The pavilion has a long history, but the earliest pavilion in ancient times is not an ornamental building. For example, the pavilion in the Zhou Dynasty is a small fortress located in the frontier fortress with a history of pavilions. By the Qin and Han Dynasties, pavilions had been built all over the country and were used by local grass-roots organizations to maintain public order. "Hanshu" records: "There are two pawns in the pavilion, one is the father of the pavilion, opening and closing the door and cleaning it; Thieves, catch thieves one by one. "
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was the post station that replaced the pavilion system. After that, pavilions were gradually abandoned. However, there is a folk custom of building pavilions on the main roads for the rest of the journey, so it has been used all the time. There are also some ceremonial places for welcoming guests. Generally, one is set in ten miles or five miles, ten miles is a long pavilion, and five miles is a short pavilion. At the same time, pavilions as landscape architecture began to appear in gardens.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was very common to build pavilions in gardens. For example, Xiyuan, which Yang Guang built in Luoyang, has landscape buildings such as wind pavilion and moon view. In the Tang Dynasty, there were many pavilions in the palace. For example, in Daming Palace in the east of Chang 'an, there is a great grandfather pool with Penglai Mountain and a great grandfather pavilion. There are many courtyards in Xingguang Miyagi, including Longchi. Among the buildings in Longchi East, the central building is Chenxiang Temple.
There are many pavilions and pavilions recorded in the Song Dynasty, and the buildings are extremely exquisite. The shape and construction technology of various pavilions and pavilions are described in detail in the Song Dynasty's Building Style. Since then, there have been more and more pavilions in various forms.
Pavilion is not only a place for people to rest, but also an important landscape building in the garden. The layout is reasonable and the whole garden is alive. If it doesn't fit, it will feel messy. Ji Cheng, a famous gardener in the Ming Dynasty, has a very incisive exposition in "Garden Metallurgy": "... Tingtai Lake is surrounded by water, springs are in bamboo, on the top of the mountain, or lush Lv Yun, which is loose at the foot of water."
There are also pavilions built on bridges, such as the Wu Ting Bridge on the Slender West Lake in Yangzhou and the pavilions on the west embankment of the Summer Palace in Beijing. The combination of pavilions and bridges constitutes a beautiful landscape artistic effect in the garden space, and there are reflections in the water, which makes the landscape more poetic. For example, the Wu Ting Bridge in Yangzhou has become a symbol of Yangzhou.
The pavilion forms a beautiful picture in the garden with its beautiful outline and surrounding scenery. For example, the central pavilion of the West Lake in Hangzhou was built in the south of the isolated mountain and the north of the "Three Ponds Reflecting the Moon". It is in a very appropriate position, surrounded by water, surrounded by flowers and trees, and set off the yellow glazed tile roof with upturned cornices. This color contrast is even more prominent. Island and architecture are combined with nature, and the pavilion in the lake stands in the middle of the lake together with the three islands and Ruan Gongdun, just like the legendary Three Immortals Mountain on the sea. On the pavilion in the middle of the lake, there are some excellent couplets left by scholars of past dynasties, such as "the country that floats in the clear, the moon in the lake", which adds to the beautiful artistic conception of the pavilion in the lake. When people look at the whole lake in the pavilion, the landscape is really charming.
In the "Santan Yin Yue" moon viewing resort, the pavilion has become an important building that constitutes this scenic spot. Landing from "Zhou Xiaoying", the main landscape buildings are the small and exquisite triangular pavilion-Pantheon, and the four-corner "Baishou Pavilion" which echoes the triangular pavilion from a distance. Pavilions and bridges not only constitute the spatial division of the water surface of silver moon in Santan, but also increase the level of spatial landscape, making it an indispensable landscape building. People are condescending in the pavilion, where they can enjoy the surrounding lakes and mountains and watch the lotus flowers on the water at close range. The pavilion of "My Soul Companion" and the tablet pavilion of "Three Tans Printing the Moon" both play an important role in forming the landscape and artistic level of "Three Tans Printing the Moon", and "My Soul Companion" adds interest to the scenic spot of "Three Tans Printing the Moon" because of the meaning of "needless to say, we know each other".
The pavilion is not only an important landscape building, but also a place where China landscape artists write elegiac couplets. For example, Daming Lake in Jinan, which is fresh and beautiful, has the beauty of "lotus flowers on four sides and willow trees on three sides, and a city with mountains and half a city". On the small island in the lake, there is a Lixia Pavilion with a long history, which was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty and rebuilt in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. In the fourth year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (AD 745), Du Fu once visited this place and wrote a poem: "There are many celebrities in Jinan and many pavilions on the right side of the sea." . The Qing Dynasty calligrapher He wrote this poem as a couplet and hung it on a pavilion, which is famous for its pavilions, poems and books.
In the Guanzhu Mountain area not far from Shaoxing, surrounded by beautiful peaks and green hills, there is an exquisite pavilion on an open terrain and a winding stream not far away. This is the place where the famous calligrapher Wang Xizhi prefaced Lanting. There is a stone spleen by the water of Lanting Red Pool, on which the word "Goose Pool" is written. It is said that the word "Goose" was written by Wang Xizhi and the word "Chi" was written by his seventh son, Wang Xianzhi. The word "goose" is written in one stroke, with clear standards and vulgar style, and it seems to have been helped by God. Nowadays, people visit Lanting, and its name, title and the legendary story of Wang Xizhi have all become famous garden attractions that people admire. The whole Lanting scenic spot is also named after Lanting, so we can't help but say that the pavilion is important in the garden.
Taoranting, named after the poem of Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, "When the chrysanthemums are ripe, you will be drunk with your husband", was built in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, in the west of Beijing Xiannongtan, so it has a high foundation, so it has a distant victory.
The crane pavilion at the northern foot of Gushan Mountain in Hangzhou was built in memory of Lin Hejing, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty. Lin Hejing once lived in seclusion in a building at the northern foot of Gushan Mountain. Besides poetry and painting, he also likes to grow plums and raise cranes. Among the poems written in his life, there are two sentences, "The shadows are shallow and the moonlight is fragrant", which are especially praised by people. People tell stories, pavilions are built by people, and famous poets, famous pavilions and crane pavilions are all located in Meilin. Every winter, the cold plums are in full bloom, and a pavilion is hidden in the fragrant "Xiang Xue Hai", which makes the crane pavilion more famous.
In China gardens, pavilions and pavilions are almost inseparable. Building pavilions in gardens or high places is not only an important attraction for tourists to look up, but also a panoramic view. Building a pavilion in front of the overlapping foothills to set off the towering mountains, building a pavilion near the water will make the reflection interesting, and building a pavilion in the depths of the tree will be semi-hidden and semi-exposed, subtle and add interest.
Among many types of pavilions, square pavilions are the most common. Simple and generous. The round pavilion is more beautiful, but the suspension of the forehead and the top of the pavilion are round, and the construction is more complicated than the pavilion. Among the types of pavilions, there are semi-pavilions, independent pavilions and bridge pavilions, which are mostly connected by corridors and built by walls. The plane shapes of the exhibition hall are square, rectangle, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, circle, triangle and fan. In addition to collecting tips at the top of the pavilion, it is quite common to rest at the top of the mountain.
Pavilion is indispensable in every garden in China. Pavilion plays an important role in the artistic conception of China gardens. The shapes of pavilions are different, but their basic structures are the same. A roof, several columns, and the middle is empty. What does this building do? Its function is to absorb the scene of the big space outside into this small space. There are two poems in the Yuan Dynasty: "The mountains and rivers are infinitely beautiful, photographed in a pavilion." This is the function of the pavilion, which is to absorb the infinite scenery of the big space outside. Other buildings in China gardens, such as pavilions and pavilions, also play this role, all in order to enable tourists to enter the big space from the small space, that is, to break through the limited and enter the infinite.
Map of Wen Zhiming Shuige
Breaking through the limited and entering the infinite can trigger a feeling and understanding of the whole life and history in the hearts of tourists. We can give two examples to illustrate this point. For example, Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting Collection. At the beginning of this paper, Wang Xizhi pointed out that the beauty of Lanting is not the beauty of the pavilion itself, but that it enables people to "look up at the vastness of the universe and overlook the prosperity of various categories." These two sentences are very famous. As long as you look up at the size of the universe and then look down, everything in the world is so colorful and full of vitality. Zong Baihua said that "looking up" and "looking down" were special ways for ancient philosophers and poets in China to observe the world. Then he said, "Therefore, you can enjoy watching and listening. You believe in Coke." Tourists' eyes are swimming, their hearts are open and their horizons are wide, so they have great fun. And this kind of looking up and looking down triggered a sense of life, so Wang Xizhi went on to say, "I take pleasure in it, and it has become a thing of the past before pitching." I still have to enjoy it. The situation will be short-lived and will eventually end. " "Looking back today is still looking back at the past." The universe is infinite and life is limited, so Confucius sighed at the surging river on the shore: "The deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night!" This is the meaning of life.
Another example is Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting, which is also a very famous article. Wang Bo also described the beauty of Wang Teng Pavilion at the beginning of the article, but went on to say that the beauty of Wang Teng Pavilion lies not in the building itself, but in that it can let people see an infinitely vast space and an infinitely magnificent scenery. It has two famous sayings: "Sunset and loneliness in Qi Fei, autumn water and sky are the same color." Then he wrote that in the beauty of this space, there is a feeling of life: "the sky is vast and the universe is infinite;" I am full of sadness and I know there are many things. " This is a metaphysical feeling caused by Teng Wang Ge.
There is a grand view building in Kunming, China. There is a couplet upstairs, which is said to be the longest couplet in China. The first part is: "Five hundred Li Dianchi Lake, running to the fundus. I was very happy when I was lying on the shore. Look at the gods of the east, the spirits of the west, the winding in the north, the sorrow in the south, and the charm of the master. Why not choose to land, and crabs on snail island will be foggy and more beautiful, decorated with some green feathers and Danxia. Live up to it, surrounded by fragrant rice, clear sand, hibiscus in September and willow in March. " This is a vast and boundless space, and the bottom line is to write infinite time: "A thousand years ago, pay attention to my heart" (as opposed to "Five hundred miles of Dianchi Lake, running to the fundus"). Make the wine empty and sigh who is the hero. I want to learn from China boating, iron column, Song Xueyu axe and horizontal leather bag. I made great contributions, tried my best to move mountains, and tried my best to draw the Pearl Curtain Building. If it can't roll as fast as the rain at dusk, I will break the monument and give it to the pale smoke. Only win, a few minutes, half a river fishing, two rows of autumn geese, a pillow to clear the frost. "Infinite space and time have caused people to sigh about life and history. Fu Changlian of Daguanlou, like Wang Xizhi and Wang Bo's two articles, explains that the artistic conception of China garden architecture lies in that it can make visitors "have a broad mind and think eternally" and enter infinite time space from limited time space, thus triggering a philosophical sense of life and history.
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