The culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a link between the past and the future. It inherited the cultural achievements of the previous generation and carried out meaningful reforms and innovations, thus providing a new development foundation for the prosperity of Sui and Tang cultures.
First, the progress of science and technology
1. Math:
Liu Hui: Liu Hui in Wei and Jin Dynasties, using the limit theory, put forward the correct method to calculate pi.
② Zu Chongzhi.
A the precise calculation of pi is between 3.1415926 ~ 3.1415927, which is nearly a thousand years earlier than that in Europe.
B. He made outstanding contributions to the development of mathematics by annotating Nine Chapters of Arithmetic and writing books such as Composition.
C. Using the precession principle, the time of a tropical year is only 50 seconds away from the number determined by modern science.
D. the number of "intersecting months" is also calculated with an error of one in 100,000.
E. It is said that the "thousand-mile boat" he invented can travel hundreds of miles a day.
2. Agronomy:
(1) Jia Sixie of the Northern Dynasties devoted himself to agronomy and wrote Qi Yao Min Shu;
Qi Yao Min Shu is the driest and most complete agricultural book in China.
3. Geography:
① Pei Xiu
Apeixiu in the Western Jin Dynasty was an outstanding cartographer in ancient China.
B. He drew a map of Gong Yu and put forward the principles of drawing the map.
② Li Daoyuan.
A. The Notes on Shui Jing written by Li Daoyuan, a geographer in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is a comprehensive geographical work with high historical, geographical and literary value.
B. Notes on Shui Jing is not only a masterpiece of ancient geography, but also a masterpiece of landscape literature.
Second, the rise of metaphysics.
Reason: In order to escape from reality, some scholars advocate empty talk, flaunt nothingness and metaphysics, and call it "speaking clearly".
Time: Wei and Jin Dynasties
Features: Explain the Confucian Book of Changes with Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts. The Book of Changes of Confucianism and Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism are classics and are called "San Xuan".
Advocacy: the monarch is inaction and the gate valve is dictatorship.
Representative figures: Yan He, Wang Bi and "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest".
Influence: A new explanation was given to the rigid Confucianism since the Han Dynasty, which promoted the development of China's ancient speculative philosophy.
Third, the spread of Taoism and Buddhism and anti-Buddhism.
1. The reform and development of Taoism
Ge Hong of the Eastern Jin Dynasty combined with Confucianism to reform Taoism, and advocated taking herbs as an alchemist to live forever, and Taoism became a religion serving feudal rule.
(2) Ge Hong is a Taoist theorist, alchemist and medical scientist. His book Bao Puzi involves a lot of chemical knowledge and occupies an important position in the history of ancient chemistry in China.
(3) During the Liang Xiao period, Taoist classics increased, and Tao Hongjing absorbed Buddhist teachings and feudal hierarchical concepts, enriched Taoist teachings, and established a Taoist immortal system.
2. The popularity of Buddhism
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhist teachings found a way of spiritual liberation for the poor people, and it was also suitable for rulers to strengthen ideological control, so it spread rapidly.
At that time, many famous monks appeared, such as Fa Xian. Fa Xian's "Buddhist Story" is an important historical material to study the traffic and history between China and other countries.
(3) The Western Regions and Indian culture that accompanied Buddhism had a positive impact on China culture in many aspects, such as language, art, astronomy and medicine.
3. The harm of Buddhism prevalence
(1) The rulers used Buddhist teachings to make the people willing to endure exploitation and oppression and be content with the status quo;
(2) The rulers extensively built temples and pagodas, and gave money, which wasted a lot of people's blood and sweat;
(3) The temple economy is over-developed, occupying fields and houses, encroaching on the people, competing with the government for labor and taxes, and increasing the burden on farmers.
4. Anti-Buddhism and Buddhism extinction
(1) Fan Zhen pointed out in the article "On the Extinction of Immortals" that people's spirit and form are unified, and the spirit is in the form. When the body dies, the spirit disappears. The anti-Buddha thought in the theory of deification is a great development for ancient naive materialism.
Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed Buddha twice.
(3) Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty increased labor manpower and financial income by destroying Buddha, which was beneficial to the development of social production, but burning Buddhist scriptures and destroying Buddha statues also caused losses to Buddhist culture.
Fourth, the literature connecting the preceding with the following.
1. Characteristics of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties:
Great social changes in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties enriched the connotation of literature.
The literature of this period has the characteristics of connecting the preceding with the following.
Poetry has completed the transition from four-character poems, five-character poems, Sao-style poems to seven-character poems, and a number of outstanding poets have emerged.
2. Jian 'an Literature
① During the Jian 'an period, poets represented by Cao Cao and his son created poems and fu according to their own experiences, which was called "Jian 'an Literature" in history.
② The representative works of Jian 'an literature include Cao Cao's Journey to the Broken Arm, Wang Shen's Seven Wounded Poems and Cai Wenji's Mourning for the Past.
3. Tao Yuanming and pastoral poetry
Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, yearned for rural life and wrote many pastoral poems with fresh and natural content and simple and quiet style all his life.
His "Returning to the Garden" and "Poems of Peach Blossom Garden" are particularly famous.
4. Landscape poetry
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, landscape poetry began to flourish.
Xie Lingyun's Climbing the Pool Up the stairs is a masterpiece of landscape literature.
The representative work of Bao Zhao, who was contemporary with Xie Lingyun, was Quasi-Difficult Travel, which had a great influence on later generations.
5. Folk songs of Southern and Northern Dynasties
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a new kind of Yuefu poetry, namely folk songs, was very popular.
(2) The representative works of southern folk songs include "The Degree of Mulberry Picking", etc.
The most famous northern folk songs are Chile Song and Mulan Ci.
Fifth, the shining art.
1. The Formation and Development of Calligraphy Art
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art, and the famous scholar Cai Yong was a famous calligrapher at that time.
Zhong You of Cao Wei began to change the font from official script to regular script, which was the progress of China's calligraphy.
③ Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was praised as a "book saint" by the world. His representative works include Preface to Lanting and Huang Ting Classic. His son Wang Xianzhi and Wang Xizhi are called "two kings".
(4) Wei Shuo, a female calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was called Mrs. Wei. She learned her true story from Zhong You. Wang Xizhi studied calligraphy from Mrs. Wei. Wang Xizhi's wife Long Long is also a calligrapher.
⑤ Because the epitaph art of the Northern Wei Dynasty is the most representative, people used to call this calligraphy style "Weibei". Twenty products of Longmen is a masterpiece of calligraphy art in Weibei.
2. Achievements in painting art
Paintings in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are often religious.
Cao Buxing was the ancestor of China's Buddha paintings in the Three Kingdoms period.
(3) Gu Kaizhi is the most famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and his representative works include The History of Women and The Map of Luoshen.
3. Grotto art treasure house
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, cave temples built for the widespread spread of Buddhism spread all over the country.
Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province later became world-famous artistic treasures.
4. Music and dance art
① Qiuci music, Shule music and Guo Kang music were introduced directly from the western regions, and Tianzhu music, Funan music and Koryo music introduced from other regions were also very popular.
Dance in this period has obvious national fusion color. The famous dances are bedding face and city dance.
(3) "Da Mian" is also called "Brave Lanling Ensemble". The dance of "bedding face" has a certain influence on the development of later drama.