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Unfortunately, we are not qualified to joke about crooked nuts. Modern China people can know three or four thousand Chinese characters, and those who know six thousand characters are already writers. Other Chinese characters are all dead, and they are displayed in Shuo Wen Jie Zi and Kangxi Dictionary, just like the list of martyrs. Not only that, but even the profound meanings behind the words that are still in use are mostly forgotten. On a whim, I randomly collected some words about bows and arrows in ancient books, which all contain strength and beauty, as well as profound and subtle truth. Readers can also confirm it and see how much they know about Chinese characters.
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Say a few adjectives related to archery first. For example, there is a saying in Shuowen. It means "it's convenient to bow." Unusual words like this seem to be of no help to modern people's lives, just like Kong Yiji's five ways of writing "Hui".
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The average person here has become dismissive and has no interest in further study. The deepest and most basic knowledge in China culture: primary school, which can also be said to be the study of Chinese characters, is also closed to the outside world. However, if you turn over a few pages of dictionaries with curiosity, the door of the new world will open to you:
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For example, the word "strong" means "the bow is strong." This uncommon word "strong" is the current "strong". What is strong? Yan Shigu's annotation "Full citation is strong" in The Biography of Hanshu Wang Qiushou refers to this kind of tension and strong feeling. Chapter 33 of the Tao Te Ching further explains:
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The whole chapter uses archery as a metaphor and tries to analyze it:
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Know, from the vector to the mouth, "Notes on Explaining Words": "If you speak, you will be ill as a vector." Knowledge is like an arrow flying out of the mouth, sharp and accurate. A sharp arrow in your mouth can hit others, which is called "wisdom". However, only those who know themselves can be called "Ming", which means self-judgment. Therefore, the Tao has "self-knowledge" and the Buddha has "empty light", both of which have the subtle meaning of seeing me and seeing all beings, consciously touching.
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Winning comes from the strength of "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Note". "Whoever can lift it and win it will win." Therefore, winning people is nothing more than strength. However, "strong" is completely different. It is a long-term self-control, so the winner is called "strong". Today's "inner strength" refers to self-control and self-improvement.
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Immediately, Lao Tzu once again quoted the concept of "strength": those who are satisfied have surplus, and those who are forced have great ambitions. The word "ambition" and "knowledge" are originally a word, which is the bull's eye that archers aim at. Shangshu Pan Geng is "If you aim at it". The pretender is not forced to walk, but pulls a long bow and aims at the bull's-eye steadily to show that "the pretender is ambitious." "Know", knowing the meaning of perception, is the ability to put an arrow in your mouth. Knowledge is a bull's-eye, and it is the result of being shot by knowledge. Therefore, the word knowledge has the correspondence between "signifier" and "signified".
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Finally, a person who does not lose his position will last for a long time, but only after death can he be called "longevity" Comparing the two concepts in this chapter of Tao Te Ching, the average person who can know people, get people, be satisfied and not lose is "wisdom, strength, wealth and longevity", which is already a winner in life compared with the secular ignorant. People at a higher level are self-aware, self-confident, ambitious and immortal, and are "bright, strong, determined and long-lived", so they can break through their own life and surpass their own spirit. The whole article uses archery as a metaphor, because the ancient "scholars" are penniless warriors, and spiritual cultivation and physical exercise have never been separated. They must bow their horses skillfully when reading poetry books. Therefore, it is more appropriate to compare their cultivation and transcendence with the archery required by scholars in Tao Te Ching.
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Corresponding to "strong", there is naturally "weak". Weakness followed suit. Annotation of Shuowen: "The composer is weak ... the bow is like a bow, so it is like a bow." However, bow is the contradiction between curve and straight line. As long as the weak bow is full, it will become a "strong", between the strong and the weak. Therefore, in the thirty-sixth chapter of Tao Te Ching, "if you want to be weak, you must be strong", and if you can't control yourself and have to send it, then you will be angry and "strong" will suddenly become "weak". Therefore, the "strong" state is not lasting, and advantages will become disadvantages, while "weak" is subordinate and easy to control, and disadvantages will become advantages, so I think "weak is better than strong" This is one of the most famous arguments in Laozi's philosophy. If we simply take "weak" and "strong" as general adjectives to describe strong, we can't help but ignore the subtle intention of Taoist metaphor. Only by understanding the meaning behind words can we deeply study the meaning and try to figure out the classics.
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Unusual words in ancient Chinese can be roughly divided into two situations: one is the name of an antique, which is no longer used today, so the name dies; The other is special verbs, some of which have died out and some have changed their meaning.
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Special verbs about bows and arrows, such as bow, Shuo Wen, "Hold the bow and close the arrow", so Taizu had "bow and shoot the eagle", and later used "bend" to describe all curved objects, such as "Bai Wan" ... and further derived the word "bay". Another example is "Fu", which is called "Jiao Ye" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zhu, that is, the meaning of correcting and adjusting bows and arrows, and later this meaning was derived as "Fu". The word never put off till tomorrow what you can also agree to communicate with the character from the bow. Therefore, there is a famous saying in Mencius Gao Zi Xia: "Those who enter cannot be doctors, and those who leave cannot be invincible by foreign patients." The country will perish forever, and then you will know that you were born in sorrow and died in happiness. " This "deputy" means "Bishi", that is, the person who adjusts and assists Bishi. In ancient times, there was no F sound, and "Fu" was also pronounced "Bi", so Buddha was translated into "Buddha". No one can see that the Buddha has a big bow hidden in his arms. Look at the synonym "correction" again, and adjust the arrow from the arrow, and future generations will "overcorrect", which is excessive adjustment. Constantly adjust their emotions, let vacillate, disguise, is a bitch who "pretends" and "revises the imperial edict", taking the meaning of tampering and forging the imperial edict.
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Others, such as chao 1, mean to turn the bow upside down. Mi, the bow is relaxed and has a feeling of relaxation and disintegration, so there are words such as diffuse and death. Jiang means to bow to wild animals, followed by mousetraps and bird traps. There is also the word (bei4), which means "sticking the bow with tendons" and "decorating the bow with silk".
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Among these verbs related to bow, the most meaningful ones are Zhang, Chi, Yin and Fa, which are all used by Confucianism to refer to the way of governing the country.
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The word "Zhang" is often used in today's idioms, such as "tone sandhi", "eye-lifting", "running teeth" and "bluffing", which is a very powerful word. What fascinates me more is the strength of "citing without sending"-
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? After shooting, Yi won't change his bow opening degree because the shooter is rough. The "device" here is the hook and the bow opener. A gentleman is like Hou Yi. He must be prepared, but he will never give up easily. Eager to try, always maintain a stable and positive state. This is the "middle way" based on shooting and not shooting. It is the most powerful and difficult to grasp, and only "capable" people can follow it. It can be seen that Mencius' "Mean Way" is not an ambiguous word, but an accurate and unique word.
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From calligraphy, we can also appreciate the beauty of "citing without sending": if you use too much force, you will lose your teeth if you scribble; When the spirit collapses and the writing is weak, the discipline will be abolished. The arrowheads are tightened, and the strokes are like spears and halberds, which are properly opened and closed. This "painting without hair" is also the result of muscle control, similar to the arch road. The world praised Min Nangong's calligraphy as "graceful and easy". If you ponder its meaning carefully, you will often get lost in thought. The pleasure in the book lies in this sense of control.
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Here, it is further clarified that the connection between benevolent way and bow way is "correct yourself before you move", just like the word "knowledge", but we should strive to "have a clear goal". If you don't hit the target, don't complain, ask yourself and answer. It is similar to the "self-knowledge" in Laozi. Therefore, "Rite and Music" has the language of "opposing bows", and archers pretend to be bows. Introspection is "self-seeking". Those who don't complain about conquering themselves are "conquering themselves".
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The only difference between Confucianism and Taoism is that Laozi believes that "weakness overcomes strength". You can pull all the time without pulling the bow, and you can join the WTO at any time when you are born. Maintaining infinite possibilities is the highest Taoism. Confucianism, on the other hand, insists on "painting without hair", that is, drawing a bow without hair. Nature is "walking on thin ice with fear", which is a very difficult thing. So be cautious, be independent, and even say that what you think in your dreams is the best way to see kung fu. In Taoist view, this is a kind of self-torture. So Li Bai didn't want to help the world, just said, "It's not too late to make a comeback." Du Fu, who worked hard all his life, could not "lead the monarch to Yao and Shun, and then make the customs pure".
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Two choices, free personal choice. But both Confucianism and Taoism regard archery as the essence of Taoism, which reflects the importance of archery to pre-Qin philosophers. Six Arts: Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numbering, among which Rite is religion, Shooting is military, and Numbering is culture (and there are arts and sciences ...). Martial arts accounts for one third, while reading is only the second from the bottom. When we talk about Confucianism, we think that scholars like Kong Yiji are just "stereotypes" in modern people's minds.
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Most of the words mentioned above are commonly used. Here are a group of uncommon words: Yi, Yang, Yang, Jiu, Yang ... These words are well used and have great strength, showing the beauty of Chinese characters. If they use it wrong, they will become Martians. Just like studying the classics of Confucianism and Taoism, only by successfully deciphering this set of Martian characters and seeing the meaning behind the characters and symbols can we see the real splendor in ancient history.
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Houyi was born in Dongyi, and the word "Yi" is interpreted as "from a big bow" in Shuowen, which seems to be a race that is good at using bows and arrows. Don't bow in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, and even say that "Yi Di made a bow" and "Shiben Zuopian" made an arrow with yi people, which shows that the invention of bow and arrow has a lot to do with Dongyi people. This invention is definitely a revolutionary progress of primitive society. Since then, humans have stood firmly at the top of the food chain by using long-range weapons to resist liger and kill sheep and deer.
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Yi, a meaningless name, should be a sacred title, which is closely related to his housekeeping skills. Do this word again? Feathers on the bow. Why do bows and arrows want to fly when they flap their wings? There is a profound meaning:
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Wu Hao is a bow used by Hou Yi, which is extremely sensitive and light. Once a bird steps on it, it is impossible to fly away, because it just wants to push it away, and the horn sounds like a feeling, bouncing off slightly. If the bird can't borrow it, it falls back to its original place. After all, it couldn't fly away, so it had to wail in despair, hence the name "Wu Hao". Hou Yi's skill is like the "listening" of Tai Chi master Yang Luchan, reaching the realm of "nothing can be added and flies can't fall" in martial arts. So he naturally named himself after this image. Feather wants to fly on the bow but can't fly because of "easy".
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Houyi has a great history. According to "Shan Hai Jing Hai Nei Jing": "The emperor gave the barbarians a unified bow to help the country, and they went first and sympathized with the difficulties in the land." Yi seems to be a hero descended from heaven. He was given a red bow (that is, a black number) and a white arrow (that is, a short arrow for archery) by the emperor, and then went through thousands of difficulties in the underground, so he fell to the barbarians and went to a country called "poverty". It is worth noting that the word "poor" also comes from the bow, which seems to be a metaphor for the bow god.
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Not to mention his adventures such as shooting on the 10th day, usurping the Central Plains, gaining popularity, killing many people, beheading nine babies and injuring Hebo. In a word, it is extremely wonderful and can be called China's "forgotten" epic. Ye Shuxian, a scholar, has a special textual research on this, which is very powerful.
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I only say one word, which proves that Hou Yi's archery is awesome. "Everything is done. "Talking about the Forest": "You hold a martingale and a bow, so turn it off. The more people fight for it. " This sentence is carefully interpreted, and the picture is too beautiful to look straight. "Neck cymbals" are harnesses or reins that are put around a horse's neck. Yi (wu 1), that is, Yi, Shuowen is interpreted as "full of bows and directions", that is, full of bows and opposing each other, which is a very dynamic and powerful word. Judging from these four words, Hou Yi is a archer on horseback. The savage wars that ravaged the Central Plains in past dynasties, such as Xiongnu and Mongolia, were all famous for their brave archers. Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu: "At that time, the Han soldiers avoided Xiang Yu, and China stopped at the reform of the military system, so he jumped to the strong heart and controlled the string with more than 300,000 people." Strong is strong, with more than 300 thousand bowstrings, and the momentum is ready to go. And Hou Yi is obviously the same vigorous talent. What is more exaggerated is that "the more people fight for it"! "The Book of Songs. At the beginning of the banquet, the guests "give others something to pray for". Yes, it may be a white spot, as the target of archery. In the case that Houyi bent his horse to hit a moving target at high speed, the more people are willing to fight for it, which shows how confident the world is about Houyi's archery and how superb his charm is.
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The sentences about archery in ancient Chinese are often wonderful. "Kangxi Dictionary" quotes corpse: "Swan is on the ground, bow and crossbow is waiting for it." Well, it is the "full bow and direction" mentioned above. Jue 2, from Jue. "You, you want to escape", this is the way a bird tries to escape, so it also means panic. When you are stubborn, it means "the bow suddenly opened", which in turn means that the bird is going to escape, and the archer hurriedly opens his bow and shoots it. The sentence "corpse" describes shooting a swan. Some people treat each other with bows, while others use crossbows. The verbs used are very energetic. If you don't read deeply, you'll never understand.
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Liezi Tang Wen also wrote about shooting swans: "Pu and his son are also arrogant, weak and slender, swaying with the wind, even at the time of Qingyun." Easy to point and shoot, the tail of the arrow is tied with silk thread, which is convenient for finding prey after shooting and can be recycled after shooting. Giving is a silk thread. The swan shooting written in Liezi adds a kind of lightness and elegance of Taoism, as if a man of God was born.
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However, the sword bearer will die by the sword. Finally, the life-and-death robbery of shooting God Hou Yi is also related to the bow and arrow itself. In Songs of the South, it is said that Hou Yi used "Li Jun" to open the bow and shoot the seal, seal, seal and seal of wild boar. In ancient times, this kind of finger pulling was not a simple ring like the Lord of the Rings, but also a finger pulling with a hook, so this kind of hook was mentioned in Mencius before.
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However, "The Same Nest" records: "The jade piece from heaven is in the hole, and the remnant is a blessing." I didn't expect Hou Yi to suffer because of this jade finger? When I remembered that Hou Yi died at the hands of his disciple Feng Meng, I made up my mind that Feng Meng must have done something to kill his master, which affected his battle and defeated a generation of archers. Is Hou Yi really dead? I'd rather believe that he is still alive. Shan Hai Jing. "Xishan Jing" "Looking at the northern places, I live in Renlun with ghosts, and the home of the eagle is also. Looking east at 40% of Hengshan Mountain, there are poor people living there, and each has its own struggles. " In the end, Hou Yi is likely to lose the qualification to return to the divine world and become a "poor ghost" wandering in the world, just like Huai Lun.
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The archer's life is closely related to bows and arrows. If you can't read Chinese characters about bows and arrows, you can't see the true face of Hou Yi. The deeper the text, the clearer what the ancients tried to express, and the more people today can relate to it and truly understand the wisdom that has been passed down for thousands of years.
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First, test the names of various parts of the bow. The main body of a bow is an arc, and the line is a chord. (So the ancients used the hypotenuse of a right triangle as the chord, so there were sine and cosine sine functions. I didn't even think of math! ) The middle part of the trunk is called Yi, the handshake part is called Yi, the bends at the upper and lower ends are called Yuan, and then the ends are called Yi or Xiao. The location where the bowstring is installed is "I". There is a "finish" at the end of the bow (so it means ending, destroying, waiting for soldiers, etc. ), and there is an interesting "Bi" design. In Kangxi Dictionary, "the other one helps the imperial army solve problems like a bone." That is, the end of the bow is inclined and connected with an elephant bone, which is used by the driver to help untie the reins of the horse and belongs to the practical props of the fighting car.
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Re-examine the types of bows, elastic bows and crossbows. According to Xu Zhongshu's textual research, the "crossbow" recorded in Mozi is more like a large cannon-discharging machine than a bursting fire. It was not until the Han Dynasty that crossbows appeared and were named "Cardinal". Xu Zhongshu also made a detailed textual research on the names of various parts of the crossbow, which will not be listed here. See his paper "The Origin of Archery and Crossbow and Textual Research on it".
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The angle bow is "Yi". Different people use different bows. Xunzi said, "The Emperor carves a bow, the vassal uses a bow, and the doctor uses a black bow." The emperor carved a bow with exquisite patterns on it. Only by understanding this layer can we know how heroic and domineering Su Dongpo's "bow is like a full moon, looking northwest and shooting wolves" is. The unique word of black bow is "?" .
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Then, check the accessories of the bow, and the fingertips are "Xun" and the crossbow teeth are "Xun" (Emperor Taizong took scholars as his profession, and when he saw the influx of talents, he said, "All the heroes in the world are in my arms", that is to say, you have all entered the scope of Laozi! ); "The bazooka is a big one"; The appliance for correcting the bow is called "truth"; The arrow that shoots birds is called "Hu"; The platform for swinging crossbows is called "thumb"; The basket of arrows is called "doctor", from which a large number of words are derived. Such as "paddle", the sound of bow and arrow hitting; Medicine, probably a medicine chest, is extended to the medicine of today's "doctor"; "Dung" is a kind of protective equipment when shooting. Xu Gui commented on Pan Yue's "Shooting Pheasants", saying: "Dung people are hidden and think that shooting is green", which is probably a kind of cover and disguise, so that hunters can hide in the forest and not be discovered by wild animals. Therefore, "falling" means light black, such as "falling". The rain god named "screen" in Chu ci also took this meaning; Blue and black tapirs are also related to shooting. There are still many things that cannot be listed one by one. There is a wonderful article "What is the meaning of angle bow-talk to you about the words related to crossbow in Huangdi Neijing", which is exquisite and interesting. You can search it yourself.
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Finally, there are some derivative words: elegance, which was standardized in ancient times, so a number of words with the table length of "elegance" appeared, which generally means short, such as "short and short" ... At the same time, the right side of the word "shoot" was originally a vector, but people drew a bow with their hands, so the right side was also written as a hand, which became "shoot" after a long time, but it didn't. Some people joked that the words "beat" and "short" were just designed backwards.
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Vector, as a phonetic symbol, gives birth to words such as doubt, condensation, imitation, easiness and embarrassment, all of which have nothing to do with the original intention. Similarly, Xinjiang, in fact, is right next to the dialect, which strongly expresses sound, and its meaning has nothing to do with bows and arrows. Earthworms sound like sounds, but they also curl like bows.
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"The Book of Songs. "Guest's First Banquet": "If you send something, you must ask for a title". Those who are outstanding in the shooting ceremony can be knighted, so there is a "Hou". If someone's name is Hou Ben, I mean if, then "Hou" means that he is an expert in archery, running for running horses, and this person is probably good at riding and shooting ... and then "Hou" becomes a voice with the words "waiting for the monkey's throat"
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Type, from the textual research of Yi and Xu Zhongshu, is a crossbow sight. Killing, shooting from the inside, extending to killing the next one, killing the king.
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Illness, from the media, the media is fast, so illness has pleasure; The vector hurts people, so the disease is painful. Therefore, the word "disease" is painful and fast, and the happiness in the world is often fast. When it is over, it becomes a long-term pain; The pain in the world can often bring happiness; It's really fun and painless ... I don't know who came up with such dialectical words.
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A textual research on the crossbow triangle of Hong, Xiong and Xu Zhongshu. Archery can practice biceps brachii. In fact, the word "humerus" comes from the crossbow itself. Shuowen Jiezi holds that "bow ring" is the sound made by a bow and arrow shooting on the bowstring, and then it is extended to be loud. Nowadays, the word "hong" is mostly replaced by "macro", which was originally to escape. Taking this shape as the phonetic side, there are also words such as Hong and Hong.
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First, brother, Xu Zhongshu's textual research shows that the "bow" here in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is S-shaped, symbolizing easy shooting. The crossbow machine is used for shooting, and the shooting can be recovered, which shows that it is organized. So the first refers to the second, and so does the brother. Taking this as the sound, there is also "crying by scraping the ladder". S-shaped table can also be found in Ji (Outline) and Ji (Record), but it has become next to Ji.
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Hang (has) is the antonym of the word "vector" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and Xu Zhongshu thinks it means "Feng Yong". However, there is another quip in Notes on Explaining Words, which means that after the death of ancient parents, the dutiful son held a bow beside the tomb to prevent wild animals from approaching, so he later held a bow to show his condolences, so the word "hang" was used for future reference.
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The two words "porridge" and "glutinous rice" come from double bows, but they have nothing to do with bows and arrows, and the reasons for their formation are unknown. The word "lost" has nothing to do with vector. This word "Chui" is quite interesting, which means to tilt your head. Wu should be "Wu", which means cocked his head and shouted. There is a monster named "Tian Wu" in Shan Hai Jing, which is such a monster that screams at the sky. The printing of simplified Chinese characters was changed to "oral communication", which lost its original intention.
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So many Chinese characters originated from bows and arrows and extended to all aspects of life, which shows the importance of bows and arrows to human life at that time. Some of these words can't be seen today, and they must be restored to traditional Chinese characters, even the handwriting in calligraphy, in order to get to the bottom. I don't mean to belittle simplified Chinese characters, just to better understand Chinese characters in life, or to put it in popular terms: In order to improve Chinese, China people should also know traditional Chinese characters, and don't simply think that they have eliminated backward things. In this regard, there is a joke from a netizen (@ jingjingjingjingjing), which is the most well-founded and thought-provoking:
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I want to know, "冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄冄" βiLibiLI。 Chief Operating Officer. Chopsticks. We can all understand the words "give 0 12525 1 ㄆのぬ→ㄖ", not to mention the more formal and recognizable traditional Chinese characters. ?