Bi Sheng (about 97 1- 105 1) was born in Hezhi Township, Qishui County, Zhou Qi, Hubei Province (now Wuguidun Village, Caopandi Town, yingshan county City, Huanggang City, Hubei Province), during the Northern Song Dynasty. A great inventor in ancient China. He invented movable type printing, more than 400 years before Gutenberg invented metal movable type printing.
In the early Song Dynasty, he was an engraver in Hangzhou Bookstore. During the Song and Qing Dynasties (1041-1048), he invented movable type printing technology based on his own practical experience, that is, engraving words on a clay tablet, printing one word at a time, and hardening with fire to form movable type. Bi Sheng died before this technology was popularized. His words were collected by Shen Kuo's family, and his deeds can be found in Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan.
Movable type printing has many advantages, such as multi-purpose, repeated use, fast printing speed, saving time and labor, and saving materials. It is more economical and convenient than full-page engraving, which is a qualitative leap in the history of printing technology and has a great and far-reaching impact on the printing progress of later generations and even the world civilization. With the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and four great inventions of ancient china. Bi Sheng's tombstone was found in 1990 yingshan county, Hubei province.
2, Cai Lun-papermaking
Cai Lun (? -12 1) from Guiyang county in the eastern Han dynasty. In the last years of Han Yongping, he entered the palace as a minister. In the second year of Zhanghe (AD 88), Cai Lun was promoted to be a regular servant because of his meritorious service to the Empress Dowager, and Cai Lun also held an official position.
Cai Lun summed up people's paper-making experience in the past, innovated the paper-making technology, and finally made "Cai Hou Paper". In the first year of Yuan Xing (A.D. 105), it was reported to the imperial court, and Han and Emperor ordered the popularization of his papermaking method. In the first year of Jianguang (A.D. 12 1), he committed suicide because of a power struggle.
3. Shen Kuo —— (Song Dynasty) discovered that there was a filament tied to the center of the magnetic needle (compass).
Shen Kuo (1031-1095), a native of Qiantang County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, was a politician and scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Shen Kuo recorded the method of artificial magnetization, and made an experiment with an artificial magnetization needle to deeply study the compass. Shen Kuo compared four installation methods of compass: water float method, bowl edge method, nail method and hanging wire method, and pointed out that hanging wire method was the best, and made corresponding analysis.
Magnetic declination refers to the angle between geomagnetic meridian and geographical meridian at any point on the earth's surface, that is, the angle between north and true north when the magnetic needle is at rest. Shen Kuo was the first person in the world to prove that the magnetic needle "can guide, but it is often slightly eastward", that is, the north and south poles of geomagnetism are not completely coincident with the north and south poles of geography, and there is a magnetic declination. This is more than 400 years before Columbus discovered the phenomenon of magnetic declination when crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Zhang Heng-(78-139) armillary sphere and seismograph.
Zhang Heng (78- 139) was born in Hirako. Han nationality, a native of Xi 'e, Nanyang (now Shiqiao, Nanyang City, Henan Province), is one of the five saints in Nanyang, and is also known as the four masters of Han Fu with Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong and Ban Gu. China was a great astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He successively served as Langzhong, Taishiling, Shizhong and Hejian.
In A.D. 132 (the first year of Yangjia), Zhang Heng invented the earliest seismograph in Taishiling, called Hou Feng Seismograph. According to "Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty", the seismograph is made of pure copper, with a round diameter of eight feet, and the convex top cover is shaped like a wine bottle, decorated with the image of tortoise, bird and beast in seal script.
There is a big column in the middle, running along the eighth route, and the engine is safely turned off. It has eight directions, and there is a dragon in each direction. There is a copper bead in the dragon's mouth, and there is a toad under each dragon. If there is an earthquake on both sides, the copper beads in the longkou in that direction will fall into the toad's mouth, so that the direction of the earthquake can be measured.
After testing, it conforms to the established system, if God helps. No one has ever recorded it since it was recorded in a book. On one occasion, when Yi Long had the opportunity, the ground did not move, and Luoyang scholars blamed it for its distrust. A few days later, the messenger came. Sure enough, there was an earthquake in Longxi, and everyone was shocked. Since then, the court has asked historians to record the location of the earthquake.
5. Zhuge Liang —— (Three Kingdoms) Steamed Bread, Wooden Cattle and Horses, Kongming Lantern
Zhuge Liang (181-23410-8) was born in Xuzhou (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province) and was an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, writer, calligrapher and inventor during the Three Kingdoms period.
The representative works of Zhuge Liang's prose include A Model and A Book of Commandments. He once invented the wooden ox, the flying horse, the Kongming lantern and so on, and transformed the crossbow, called Zhuge Lian crossbow, which can hit all targets with one crossbow. Zhuge Liang is the representative of loyal ministers and wise men in China traditional culture. He devoted himself to his life and died.
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