A brief introduction to these two poems is as follows:
1. Li Bai's "About Wine":
1. Introduction:
"Jiang Jinjiu" (where "jiang" is read as qiāng, Yinping, meaning to invite), and one of the works "Xi Empty Wine Bottle", was originally the melody of a Han Yuefu short flute and cymbal song, and the free translation of the title is "Song to Encourage Drinking". This famous poem "filling it in to express one's own intention" was written around the eleventh year of Tianbao (752). At that time, he and his friend Cen Xun were guests at the Yingyang Mountain residence of Yuan Danqiu, another friend of Songshan Mountain. The three of them climbed up to have a banquet. . At that time, it had been eight years since he was "gifted with gold and released" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. There is nothing more pleasant in life than drinking with friends, and the author was at a time when he was "embracing talents to use the world but not meeting them", so he was full of inappropriate wine poems. Love was expressed vividly.
2. Poetry Appreciation:
"Jiang Jinjiu" was originally a tune of a Han Dynasty Yuefu short flute and cymbal song. The title means "a song to encourage drinking", so the ancient poem has "Jiang Jin". "Enjoy wine and take advantage of the Great White" it says. The author's famous poem "Fill it in to express his own intention" (Xiao Shiyun's "Classification Supplementary Notes on Li Taibai's Poems") was written about the eleventh year of Tianbao (752). At that time, he was in Songshan with his friend Cen Xun and another friend Yuan Dan. Qiu's Yingyang Mountain residence was a guest, and the three of them had a high-level banquet ("Reward Cen Xun Sees Yuan Dan, Qiu Treats Each Other with Wine and Poems": "Not thousands of miles away, fate comes to greet each other. Meeting Yuan Dan" Qiu, I climbed the mountain to feast in the blue sky. I suddenly thought about me while drinking, and I roared in the clear sky." There is no better pleasure in life than drinking with friends, and the author was at a time when he was "embracing talents for the world but not meeting them" (Xiao Shiyun), so he was filled with untimely poetry and poetry through wine, and expressed his feelings incisively and vividly. About to enter the wine
The beginning of the poem is two sets of long parallel sentences, as if the wind, sea and rain are rushing toward the reader. "If you don't see it, the water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky and rushes to the sea and never returns." Yingyang is not far from the Yellow River. You can climb up and take a closer look, so you can use it to get excited. The Yellow River has a long origin and a huge drop. It is like falling from the sky, flowing thousands of miles, and heading east to the sea. Such a majestic wave scene cannot be captured by the naked eye. The author wants to fall into the sky and "find it by his own way", and his words are exaggerated. The first sentence says that the coming of the river is irresistible; the second sentence writes that the going of the river is irresistible. It rises and subsides, creating a reciprocating chanting flavor, which is not found in short single sentences (such as "The Yellow River falls to the sky and walks to the East China Sea"). Immediately afterwards, "Don't you see, the mirror in the high hall has sad white hair, and the morning is like blue silk and it turns into snow at dusk." If the first two sentences are an exaggeration of the spatial category, these two sentences are an exaggeration of the time category. Lamenting that life is short, he does not bluntly say that he hurts his boss, but says that "the mirror in the high hall is sad and has white hair." It is like a painting of scratching one's head and looking at the shadow, saying nothing. The whole process of life from youth to aging is described as a matter of "morning" and "twilight", and the originally short-lived things are said to be more short-lived, which is "reverse" to the previous two sentences, which said that the originally magnificent things are even more magnificent. exaggerate. Therefore, the long series of parallel sentences at the beginning of the chapter both have a metaphorical meaning - using the river water to never return to symbolize the perishability of life, and also have a contrasting effect - using the great and eternal greatness of the Yellow River to represent the small and fragile nature of life.
This beginning can be said to be extremely sad, but not delicate. It can be said to be a giant-like sentimentality, with thrilling artistic power. It is also caused by the sense of momentum at the beginning of the long sentence parallelism. This opening method is commonly used by authors, as in "Those who abandon me will not be able to keep yesterday's day; those who mess up my heart will be troubled today" ("Xuancheng Xie Tiao Lou Farewell School Secretary Shu Yun"), Shen Deqian said : "This style comes from Taibai's heart", which shows that he is quite creative. This poem contains two cries of "I don't see you" (generally Yuefu poems only occasionally use it at the beginning or end of the chapter), which greatly enhances the emotional color of the poem. There is a so-called opening and closing in poetry, and this can be said to be a great opening.
"Heaven and earth are the reverse journey of all things; time is the passer-by of hundreds of generations" ("Spring Night Banquet from Di Peach and Plum Garden Preface"). Although sadness is unavoidable, pessimism is not part of Li Bai's nature. Nearby. In his view, as long as "life is successful", there will be no regrets and one should indulge in joy. The fifth and sixth sentences are a reversal, from "sadness" to "joy" or "joy". From then until "the cup never stops", the poetry gradually became wilder. "When you are in your prime, you don't have time to worry about it. You can drink fine wine and climb high buildings" ("Liang Yuan Yin"). Having fun is indispensable without wine. This is where the topic comes into play.
However, the sentence does not directly describe the contents of the cup, but uses the image language of "golden bottle" and "facing the moon", which is not only vivid, but also makes drinking poetic. The double negative sentence pattern of "" and "empty" is used instead of direct statement, and the tone is more emphatic.
"To be happy in life, you must have all the fun." This seems to be an idea that promotes carpe diem, but it is just a phenomenon. Has the poet ever been "proud"? "The phoenix issued the edict of purple mud at the beginning, and paid homage to the emperor and ascended the royal banquet" ("Yin of the Jade Pot") - it seems that he was too proud; however, it was just an illusion, "playing the sword, singing songs and playing bitter sounds, dragging the royal robe. "Thank you for your kindness" - it seems that there is no pride, but disappointment and indignation. But don't let it down. The poet then affirmed life and himself in an optimistic and strong tone: "I am born with talents that will be useful." This is an amazing sentence. "Useful" and "necessary", very confident, almost like a declaration of human value, and this person - "I" - must be capitalized. Here, from the seemingly negative phenomenon, a positive essence hidden deep in it is revealed, which is a kind of unrecognized talent and a desire to join the world. It is precisely "there will be times when there are long winds and waves." We should drink and sing for such a future. What does it mean to spend money - "You will come back again after all the money is gone!" This is another amazing sentence with high confidence, which can drive money. Not motivated by money, it is truly enough to make all ordinary people speechless.
The poem is like the person he is, I think the poet "traveled to Weiyang in the past, less than a year, and scattered more than 300,000 yuan in gold" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"), what a heroic feat it was. Therefore, the heroic sentiments deeply embedded in this sentence are by no means a mere pretense. In line with this style, the author describes a grand feast, which is by no means "one plate of food or two plates? One pot or two pots of wine?" but a whole head of "cooking sheep and slaughtering cattle" ", and will never give up until he drinks "three hundred cups". What a joyful feast, and what a heroic poem! At this point, the wild feeling reaches its climax and the melody of the poem accelerates. The poet's dazzling drunken state is vividly displayed on the page, and it suddenly makes people feel like they heard him shouting to persuade him to drink: "Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng, when you are about to drink, don't stop drinking!" Several short sentences are suddenly added, which not only makes the rhythm of the poem rich Changes, and write to force Xiao Xi to speak out. Not only did he meet his best friend in life, but he also met his rival in wine. Not only did he "forget you," the poet even forgot that he was writing poetry. The poems he wrote seemed to be restored to life. He also wanted to "sing a song with you and ask you to pour your heart out for me." Ears to hear”. The following eight lines are the song of the poem. This idea is strange and strange, and it is purely a stroke of genius. About to enter the wine
"Zhonggu, food and jade" means a wealthy life (rich people ring bells and cauldrons when eating, and the food is as exquisite as jade), but the poet thought it was "not expensive enough" and said "I hope it will last forever" Drunk and unable to wake up." At this point in the poem, the mood clearly changes from wild to angry. This is not only drunken spouting arrogance, but also drunken spouting the truth. Because "I" was born with useful talents, I should have been the prime minister and prosperous, but "the road is like the blue sky, and I alone cannot reach it" ("The Road Is Difficult"). To say that wealth is "not noble enough" is out of indignation. The following two sentences, "All the sages in ancient times were lonely" are also angry words. The poet once lamented, "Who is allowed to care about Ge Jing?" Therefore, when he said that the ancients were "lonely", he also showed his own "loneliness". That's why I wish to stay drunk forever. Here, the poet has poured himself into the ancient wine cup. When it comes to "only the drinker leaves his name", he cited the "King of Chen" Cao Zhi as a representative. He also adapted the sentence from his "Famous Capital Chapter": "When you return, you will have a feast, and you will fight with ten thousand fine wines." Since ancient times, drunkards have experienced many experiences, and they favored "King Chen". This is inseparable from Li Bai's always pretentiousness. The people he set as role models were high-ranking figures such as Xie An, and among such figures, "King Chen" was more closely related to wine. many. It is written with style and is consistent with the extremely confident tone of the previous article. Furthermore, the "King of Chen" Cao Zhi was highly jealous during the Pi and Rui dynasties, and it was difficult to develop his ambitions, which also aroused the poet's sympathy. The first mention of "ancient sages" and the second mention of "Chen King" Cao Zhi are full of injustice. At first, this poem seems to only involve emotions about life, without any political overtones. In fact, the whole poem is full of profound sorrow and anger and belief in oneself. The reason why poetry is sad but not sad, and sad but strong, is rooted in this.
Having just revealed a little more depth, he returned to talking about wine, and he seemed to be even more excited about it. The following poems are wild again, and getting more and more wild.
"Master, why do you say so little money?" not only echoes the sentence "All the gold is gone", but also pretends to be ups and downs, leading to the last heroic words: Even if all the gold is gone, you should not hesitate to give up the famous treasure-"Five-flowered Horse" (coat color) They make fine horses with five patterns) and "thousand gold furs" in exchange for fine wine, hoping to get drunk and then rest. The beauty of this ending lies not only in the loud tone of "hu'er" and "you'er"; it also has a kind of arbitrary attitude that the author may not be aware of at the moment. It should be noted that the poet is just a guest invited by his friends to drink. At this moment, he is sitting on a high table, pointing angrily, proposing to pawn a fur for a horse, which makes people wonder who the "master" is. Very romantic. A quick word can only come from a bold and informal way of making decisions. The poetry is so wild that it makes people sigh and sing, and they want to "dance with their hands and dance with their feet." The emotion is still lingering, the poem has come to an end, and suddenly another sentence bursts out: "I will sell the eternal sorrow with you", which is closely related to the "sadness" at the beginning, and the meaning of "eternal sorrow" is even deeper. The ending of "white clouds disappear from the sky and disappear with the wind" shows the poet's torrent of emotions. Looking at the whole article, there are really ups and downs, and it would be impossible to do it without a huge pen.
"Jiangjinjiu" is quite long in length, but it is full of five tones and has an extraordinary atmosphere. The writing is full of ink, the emotions are extremely sad and angry and the writing is wild, and the language is extremely bold and calm. The poem has the momentum and power to shock ancient and modern times. This is indeed related to the exaggeration technique. For example, the poem often uses huge numbers ("a thousand pieces of gold", "three hundred cups", "ten thousand cups of wine", "a thousand pieces of gold", "eternal sorrow"). ", etc.) expresses heroic poetry without giving people a sense of empty exaggeration. The root of this lies in its rich and deep inner feelings, the surging emotions of anger hidden under the drinking conversation. In addition, the whole article has great ups and downs, and the poetic mood suddenly changes from sadness to joy, to wildness, to anger, then to wildness, and finally ends in "eternal sorrow". In response to the beginning of the chapter, it is like a rushing river, with momentum and excitement. It twists and turns, twists and turns vertically and horizontally, and can carry the cauldron with its strength. His songs include the writing method of the song, as well as the uncanny craftsmanship and the beauty of "breaking the path of pen and ink", which cannot be learned by engraving, nor can it be achieved by others. The whole article is mainly composed of seven words, and is "broken" by thirty or fifty words, which are extremely inconsistent and intricate; the poems are mainly composed of prose, and are also touched by short antitheses (such as "Master Cen, Dan Qiu Sheng" , "Five-flowered Horse, Thousand-Gold Fur"), the rhythm is fast and changing, unrestrained but not sloppy. "Tang Shi Bie Cai" says that "those who read Li's poems in the majestic and rapid way, and get the spirit of profoundness and elegance, are the faces of the immortals." This article is worthy of it.
2. About "Liangzhou Ci";
Introduction:
"Liangzhou Ci" is the lyrics of Liangzhou Song, not the title of the poem, but The name of a tune popular during the Tang Dynasty. During the Kaiyuan period, Guo Zhiyun, the military governor of Longyou, collected a batch of music scores from the Western Regions and presented them to Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong gave it to Jiaofang to translate it into Chinese music scores and sing them with new lyrics. The tunes were named after the places where these music scores were produced. Later, many poets liked this tune and filled in new words for it. Therefore, many poets in the Tang Dynasty wrote "Liangzhou Ci", such as Wang Zhihuan, Wang Han, and Zhang Ji. The most famous one is Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci". Also known as "Out of the Fortress". The Liangzhou referred to in ancient times is now Wuwei City, Gansu Province.
Appreciation:
According to the records in "Jiyi Ji" by Xue Yongruo of the Tang Dynasty: During the Kaiyuan period (713-741 AD), Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling went to the flag pavilion to drink. The performers in the Liyuan were singing and enjoying themselves, and the three of them secretly agreed to determine the title of the poem based on the performance of the performers singing their own poems. Two of Wang Changling's poems were sung, and one of Gao Shi's poems was sung, but Wang Zhihuan failed one after another. It was the turn of the most beautiful woman among the singers to sing, and she sang "Yellow River Far Above the White Clouds". Wang Zhihuan was very proud. This is the famous story of "Pavilion Painting Wall". This may not be true. But it shows that Wang Zhihuan's poem had become a widely sung famous poem at that time.
The first two lines of the poem describe the vast and magnificent scenery of the northwest frontier. The first sentence captures the special feeling of looking at the Yellow River from bottom (swim) up (swim), from near to far, and depicts a moving picture of "the Yellow River is far up among the white clouds": the turbulent Yellow River is like a ribbon flying up. cloud. The writing is really a spiritual leap and a broad atmosphere.
Another famous line of the poet, "The Yellow River flows into the sea", has the opposite angle of observation, which is watching from top to bottom; while Li Bai's "The water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky" also describes watching the upstream, but the movement of the line of sight is from the top to the bottom. Far and near are different from this sentence. "The Yellow River flows into the sea" and "The water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky" are both intended to exaggerate the majesty of the Yellow River flowing thousands of miles and express the dynamic beauty. "The Yellow River is far up among the white clouds" is in the opposite direction to the flow of the river. It is intended to highlight its long-standing and leisurely manner and express a kind of static beauty. At the same time, it shows the vast and magnificent scenery of the border area, which is worthy of being an eternal poem.
In the second sentence, "an isolated city in Wanren Mountain" appears the isolated city on the fortress. This is one of the main images of this poem and belongs to the main part of the "picture scroll". "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds" is its distant background, and "Wanren Mountain" is its close background. Against the background of the mountains in the distance, we can see that the city is in a dangerous terrain and is in a lonely situation. "One piece" is an idiom used in Tang poetry, and is often connected with "lone" (such as "one piece of solitary sail", "one piece of solitary cloud", etc.), which is equivalent to "one piece", but has an extra layer of "thinness" in terms of wording. meaning. Such an isolated city in Mobei is of course not a residential area, but a fortress on the border. At the same time, it hints to readers that there is a concubine in the poem. "Lonely City", as a vocabulary in classical poetry, has a specific meaning. It is often associated with the sadness of separation, such as "The setting sun sets in the isolated city of Kui Mansion, and I look at the capital every time I lean on the Big Dipper" (Du Fu's "Qiu Xing"), "Knowing the Han envoy Xiao Guan from afar, I am worried about seeing the setting sun in the isolated city" (Wang Wei's "Qiu Xing") Send Wei Pingshi") and so on. In the second sentence, the image of "lonely city" is introduced first, which prepares the next two sentences for further characterization of Zheng Fu's psychology.
The poem starts from describing the majestic desolation of the mountains and rivers, and expresses the lonely and precarious situation of the defenders. The third sentence suddenly changes and introduces the sound of Qiang flute. The tune played by the Qiang flute was "Breaking Willows", which could not help but evoke Zheng's husband's sorrow of separation. This sentence is based on the poetic meaning of Yuefu's "Horizontal Blowing Song Ci: Folding Willow Song Ci" "Mounting on horseback, without catching the whip, bending back the willow branches. Playing the flute on the seat, worried about killing the travelers." The custom of breaking willows to give farewells was most popular during the Tang Dynasty. "Willow" has a more direct relationship with farewell. Therefore, not only will the sight of willows cause people to worry about separation, but even hearing the flute music "Breaking Willows" will trigger feelings of separation and resentment. The sentence "Qiang Di" does not say "hear the broken willow" but says "resent the willow", which is a particularly wonderful phrase. This avoids directly using the name of the tune, turning it into a living thing, and can trigger more associations and deepen the poetic meaning. Outside the Yumen Pass, the spring breeze is not blowing, and the willows are not green. Even if someone wants to break a willow to express their feelings, they can't. This is more embarrassing than breaking a willow to say goodbye. Zhengren listened to the music with this mood, and it seemed that the flute sound was also "resentful to the willow". The resentment revealed was strong, and it was euphemistically expressed with the explanatory language of "why complain", which was deep, implicit and thought-provoking. This third sentence uses a question to convey such a rich poetic flavor, and the last sentence "The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass" is a natural progression. The use of the word "Yumenguan" in poetry is also related to the conquest of people's thoughts. "Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Ban Chao Biography" says: "I dare not see Jiuquan County, but I hope to be born in Yumen Pass." Therefore, the last sentence is written in the bitter cold of the surrounding area, implying infinite nostalgia and separation. If you compare this "Liangzhou Ci" with some frontier fortress poems after the mid-Tang Dynasty (such as Zhang Qiao's "Old Soldiers of Hehuang"), you will find that although this poem expresses the resentment of those on the border who are not allowed to return home. , but the writing is tragic and desolate, without a decadent and decadent mood, showing the broad mind of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Even if he writes about tragic resentment, he is also sad and strong, sad and generous. The word "why complain" not only shows the euphemism of his artistic technique, but also shows that when the border soldiers at that time were homesick, they also realized the great responsibility of defending the country and guarding the borders, so they could forgive themselves in this way. Perhaps it is precisely because "Liangzhou Ci" has a sad yet strong mood that it can become a typical representative of "Tangyin".