The first is the compilation of cultural classics. In the east of the inner city of Beijing, the "Chongwen Gate" flaunts the emperor's "Chongwen". Of the 28 emperors in Ming and Qing Dynasties, only two were truly "Chongwen", namely Kangxi and Qianlong. As mentioned above, Kangxi was a learning emperor, Yongzheng was a reforming emperor and Qianlong was a cultural emperor. Qianlong has done a lot of things in the field of sandwiches, mainly including:
(1) presided over the compilation of Sikuquanshu. The first volume of Sikuquanshu was completed, with 346 1 species and 79309 volumes. Then it continued, and in June of fifty-two years (1787), six more copies were submitted, which lasted for 15 years. After that, it was checked, corrected and supplemented until 58 years (1793). A total of 4 186 people participated for 20 years. Gan Long's compilation of Sikuquanshu is a great contribution to China culture: firstly, it preserves precious heritage. Concentrate on the strength of the whole country, comprehensively and systematically clean up books and classics nationwide, select important engravings and manuscripts, and compile them into Sikuquanshu, so that a large number of books can be preserved in natural and man-made disasters. Second, it is convenient for scholars to use. North to the customs, south to Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the Forbidden City, the royal court, literati, reading and copying, benefiting readers. Third, it is conducive to cultural inheritance. 1983, Wen's "Sikuquanshu" was photocopied and published, and it became thousands and spread all over the world. Fourth, it is convenient for classified retrieval. "Seek books by class, learn by books". The book is divided into four parts: classics, history, books and collections, and then divided into 44 categories and 66 orders. It is well organized and easy to check. However, in the process of compiling Sikuquanshu, Qianlong also deleted many books, changed many books, banned many books and destroyed many books. According to statistics such as Handling the Archives of Siku Encyclopedia and the General Catalogue of Banned Books, there are about 3,000 kinds of books destroyed, with 60,000 to 70,000 copies. It can be seen that the negative influence of Gan Long's compilation of Sikuquanshu can not be ignored. In short, we should give an objective and fair evaluation.
Gan Long Buddha ② Manchu Tripitaka edited. Gan Long ordered the translation of the Han-Meng Tripitaka into Manchu, and Zhang Jia asked Tuketu to take charge. "Every time you get a roll, you have to submit a ruling." It is a huge cultural project to engrave Zhu Wen's Manchu Tripitaka later. It is also engraved with the Tripitaka Sutra (also known as Long Zang).
(3) sorting out "acyclic old files". Non-punctuation old files (also known as Manchu old files, Manchu old original files and Manchu old files) are mainly Manchu old files with the most original, systematic, detailed and precious historical materials in the Qing Taizu and Tang Taizong periods. The archives were formed before the Qing dynasty entered the customs, and it has been more than one hundred years since the middle of Qianlong. It's written in old Manchu, and the words are hard to read. The paper is old and illegible. Gan Long ordered me to sort out the old files without punctuation, and copy them with the old Manchu without punctuation and the new Manchu with punctuation-first copy a herb, then an original and a cabinet, then a copy and a study. A total of seven books have been copied: Acyclic Braille (Herbs), Encircled Braille (Herbs), Acyclic Braille (Cabinet Edition), Acyclic Braille (Cabinet Edition), Acyclic Braille (Chong Mo Ge Edition) and Encircled Braille (Chong Mo Ge Edition). The original 40 volumes are now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.
(4) Chronology of the Eight Banners, the origin of Manchuria, and the ceremony of offering sacrifices to heaven by Manchu imperial orders (compared with Manchu and Chinese).
(5) The Imperial Five-body Wen Qingjian is a fruitful achievement of multi-ethnic culture.
(6) Qianlong attached importance to the culture of the capital, which was reflected in the following aspects: first, compiling the "Full Map of the Capital"; Second, Yu Minzhong's Textual Research on Old Stories of Sun, with a volume of *** 160, is the representative work of historical documents of Beijing School; The third is to compile the History of the Palace of the National Dynasty, describing the history, architecture, culture and canon of the palace.
The second thing is to maintain and build the royal garden. Royal palace gardens protected, maintained and built by Qianlong in Beijing and Gyeonggi area, such as Ningshou Palace and its gardens, Temple of Heaven (replaced with blue glazed tiles), Qingyi Garden (Summer Palace), Yuanmingyuan, Jingyi Garden (Xiangshan), Jingming Garden (Yuquan Mountain), Summer Resort and Waiba Temple, Mulan paddock, etc. Among them, Qingyi Garden was changed to Wanshou Mountain. These royal gardens all reflect the splendor of garden culture in Qing Dynasty, and they are a series of bright pearls in the history of garden art. Except for the burning of Yuanmingyuan, they have become a world cultural heritage.
The third thing is to contribute poetry talent. Gan Long is an outstanding writer, linguist, calligrapher, poet and scholar. He is brilliant, studious, good at calligraphy and painting, and good at poetry. He is not only proficient in the new Manchu, but also familiar with the old Manchu. He is not only proficient in Chinese, but also knows many languages such as Mongolian, Tibetan and Uygur. Gan Long loves calligraphy and has made great achievements. He has been obsessed with calligraphy for a long time and enjoys it. From the imperial palace to the imperial garden, from Saibei to Jiangnan, there are all kinds of garden attractions, famous mountains and historical sites, and there are inscriptions and ink marks everywhere, which are unparalleled. Gan Long has written a large number of articles, and only 300 volumes of the first episode of the King James Version, the second episode of the King James Version, the third episode of the King James Version, the remaining episodes of the King James Version, the King James Version * *1350, and the Hadith of the Qing Emperor have been compiled into collections. Gan Longyou likes to write poems. His imperial poems, including The Complete Works of Leshan Hall before the summit and The Collection of Imperial Poems after meditation, total 750. During his reign, there were 5 episodes and 434 volumes. According to statistics, the first episode is 4 166, the second episode is 8484, the third episode is1519, the fourth episode is 9902, and the fifth episode is 7792. * * His poems total 426 13. The Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty contains more than 2,200 poems by poets in the Tang Dynasty, with only 48,000 poems. Emperor Qianlong was an amateur poet. With one person's strength, the number of his poems is almost the same as that of the whole Tang poetry handed down from generation to generation. The number and diligence of his creations are admirable (of course, some of them are ghostwriters for others). It can be said that Qianlong's poems are second to none in history. He said, "When you have a few things to do and nothing else to entertain, you often write poems." He also said: "Every day, in my spare time, I write books or draw pictures, and poetry is the most common thing. I have to write a few poems every day. "
The fourth thing is to avoid all the money and food in the world Shi Yu and Tai once said: "The national fund is to prepare for danger. When there is nothing to do today, one year's money and meals should not be exempted. " Gan Long thinks: The people are rich, which is the monarch but not enough? The kindness of the imperial court does not apply to the people, so where will it apply! Therefore, Qianlong categorically ordered the exemption of state money and grain. According to statistics, in October, 35, 43, 55 and the first year of Jiaqing, money and grain were exempted five times a year in the whole country, and grain in the south of the Yangtze River was exempted three times (one of which was 4 million stone meters), and a total of 22,000 silver was exempted, equivalent to the total income of the national property tax for five years. Exempt from state money and grain and receive social welfare: "Imperial Decree Day, all parties dance." Although this statement is somewhat exaggerated, it shows that this move is indeed welcome. In the feudal dynasty, the number of times, the wide area, the large quantity and the good effect of exempting the national money and grain were unprecedented.
The fifth thing is to unify the whole of Xinjiang. In the south and west of Beijing, there is the "Xuanwu Gate" which advertises the emperor's "Xuanwu". Among the 28 emperors in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were Hongwu and Yongle in Ming Dynasty, and Taizong, Kangxi and Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. Qianlong is not only "Chongwen" but also "Xuanwu". One of his martial arts is to use troops to strengthen Xinjiang. In northern Xinjiang, Junggar was razed twice, which made the Turhut part return and basically solved the problem of northern Xinjiang. The sixth answer is to improve governance in Tibet. Seventh, the construction of Zhejiang seawall. The original firewood ponds and earthen ponds in Zhejiang can't stand the impact of the tide. Gan Long ordered Silver to change Chai Tang into a Tang poem. * * * More than 4,000 feet of stone seawalls have been built, which has enhanced the tidal resistance of this area.
Eighth is the unification of all ethnic groups in China. The Qing Dynasty experienced "three ancestors and three sects"-Taizu Nurhachi, Shizu Shunzhi, Shengzu Kangxi, Taizong Taiji, Sejong Yongzheng and Gaozong Qianlong, with Qianlong as the main commander. On the basis of ancestors' achievements, Qianlong further consolidated and developed the territory of China, and maintained and strengthened the multi-ethnic unity in China. During the Qianlong period, the territory of China started from the sea in the east, and reached the green ridge in the west, and the Zengmu shoal in the South Pole. It crosses Xing 'an Mountains in the north, reaches Balkhash Lake in the northwest and reaches Sakhalin Island in the northeast. The population in the Qing Dynasty reached 300 million. The greatest contribution of the "three ancestors and three sects" in Qing Dynasty to the history of China was to safeguard the frontier territory of China and consolidate the unity of multi-ethnic countries.