograph published. 1903, Liu E selected 1058 pieces from his own collection of more than 5,000 pieces of Oracle bones and compiled six volumes of * * *. The original books include Preface by Luo Zhenyu and Wu Changmao and Preface by Liu E. After Xu Zhongshu's Oracle Dictionary was published by Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House, Liu Xinglong's New Oracle Dictionary was published by International Culture Publishing Company, Liu's Oracle Bone Inscriptions Illustrated Dictionary, the first Oracle Dictionary with Chinese Pinyin Index published by Shandong Fine Arts Publishing House, Oracle Bone Inscriptions edited by Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences published by Zhonghua Book Company, and edited by Wang Benxing. Since then, Oracle Bone Inscriptions has truly integrated with modern Chinese characters. Become a milestone in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's reference books. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest mature Chinese character system, and it is the only one among the four ancient Chinese characters in the world that is related to movable type. Many Oracle Bone Inscriptions scholars have spent their whole lives identifying nearly 2,000 Oracle Bone Inscriptions articles. It's hard to recognize, but it's easy to recognize after recognition. Using the index of Chinese Pinyin, every primary school student can easily understand these Oracle characters. So it's good for your writing accomplishment all your life. The foundation of Chinese characters should start from Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and this Oracle dictionary is a powerful tool to lay a good foundation for Chinese characters. Editing this passage of oracle calligraphy's oracle calligraphy, Dou Zhongliang and Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest systematic writing in China, and it is also a relatively mature writing. On the other hand, the horizontal dense structure of ancient Chinese characters has really begun to take shape in calligraphy, such as the use of pens, structure and composition, which breeds the beauty of calligraphy art and is worth appreciating and tasting. As far as Oracle bone inscriptions are concerned, Guo Moruo expressed great appreciation for his calligraphy in the preface to the Nazi Encyclopedia of Yin Qi published in 1937: "Oracle Bone Inscriptions is engraved on Oracle bones, and its exquisite inscriptions and beautiful words have fascinated our descendants for thousands of years. The style of writing varies from person to person and from world to world. Generally speaking, Wu Ding's world is full of bold words, Di Yi's world is beautiful, and Wen Xian is beautiful. The density of lines, the structure of words, the care of circles, and the order ... It is enough to know that the existing contract is a proxy book, and the contract book is Yin Zhong Wang. " "Zhong Wang Yan Liu" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions refers to the four ancient calligraphers. Zhong Wang Yan Liu of Yin Dynasty was a historian and diviner of Oracle inscriptions. It is they who left a wealth of historical materials and precious ancient calligraphy works for future generations. If we take a cursory look at Oracle Bone Inscriptions's calligraphy forms, we will find that the early fonts are very large, such as many Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Wuding period included in Luo Zhenyu's Book of Yin Ruins Qi Jing Dialect, which are very atmospheric and eye-catching; By the time of Di Yi and Di Xin in the last years of Shang Dynasty, the characters became small and trivial. As for Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it is even more subtle. Oracle Bone Inscriptions's style types: First, vigorous and vigorous; Second, it is beautiful and light; The third is neat and tidy; The fourth is Shu Lang's handsome oracle calligraphy: riding a horse and shooting deer; Fifth, the well-developed Gu Zhuo type. In short, although Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a carved character, his brushwork is meaningful, his style is mixed, or his skeleton is open, which makes people feel relaxed and happy. Or fine silk Xiu Xiu, in the form of hairpin flowers, between the lines, there are many exquisite calligraphy. Oracle calligraphy's so-called "oracle calligraphy" generally has two meanings. First, it refers to the calligraphy works neatly imitated according to the font structure and calligraphy characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. This kind of works can collect ancient Chinese characters and combine them into new sentences as needed. Although the content is new, the writing is as rich and elegant as that written by Yin people three thousand years ago. However, there are only more than 2,000 words in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, among which many rare words (especially names and places) have not been released, and few of them are really useful. Therefore, once you encounter a word that is not in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and it can't be replaced in the written couplets and inscriptions, you have to split it with radicals and splice it yourself; If you can't spell it again, you will have to turn to other ancient Chinese characters such as inscriptions on bronze. The leading figure in this creation is Luo Zhenyu. 192 1 year, after research, he wrote Oracle Bone Inscriptions as a couplet with a brush, and published The Ruins of Yin Ji. Then Zhang Yu, Gao Dexin, Wang Jilie and others also imitated Ji Zi's creation. Some predecessors of ancient philology, such as Dong Zuobin, Shang Chengzuo, Yu, are also good at oracle calligraphy, which is oracle calligraphy's works in the true sense. On the other hand, it refers to the modern calligraphy works that I created by drawing lessons from the characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. They regard Oracle Bone Inscriptions as an inspiration, just a little inspiration in artistic creation, not pursuing "similarity". Therefore, they don't write strictly according to the characteristics of oracle calligraphy, but may combine the characteristics of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronze inscriptions and Warring States scripts to create. Although this kind of calligraphy art is related to ancient philology, it is not the same. Edit this paragraph to explain Oracle Bone Inscriptions's discovery in detail. The nicks on the ancient Oracle bones of Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Anyang were confirmed as Shang dynasty characters, which was one of the third archaeological discoveries in China at the end of last century and the beginning of this century (Dunhuang Grottoes, Zhoukoudian ape-man remains). However, its discovery process is very accidental and full of drama. In the autumn of the 25th year of Guangxu reign in the late Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1899), he served as the king of imperial academy's wine supply in the Qing court in Beijing (1845- 1900) and got malaria. He sent someone to buy a dose of Chinese medicine at Darentang Chinese Medicine Shop at the food market outside Xuanwu Gate. A medicine that Wang happened to see was called keel. Keels are the bones of ancient vertebrates. How can there be carved symbols hundreds of thousands of years ago on this bone? This aroused his curiosity. Wang, who is famous for studying ancient stone carvings, carefully studied it and found that it is not an ordinary notch, but resembles ancient Chinese characters, but its shape is neither a brush (big seal) nor a seal (small seal). In order to find more keels for in-depth study, he sent someone to Darentang to buy all the carved keels in the drugstore at a high price of two taels of silver each. Later, it was searched by antique dealer Fan and others, and accumulated more than 500 pieces of/kloc-0. After careful study and analysis of these keels, he thinks that they are not the bones of "dragons", but tortoise shells and animal bones thousands of years ago. He gradually recognized the words "rain", "sun", "moon", "mountain" and "water" from the scratches on Oracle bones, and then found out the names of several kings in Shang Dynasty. This proves that this is an ancient writing carved on animal bones. Since then, these Oracle Bone Inscriptions engraved with ancient Chinese characters have caused a sensation in all walks of life, and scholars and antique dealers are vying for it. Some people once questioned Wang's theory of finding the keel with characters in Chinese medicine, and thought that Wang had no record of this in relevant writings. The keel eaten by Wang had been processed into fine particles in the pharmacy, and there was no trace of words engraved. Moreover, there was no Darentang drugstore around Caishikou at that time. In this regard, Zhou Shaoliang, a scholar who later studied Oracle bone inscriptions, said that at that time, the keel was sold piece by piece in Chinese medicine shops, and it was still like this until he went to Chinese medicine shops to buy it in the 1930s. As for Darentang pharmacy, it was not in the food market at that time, but there was a famous Xihe Niantang Chinese medicine shop in the food market. At that time, people were superstitious about Xihe Niantang and wanted to go to Xihe Niantang drugstore to buy Chinese medicine, which may also be the result of misinformation at that time. Before Oracle bone inscriptions were confirmed, farmers in Xiaotun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province kept digging and dug up ancient Oracle bones in their fields. It is said that the first person who sold Oracle bones in Chinese medicine shops was a barber named Li Cheng. Once he got an abscess and had no money to seek medical treatment and buy medicine, so he ground these Oracle Bone Inscriptions into powder and applied it to the abscess. Unexpectedly, the pus was sucked dry by bone powder, and it was found that bone powder also had the effect of hemostasis. From then on, he collected them, described them as dragon bones and sold them to Chinese medicine shops. After many scholars and experts' research, the so-called keel is actually a tool for divination in Shang Dynasty. Before divination, people saw the tortoise shell and the shoulder blades of cattle neatly, and then drilled round deep nests and shallow grooves on the back of the Oracle bone. When divining, they first pray to ghosts and gods, and then burn the sides of deep nests or grooves to a certain extent with burning branches, and cracks appear in the corresponding parts of Oracle bones. Therefore, fortune tellers judge the success or failure of things according to the length, thickness, straightness and concealment of cracks. After divination, the contents and results of divination are engraved near the divination with a knife, which is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Oracle bones engraved with Oracle Bone Inscriptions were properly collected in the cellar as files and handed down to future generations. The story discovered by Oracle Bone Inscriptions, later called "a Oracle Bone Inscriptions that shocked the world", has written a legendary chapter in the archaeological history of China and the world.